Shri Narendra Modi

Early Life and Family Background

Narendra Damodardas Modi was born on September 17, 1950, into a Gujarati Hindu family with origins as oil pressers, a caste classified under the Other Backward Class (OBC) category. His birthplace, Vadnagar, located in the Mehsana district of what was then Bombay State, is now part of Gujarat. He was the third of six siblings born to Damodardas Mulchand Modi and Hiraben Modi, who played a significant role in shaping his early values. Modi’s childhood was marked by modest means; he occasionally worked at his father's tea stall at the Vadnagar railway station, an experience that imbued him with a sense of street-smarts and resilience.

Education and Early Interests

Modi completed his higher secondary education in 1967 at Vadnagar, where he exhibited traits that would define his later political persona. His teachers considered him an average student academically, yet he stood out as a gifted debater with a fervent interest in theatre, frequently performing in larger-than-life roles. This theatrical inclination not only honed his public speaking skills but also contributed to the development of his charismatic political image. Despite his limited formal education, Modi's academic journey took a pivotal turn when he became actively involved with the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) at the young age of eight, where he encountered influential figures who would guide his political aspirations.

Political Awakening and Personal Choices

During his teenage years, Modi's life took a pivotal turn when he was betrothed to Jashodaben Chimanlal Modi, as was customary in his community. They married shortly thereafter, but soon after, he left home and his wife, choosing not to publicly acknowledge this part of his life for many years. This decision is often attributed to his ambitions in the RSS, where, at that time, celibacy was viewed as a prerequisite for becoming a pracharak or campaigner. In 2014, breakthrough revelations about his marital status came to light, revealing his long-kept secret.

In addition to family commitments, Modi spent a significant amount of time traveling across northern and northeastern India, soaking in various cultural and spiritual experiences. His travels led him to important Hindu ashrams associated with Swami Vivekananda, including the Belur Math, Advaita Ashrama, and Ramakrishna Mission, though his brief stints were often due to his lack of formal education. However, these experiences were instrumental in shaping his worldview and philosophy, as Swami Vivekananda’s teachings have had a profound influence on him.

Early Political Engagements

Modi's first engagement in politics as an adult occurred in 1971 when he joined a Jana Sangh Satyagraha in Delhi. This social movement aimed at supporting the liberation of Bangladesh, led by prominent leader Atal Bihari Vajpayee. His participation in this movement resulted in his arrest, briefly detaining him in Tihar Jail, an experience that solidified his commitment to political activism. By 1978, Modi had transitioned to a full-time pracharak for the RSS, working closely under the mentorship of Lakshmanrao Inamdar.

Educational Achievements and Controversies

Despite his early political activism and duties within the RSS, Modi pursued higher education with determination. He completed his Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in political science from the School of Open Learning at Delhi University in 1978 and subsequently earned a Master of Arts (MA) degree in political science from Gujarat University in 1983, graduating with first-class honors as an external distance-learning student. However, there have been controversies surrounding the authenticity of his academic credentials, which have sparked discussions and debates in various forums. These educational achievements reflect a balancing act between his political endeavors and his quest for knowledge, which would later influence his leadership style and approach to governance.

Early Political Career

In June 1975, the political landscape of India shifted dramatically when Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declared a state of emergency, a period that lasted until 1977. This controversial decision led to the imprisonment of numerous political opponents and the banning of many opposition groups, which provoked a considerable backlash across the country. During this challenging time, known as "the Emergency," Narendra Modi played a crucial role by becoming the general secretary of the Gujarat Lok Sangharsh Samiti, a committee affiliated with the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS). This organization was instrumental in coordinating resistance against the Emergency within Gujarat. Soon after the Emergency was declared, the RSS itself faced a ban, forcing Modi into hiding. His determination to oppose the government was exhibited through various means, including donning disguises—occasionally appearing as a monk or a Sikh—to evade authorities.

Modi's efforts extended beyond mere survival; he became actively involved in distributing pamphlets that opposed the government's actions, all while establishing an underground network that provided sanctuary for activists and political refugees. His commitment to political activism was further illustrated by his writing of "Sangharsh Ma Gujarat," a book in Gujarati chronicling the turbulent events during the Emergency. It was during this time that Modi encountered several notable figures in Indian politics, including the trade unionist George Fernandes. These early experiences significantly shaped his political ideology and established a foundation for his future work within the BJP.

In 1978, Modi was appointed as an RSS sambhag pracharak, assuming the role of regional organizer in Gujarat, where his influence began to grow. By 1979, he transitioned to the RSS headquarters in Delhi to research and document the history of the Emergency, an experience that would contribute to his comprehensive understanding of political strategy. He returned to Gujarat and, in 1985, was integrated into the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) by the RSS. His organizational acumen came to the forefront during the 1987 Ahmedabad municipal election, where Modi's strategic planning was pivotal in achieving a significant victory for the BJP. His success caught the attention of the party's leadership, and he was swiftly promoted to the role of organizing secretary for the BJP's Gujarat unit.

Modi's political journey continued to ascend as he became a member of the BJP's National Election Committee in 1990. He played a significant role in organizing critical events such as L. K. Advani's Ram Rath Yatra, a momentous campaign in Indian politics, and Murli Manohar Joshi's Ekta Yatra. Although he chose to take a brief hiatus from active politics in 1992 to focus on educational initiatives by establishing a school in Ahmedabad, he soon returned to the political arena in 1994, driven by the encouragement of L. K. Advani. Upon rejoining, he rapidly gained recognition for his electoral strategies, particularly during the BJP's successful campaign in the 1995 state assembly election.

By November of the same year, Modi’s influence expanded as he was appointed BJP national secretary, overseeing party operations in states such as Haryana and Himachal Pradesh. The political landscape further evolved in 1998 when Shankersinh Vaghela defected to the Indian National Congress, creating a need for tactical reorganization. Modi used this opportunity to support factions aligned with BJP leader Keshubhai Patel, laying the groundwork for unification within the party. His approach proved effective in the 1998 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election, culminating in the BJP securing an overall majority, after which Modi was elevated to the position of BJP general secretary (organization). This series of events marked a crucial turning point in Modi's career, establishing him as a prominent figure within the BJP and the Indian political framework.

Taking Office

In the year 2001, the political landscape of Gujarat was undergoing significant turbulence due to the deteriorating health of Chief Minister Keshubhai Patel. The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) faced challenges when they suffered losses in several state assembly seats during by-elections. Compounding these issues were allegations surrounding mishandling of power, corruption, and ineffective administration. A particularly damaging episode was the government's response to the devastating earthquake that struck Bhuj earlier that year, which had severely affected Patel's popularity and credibility. In light of these difficulties, the BJP's national leadership recognized the need for a change and opted to seek a new candidate for the chief minister position.

Narendra Modi emerged as a potential replacement, despite initial misgivings from senior party leaders. Both L.K. Advani and Atal Bihari Vajpayee, prominent figures in the BJP, were concerned about Modi's relative lack of governmental experience and did not wish to alienate Patel, whose support was considered essential. However, Modi was adamant about his intentions and rejected the offer to become Patel's deputy chief minister. He articulated his reasoning to Advani and Vajpayee, insisting that he would either take full responsibility for Gujarat's governance or none at all. This resolute stance highlighted his commitment to the political stability of the state amid the party's challenges.

On 3 October 2001, Narendra Modi was appointed as the Chief Minister of Gujarat, tasked with the vital responsibility of preparing the BJP for the imminent December 2002 elections. His leadership style and approach to governance would soon be put to the test. Just a few days later, on 7 October, Modi was officially sworn in as Chief Minister. He navigated his entry into the state's political dynamics by winning a by-election in the Rajkot II constituency on 24 February 2002, where he triumphed over Ashwin Mehta from the Indian National Congress (INC). This victory marked the beginning of a significant phase in Modi's political career that would ultimately influence both state and national politics in India.

The Gujarat riots of 2002 were a significant and tragic event in India's modern history, rooted in a complex array of socio-political factors. This violent episode began on February 27, 2002, when a train carrying Hindu pilgrims returning from Ayodhya was set ablaze in Godhra, resulting in the deaths of roughly 60 individuals. The pilgrims were returning from a religious ceremony at the site of the demolished Babri Masjid, which had been a focal point of Hindu-Muslim tensions in India. Following the incident, it was alleged by then-Chief Minister Narendra Modi that local Muslims were responsible for the attack. The next day, the Vishwa Hindu Parishad, a Hindu nationalist organization, called for a bandh (general strike), which set off a wave of anti-Muslim rioting throughout Gujarat.

In the aftermath of the train burning, violence escalated dramatically, with the state's government decision to transport the victims' bodies to Ahmedabad further inflaming tensions. Official reports later stated that approximately 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus lost their lives during the riots, but independent assessments suggested the toll could be over 2,000, with the vast majority being Muslims. Along with the unfortunate loss of lives, about 150,000 people were displaced, forced into refugee camps. The brutality of the violence was horrifying; reports emerged of mass rapes and extreme violence against women and children, transforming the incidents into a humanitarian crisis.

The state and central governments faced severe criticism for their handling of the riots. Scholars contend that the Gujarat government, under Modi, was complicit in the violence, and some even hold him personally responsible for the state's actions during this period. As riots unfolded, the government imposed curfews, issued shoot-at-sight orders, and called for military assistance, none of which successfully curtailed the violence. In contravention of legal norms, leaders of Modi's party expressed support for the bandh, while state machinery often failed to protect victims of the violence, with police observed to be inert in several instances.

As the violence waned, issues of compensation emerged, drawing further ire. Victims from the Muslim community were reportedly offered half the compensation allotted to their Hindu counterparts, although this decision was later reversed due to legal challenges. The series of events prompted scholars like Martha Nussbaum to characterize the violence as ethnic cleansing, emphasizing a broad consensus on the involvement of state apparatus in perpetuating violence and discrimination against the Muslim community.

The discussion around Modi's direct involvement in the riots remains contentious. His public statements during and after the riots, asserting that the violence was a "chain of action and reaction," were viewed critically. In the aftermath, the Supreme Court of India intervened, reopening cases related to the riots and establishing a Special Investigation Team to delve deeper into potential culpability, including that of Modi. Though the SIT ultimately presented its report exonerating him, dissenting opinions arose from legal experts, leading to prolonged legal battles and protests, particularly from victims' advocate Zakia Jafri, whose husband was murdered during the riots.

Ultimately, after years of legal scrutiny, the Supreme Court upheld the findings of the SIT in 2022, exonerating Modi from any wrongdoing in connection with the riots. However, the scars of the 2002 Gujarat riots linger in public memory and continue to shape contemporary narratives around communal relations in India, as well as the role of state leadership in managing communal tensions. The events of that time serve as a poignant reminder of the complexities of ethnic and religious identities in a diverse nation like India, highlighting the need for dialogue, accountability, and communal harmony to prevent such tragedies from recurring.

Chief Ministership and Controversy

Following the unrest in Gujarat, there were significant calls for then-Chief Minister Narendra Modi to step down from his position. These demands came not only from opposition parties but also from allies within his coalition, such as the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and the Telugu Desam Party, who were part of the larger BJP-led National Democratic Alliance. The opposition vehemently protested in Parliament, citing Modi's handling of the situation as an affront to human rights. In a dramatic moment, during the April 2002 BJP national executive meeting held in Goa, Modi submitted his resignation; however, this resignation was not accepted by the party leadership. Despite the Election Commission's warnings regarding the ongoing displacement of voters, Modi successfully pushed for the assembly elections to be held in December 2002. His strategy during the campaign leaned heavily on anti-Muslim sentiments, leading to a polarized voting outcome. The BJP secured a resounding victory, winning 127 out of 182 seats, thereby establishing a two-thirds majority in the state assembly.

With the conclusion of his first term, Narendra Modi was sworn in for his second term on December 22, 2002. Notably, during this tenure, Modi shifted the narrative from the aggressive Hindutva ideology to a focus on economic development for Gujarat. He took a firm stance against organizations associated with the Sangh Parivar, demonstrating this by evicting the Bharatiya Kisan Sangh from state-provided housing during a protest and demolishing illegal temples in Gandhinagar—which further alienated the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP), a key ally. Nevertheless, Modi maintained ties with certain members of the Hindu nationalist movement, evidenced by his endorsement of a textbook promoting several unverified historical claims. His political maneuvers increasingly raised alarms regarding his relationships and handling of the Muslim community.

Modi's approach towards Muslims during this period was under scrutiny, especially in light of Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee's deliberate distancing from him and the BJP prior to the 2004 general elections. Vajpayee later remarked that the violent events in Gujarat significantly contributed to the BJP's electoral failure, criticizing the continuation of Modi in office. Internationally, Modi faced backlash as Western nations, including the United States and the United Kingdom, issued travel bans against him due to concerns surrounding his role in the violence. However, as Modi's political fortunes began to rise and he gained prominence in national politics, these bans were lifted. By 2014, after his election as Prime Minister, both the US and EU welcomed him, marking a significant shift in international engagement.

Campaign Strategies and Election Success

As Modi approached the 2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly elections and the subsequent 2009 general elections, he ramped up the rhetoric surrounding terrorism. He criticized his political rivals, including then-Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, suggesting a lack of urgency in addressing anti-terror legislation, particularly in light of the recent Mumbai attacks in 2008. His administration took decisive action, allocating resources to bolster coastal surveillance and launching initiatives such as public discussions on social issues like manual scavenging, which he controversially framed as a spiritual experience for certain Dalit sub-castes.

Modi's political strategy appeared to blur the lines between economic progress and religious nationalism. Despite the BJP's somewhat moderated approach to Hindutva, Modi integrated elements of Hindu nationalism into his campaigns during both the 2007 and 2012 elections. His public appearances were meticulously curated to project a Hindu-centric persona. During this period, Modi avoided participation in any Muslim religious events and consistently refused to don traditional Muslim headscarves, signaling a calculated effort to maintain his Hindu nationalist image while simultaneously fostering connections with select Muslim communities.

In the 2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election, Modi capitalized on contemporary issues that resonated with voters, employing technology such as holograms for extensive outreach. His strategy effectively mirrored the earlier techniques utilized by prominent political leaders in India, allowing him to portray himself as a protector of state interests against perceived external threats. Upon successfully securing his constituency of Maninagar and leading the BJP to victory, Modi's tenure as Chief Minister of Gujarat came to a close, culminating in his resignation following his ascension to the Prime Ministership in 2014. His long-standing political legacy at the state level continued through his successor, Anandiben Patel.

Development initiatives in Gujarat have undergone significant transformation under the leadership of Narendra Modi, who served as the Chief Minister before becoming the Prime Minister of India. Early in his tenure, Modi championed a vision of privatization and a streamlined government, contrasting sharply with the prevalent ideologies of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), which is generally perceived as being skeptical of privatization and globalization. Nonetheless, during his administration, particularly in his second term, Modi's initiatives are recognized for significantly curbing corruption within the state, thereby fostering a more conducive business environment. The state successfully attracted substantial investments during events like the 2007 Vibrant Gujarat Summit, where agreements for real estate investments worth an astounding ₹6.6 trillion (equivalent to approximately ₹20 trillion or US$240 billion in 2023) were finalized, exemplifying Gujarat's rising profile as an investment hub.

Under Modi's leadership, efforts were directed toward environmental sustainability, particularly through groundwater-conservation projects that garnered support from both non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and local communities. By the end of 2008, the state had seen the construction of over 500,000 conservation structures, including more than 113,738 check dams. These initiatives were crucial in recharging groundwater aquifers, with notable success illustrated by the recovery of groundwater levels in 60 out of 112 tehsils that had faced depletion in 2004. This resurgence contributed to Gujarat achieving the status as the largest producer of genetically modified cotton in India, propelling the agricultural sector to an impressive growth rate of 9.6 percent from 2001 to 2007. However, not all irrigation projects were equally effective; for instance, the Sardar Sarovar Dam, aimed at enhancing irrigation in central and southern Gujarat, resulted in only 4–6% of the intended area receiving benefits.

The strategic decisions made by Modi's government to attract industrialization, such as granting land to Tata Motors to establish a manufacturing plant for the Nano car after protests in West Bengal, also set a precedent. Following Tata Motors, numerous companies chose to relocate to Gujarat, further enhancing the state's industrial landscape. On the energy front, Modi's administration completed the initiative to electrify every village in Gujarat, a near-complete effort by the previous government. A significant reform under his leadership was the introduction of the Jyotigram Yojana scheme, which differentiated agricultural electricity from general rural electricity supply. This policy aimed to manage power distribution more effectively by rationing electricity according to irrigation needs, thus stabilizing supply but also sparking protests among small farmers who felt disadvantaged compared to larger agribusinesses and corporations. Although initial dissent faded as some farmers witnessed improvements in power stability, the challenges in equitable benefit distribution remain a pivotal aspect of Modi's legacy in Gujarat's development narrative.

Economic Growth in Gujarat

The economic development debate surrounding Gujarat during Narendra Modi's tenure as Chief Minister has been both contentious and multifaceted. Notably, the state's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) experienced an impressive average growth rate of 10%, paralleling the performance of other industrialized states and outperforming the national average of India. However, scrutiny arises when considering Gujarat's economic landscape prior to Modi's leadership; the state was already witnessing significant economic growth in the 1990s. This raises questions among scholars who argue that the acceleration of growth during Modi's time may not have been as pronounced as presented.

The World Bank recognized Gujarat for its favorable business environment, assigning it the top rank in its "ease of doing business" listings among Indian states for two consecutive years. A 2013 report evaluating various factors such as governance, citizens' rights, and labor regulations determined that Gujarat led the country in terms of "economic freedom." Modi's administration implemented several initiatives to enhance the state's attractiveness for investment, which included providing tax incentives and facilitating access to land for businesses. The establishment of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) served as a cornerstone of these policies, which often involved the relaxation of labor laws to spur economic activity and investment.

Social Impact and Human Development Concerns

While the statistics regarding economic growth seem commendable, Gujarat's human development record during Modi's administration raises significant concerns. The state ranked 13th in India regarding poverty rates and placed 21st in terms of educational attainment in 2013. Alarmingly, nutrition statistics revealed that nearly 45 percent of children under five were classified as underweight, with 23 percent suffering from undernourishment, putting Gujarat in the "alarming" category on the India State Hunger Index. Furthermore, reports from UNICEF and the Indian government classified Gujarat's performance in child immunization as inadequate.

Over a decade from 2001 to 2011, Gujarat's relative position in poverty and female literacy remained stagnant, indicating a lack of progress compared to the other Indian states. Although there were slight improvements in infant mortality rates, individual consumption levels deteriorated. In educational parameters, government schools in Gujarat lagged behind those in many other states, reflecting systemic inefficiencies within the educational infrastructure. Critically, the social policies of the Gujarat government appeared to exclude marginalized communities such as Muslims, Dalits, and Adivasis, thereby exacerbating existing social inequalities. Economic benefits during this period largely accrued to the urban middle class, leaving impoverished rural populations increasingly disenfranchised.

In terms of overall human development, Gujarat's standing declined to 10th among 21 Indian states in the Human Development Index in 2013. The Modi administration's investment in education and healthcare did not meet national averages, indicating a troubling gap in essential services crucial for the development of a well-rounded and equitable society. These aspects of governance and policy execution provoke an essential discussion on whether economic growth can be deemed successful without concurrent human development, leading to a deeper examination of the true cost and beneficiaries of Gujarat's economic narrative during Modi's leadership.

Allegations of Bribery

The controversy surrounding allegations of bribery in India has taken several twists over the years, particularly concerning prominent political figures. In 2013 and 2014, the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) conducted extensive raids that led to the seizure of diaries from two major corporations, the Sahara Group and the Aditya Birla Group. The contents of these diaries stirred significant political upheaval as they reportedly contained references to alleged financial transactions involving leaders from up to 18 different political parties, including prominent ones like the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), Indian National Congress, Janata Dal (United) (JDU), and Biju Janata Dal (BJD). Notably, some entries explicitly mentioned "Gujarat CM" and "Ahmedabad Modiji," which raised suspicions regarding the involvement of Narendra Modi when he was the Chief Minister of Gujarat.

These allegations were notably brought into the limelight by opposition leader Rahul Gandhi, who, on December 21, 2016, claimed that Modi had accepted cash bribes amounting to ₹65 crore (approximately $7.8 million) from the aforementioned corporate entities during his tenure as Chief Minister. The gravity of these claims necessitated scrutiny, prompting advocate Prashant Bhushan to file a plea in the Supreme Court of India in November 2016. The petition called for an investigation into the supposed bribe payments to various senior public servants, including Modi himself. However, the Supreme Court, led by a bench headed by Justice Arun Kumar Mishra, dismissed the plea in January 2017, citing a lack of sufficient evidence.

The dismissal of the plea, however, opened the door to criticism. Justice Mishra’s tenure was marked by a number of controversial decisions that were perceived as favoring the Modi government, leading to backlash from advocates and activists who felt that the judiciary was being co-opted for political ends. Concerns were raised regarding the transparency and integrity of the judicial process, particularly in relation to the handling of the Sahara and Birla diaries investigation. Investigative journalism outlets, such as The Wire, highlighted the perceived inadequacy with which the Supreme Court approached the case, describing it as a failure to adequately address the serious implications of the allegations presented, thereby fostering a lingering skepticism about accountability for powerful political and corporate figures in India. The situation illustrates the complex interplay between politics, law, and public perception in the nation's ongoing battle against corruption.

2014 Indian General Election Overview

In September 2013, Narendra Modi emerged as the Bharatiya Janata Party's (BJP) prime ministerial candidate ahead of the crucial 2014 Lok Sabha elections. His candidacy faced notable opposition from some veteran BJP leaders, including founding member L. K. Advani, who raised concerns about Modi's approach that appeared overly focused on personal ambitions rather than collective party goals. Nevertheless, Modi had previously played a pivotal role in shaping the BJP's campaign strategy during the 2009 general elections, affirming his influence within the party. A significant number of voters indicated that their support for the BJP largely hinged on Modi's candidacy; many would have otherwise considered alternative parties for their votes. This marked a notable shift for the BJP, which traditionally positioned itself more as a collective entity rather than centering on an individual.

Throughout the campaign, Modi capitalized on the various corruption scandals that plagued the preceding Congress-led government, positioning himself as a transformative leader capable of spurring economic growth and development. His tenure as Chief Minister of Gujarat, which was often highlighted due to the state's remarkable GDP growth, reinforced his narrative. He emphasized a broad vision for development while intentionally refraining from delving into specific policies, a strategy that resonated particularly well with the urban and middle-class demographic. While Modi had faced scrutiny previously regarding his secular credentials, the BJP's campaign managed to shift public attention away from past controversies and onto a more market-driven ethos represented by the so-called 'Gujarat Model' of governance.

Mindful of the sensitivity surrounding communal issues, the BJP strategically crafted its message to align itself with historically significant leaders who opposed the idea of Hindu nationalism. Figures like B. R. Ambedkar, Subhas Chandra Bose, and Ram Manohar Lohia were co-opted into the party's outreach to moderate voters. Despite these overtures, Hindutva ideology remained a significant part of the campaign, evidenced by the party’s rhetoric in various states, especially in regions like Uttar Pradesh and Northeast India where communal tensions were rife. The BJP also included a controversial proposal for a Uniform Civil Code in its election manifesto, indicating its commitment to controversial sociopolitical measures.

Modi's electoral campaign was bolstered by extensive media influence and a striking financial backing from corporate donors, with the campaign costing approximately ₹50 billion (around US$600 million). Leveraging modern technology, Modi utilized social media effectively and captivated crowds through over 1,000 holographic rallies, showcasing a blend of traditional campaigning and innovative outreach. Ultimately, the BJP won 31 percent of the popular vote, significantly increasing its Lok Sabha seats to 282. This remarkable victory marked the first instance since 1984 that a party won a clear majority on its own. Factors contributing to this political triumph included widespread voter discontent with Congress and regional parties, heavy backing from the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), and substantial support from particular demographics, notably upper-caste Hindus and a surprisingly higher Muslim vote in some areas.

Modi contested elections from the Varanasi and Vadodara constituencies, triumphing in both. His victory over Aam Aadmi Party leader Arvind Kejriwal in Varanasi, by a staggering 371,784 votes, and over Congress's Madhusudan Mistry in Vadodara by 570,128 votes, solidified his status as a prominent political figure. Subsequently, India’s president appointed Modi as Prime Minister, and he was unanimously elected as the BJP leader. In compliance with legal regulations, he chose to vacate the Vadodara seat to represent only Varanasi. Modi’s ascent to power not only marked a personal triumph but also signified a broader political realignment within India, steering the country toward a more right-leaning, capitalist ideology intertwined with elements of Hindu nationalism.

2019 Indian General Election

On October 13, 2018, Prime Minister Narendra Modi was officially announced as the Bharatiya Janata Party's (BJP) candidate for the prime ministerial position in the subsequent 2019 Indian general election. Modi's candidacy was supported by his party's president, Amit Shah, who played a crucial role as the chief campaign strategist. The campaign, which sought to fortify Modi's leadership image, featured the slogan "Main Bhi Chowkidar," meaning "I too am a watchman." This slogan was a direct response to the opposition Indian National Congress (INC), which had adopted the counter-slogan "Chowkidar Chor Hai," suggesting that Modi, as the watchman, was failing in his duties.

In 2018, the political landscape saw significant turbulence as the Telugu Desam Party (TDP) opted to split from the National Democratic Alliance (NDA), a coalition led by the BJP. This split occurred against the backdrop of demands for special status for the state of Andhra Pradesh, reflecting regional aspirations and deepening political complexities. This division indicated the challenges Modi would face in unifying a diverse array of political allies while maintaining support from the electorate.

The formal launch of the BJP's election campaign took place on April 8, 2019, under Amit Shah's stewardship. The campaign faced fierce opposition, particularly around allegations of corruption linked to the controversial Rafale aircraft deal with France. The opposition sought to leverage public sentiment against Modi, attempting to tarnish his image by highlighting the perceived discrepancies and mismanagement associated with the defense procurement. However, Modi pivoted his campaign focus toward issues of national security and defense. The aftermath of the Pulwama terror attack and the subsequent Balakot airstrike became defining elements of his narrative, wherein he presented these actions as significant achievements aimed at ensuring national safety and resilience.

Contesting the Lok Sabha elections from Varanasi, Modi secured his seat with an impressive margin of 479,505 votes, defeating Shalini Yadav from the Samajwadi Party (SP), who was part of an alliance with the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP). Following the elections, the National Democratic Alliance recognized Modi's leadership yet again, appointing him as Prime Minister for a second term. The NDA emerged victorious with a substantial majority, totaling 353 seats in the Lok Sabha, while the BJP alone garnered 303 seats. This mandate reaffirmed Modi's position and reflected the electorate's continued support for his governance model, which emphasized development, security, and foreign relations, building on the foundation laid during his first term in office.

Modi's Candidacy and Campaign Strategy

In November 2023, Prime Minister Narendra Modi was officially selected as the Bharatiya Janata Party's (BJP) candidate for the upcoming 2024 general election. This announcement marked a significant moment in Indian politics, particularly as Modi has been a dominant figure on the political landscape for over a decade. Alongside him, prominent figures such as Home Minister Amit Shah and BJP President J. P. Nadda took charge as the chief strategists for the party's campaign. The BJP has been keen to continue its momentum leading up to the election, and one of its pivotal strategies has been the "Modi Ki Guarantee" campaign. This initiative aimed to resonate with the electorate by promising governance that is both effective and progressive, contrasting the Indian National Congress's (INC) assurances which have been a focal point in their campaign as well.

Electoral Performance and Contest in Varanasi

Modi contested the Lok Sabha election from Varanasi, a seat he has held since 2014. This marked his third consecutive attempt to win this significant parliamentary seat. His campaign was robust, culminating in a victory over Ajay Rai of the Indian National Congress, who was contesting as part of an alliance with the Samajwadi Party (SP). Despite his victory, it is noteworthy that Modi's winning margin of 152,513 votes was statistically significant, as it represented the second lowest percentage margin for a sitting Prime Minister in India's electoral history. This detail underscores the increasingly competitive nature of Indian politics, where opposition parties have been gaining ground, especially in crucial constituencies.

National Democratic Alliance Success

The National Democratic Alliance (NDA), under Modi's leadership, successfully secured a total of 292 seats in the Lok Sabha. This was 20 seats above the simple majority mark, reflecting a solid mandate from the electorate despite the challenges posed by an evolving political landscape. The BJP alone managed to win 240 seats, which signifies the party's status as a leading political force in India. In acknowledging this victory, Modi expressed heartfelt gratitude to the voters, emphasizing their faith in his government for a third consecutive term. This continuation of leadership is seen as a testament to Modi's strategy of addressing national concerns while promoting an agenda centered on development and stability.

As the countdown to the 2024 general elections continues, the political dynamics in India remain vibrant, and the competition is expected to intensify as parties sharpen their messages and rally their bases in response to the changing sentiments of the electorate.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi has played a significant role in shaping contemporary Indian politics since his assumption of office on May 26, 2014. Following a historic victory for the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)-led National Democratic Alliance (NDA) in the 2014 Lok Sabha elections, Modi's ascent marked a pivotal moment in Indian governance as he became the first Prime Minister born after India attained independence from British rule in 1947. His leadership style has been characterized by a focus on economic reforms, infrastructure development, and a robust stance on national security, which resonated with the electorate and contributed to the BJP's rise to prominence.

Modi's tenure saw him re-elected for a second term in 2019, further solidifying his position in Indian politics. This election was notable for the BJP securing a larger majority than in the previous term, which underscored the party's dominance and the public's continued support for Modi’s policies. With this victory, Modi not only reinforced his mandate but also set an agenda that promised transformative changes across various sectors, including healthcare, education, and digitalization, aiming to modernize India and elevate the quality of life for its citizens.

Additionally, by December 6, 2020, Modi achieved a significant milestone, becoming the fourth-longest-serving Prime Minister in India's political history. This achievement was particularly noteworthy as it marked him as the longest-serving non-Congress Prime Minister, challenging the long-standing dominance of the Indian National Congress party in the post-Independence era. Modi's government has pursued a range of ambitious initiatives, such as the "Make in India" campaign, Swachh Bharat Abhiyan for sanitation and cleanliness, and the Digital India initiative intended to enhance technology accessibility across the nation. His leadership has spurred debates regarding economic policy, social issues, and international relations, making him a central figure in contemporary Indian and global politics.

Governance and Centralization of Power

During his first year as Prime Minister, Narendra Modi's government underwent a significant centralization of power. Initially lacking a majority in the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of Parliament, Modi enacted various ordinances to circumvent these limitations and push through his governmental policies. This approach marked a pronounced shift towards a more centralized authority under the Prime Minister's office, particularly regarding judicial appointments. The administration laid out a controversial bill to gain greater control over the appointment of judges, which raised concerns about the diminishing independence of the judiciary. Additionally, in December 2014, Modi dissolved the longstanding Planning Commission, a move that was interpreted as a consolidation of power, transferring its functions to the newly established National Institution for Transforming India (NITI Aayog). While the Planning Commission had faced criticism for inefficiencies and ineffectiveness in promoting social welfare, it had historically played a significant role in enhancing social justice initiatives since India's economic liberalization in the 1990s.

Investigations and Criticisms

In the backdrop of these changes, Modi's government initiated investigations into various civil society organizations and foreign NGOs, claiming that they were hindering India's economic growth. The Intelligence Bureau undertook probes against groups such as Médecins Sans Frontières, the Sierra Club, and Avaaz, leading to accusations of a politically motivated witch hunt. Moreover, individuals opposing the government faced harsh actions, with sedition and terrorism laws being invoked against their critiques. This created discontent within the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) itself and drew unfavorable comparisons between Modi's governing style and that of former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, whose tenure was marked by significant authoritarian tendencies.

Key Initiatives and Reforms

Despite the controversies surrounding his administration, Modi's government also focused on several key initiatives. In a bold move to streamline the legal framework, Modi repealed 1,200 obsolete laws during his first three years in office, while previous governments had only repealed 1,301 such laws in 64 years. Another notable initiative was the launch of the Digital India program, aimed at ensuring the electronic availability of government services. The program also sought to enhance high-speed internet connectivity in rural areas, encourage local manufacturing of electronic goods, and promote digital literacy among citizens.

Modi's administration took further steps toward social welfare with the introduction of a law reserving 10% of educational admissions and government job placements for economically disadvantaged individuals in 2019. Additionally, in 2016, the Ujjwala scheme was launched, which provided free liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) connections to rural households. By 2019, this initiative resulted in a 24% increase in LPG access for Indian households compared to 2014. In 2022, however, the government chose to eliminate LPG subsidies for all citizens except those included in the Ujjwala program, reflecting a shift towards targeted support amidst broader economic reforms.

Recent Challenges and Tensions

As of May 2023, Modi's administration faced significant challenges, particularly with the eruption of ethnic tensions in Manipur that resulted in violent clashes. Over the course of a month, nearly 100 people lost their lives, and more than 36,000 individuals were displaced due to the unrest. Modi faced criticism for his perceived inaction and lack of response to this escalating violence, raising questions about his government's commitment to maintaining social harmony and addressing the grievances of affected communities. This situation underscored the complexities and balancing acts inherent in governance, highlighting the critical need for responsive leadership in times of crisis.

Hindutva and Nationalist Dynamics

The elevation of Modi to the office of Prime Minister marked a significant shift in the activities of Hindu nationalist organizations in India. Under his leadership, these groups expanded their influence and reach, often with perceived backing from the government. A notable example of this was the initiation of Hindu religious conversion programs, which were defended by senior government officials, including the Home Minister. Alongside these initiatives, a campaign against what has been described as "Love Jihad," which proponents argue is an alleged Islamic strategy to convert Hindu women, gained traction. This concept is widely regarded as an Islamophobic conspiracy theory, stirring religious tensions in the country. Furthermore, efforts by the Hindu Mahasabha to glorify Nathuram Godse, who assassinated Mahatma Gandhi, signified a controversial embrace of historical figures associated with Hindu nationalism.

The relationship between the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) deepened under Modi, blurring the lines between political and ideological affiliations. The RSS played a crucial role in bolstering the BJP's electoral strategies, while the Modi administration strategically appointed individuals with RSS ties to key governmental roles. Yellapragada Sudershan Rao's appointment as chairperson of the Indian Council of Historical Research sparked debate and skepticism concerning his qualifications and the underlying agenda of promoting cultural nationalism. This trend extended to academia, where numerous RSS-affiliated individuals gained leadership in educational institutions. Scholars and critics have pointed out that many of these appointments lacked merit, raising concerns about the integrity of India's educational framework. Furthermore, Modi's administration significantly altered history textbooks to downplay contributions by figures like Jawaharlal Nehru while portraying the nation as a model of harmony—an effort many interpret as an attempt to rewrite Indian history through a nationalistic lens.

In 2019, the Modi government introduced the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA), which created a pathway for asylum seekers from specific religious minorities in neighboring countries, excluding Muslims. This unprecedented use of religion as a criterion for citizenship incited widespread protests across India and drew condemnation from global civil rights organizations. The unrest led to violent counter-demonstrations, culminating in the tragic riots in Delhi in 2020, which resulted in dozens of deaths, predominantly among the Muslim community. Modi's visit to Ayodhya in August 2020 to lay the foundation for a Hindu temple on land disputed historically between Hindus and Muslims underscored the government's commitment to Hindu nationalist objectives, especially following the Supreme Court's controversial ruling that facilitated the construction of the temple.

Upon his re-election in 2019, Modi quickly enacted measures long advocated by the RSS. The ban on the practice of Triple Talaq, which allowed for instantaneous divorce in Islamic law, was positioned as a step towards women's empowerment within the Muslim community. The abrogation of Article 370, which had granted autonomy to Jammu and Kashmir, led to significant political and social ramifications, including the region's conversion into union territories and the imposition of a security lockdown. These decisions raised alarms regarding the curtailment of democratic rights and the role of the judiciary, as the Supreme Court refrained from hearing significant challenges to these actions, hinting at a troubling politicization of India's legal institutions.

As the 2024 Indian general elections approached, Modi's rhetoric became increasingly charged with communal undertones. He referred to Muslims as "infiltrators," implying demographic threats to India's resources, which alarmed political observers and drew criticism from opposition parties. Although Modi later asserted that he avoided mentioning religion in his campaign speeches, fact-checkers exposed numerous instances where his statements targeted Muslim communities explicitly. This ongoing discourse highlights the complexities surrounding identity, religion, and nationalism under Modi's administration, raising important questions about the trajectory of secularism and pluralism in contemporary India.

Economic Reforms under Modi Government

The economic policies implemented throughout Narendra Modi's administration are deeply rooted in a neoliberal framework, emphasizing privatisation and liberalisation as primary mechanisms for growth. One of the significant aspects of Modi's economic strategy was the liberalisation of foreign direct investment policies. This shift aimed to encourage foreign investment across various sectors such as defence and railways, potentially transforming these industries and enhancing India's global economic standing. However, these reforms were met with resistance, particularly from workers' unions who felt that proposals aimed at making union formation more challenging and easing the recruitment and dismissal of workers favored corporate interests at the expense of labor rights. A key event that highlighted this discontent occurred on September 2, 2015, when eleven of the largest unions, including one associated with the BJP, collectively struck in protest.

The government's shift in focus led to significant reductions in funds allocated for poverty reduction and social welfare programs. Under Modi's administration, spending on social programs decreased from 14.6 percent of GDP to 12.6 percent, which mirrored a troubling trend in health and family welfare expenditures, declining by 15 percent in his first year. Concurrently, the government implemented a range of fiscal reforms, including lowering corporate taxes and abolishing the wealth tax, which critics argue disproportionately benefitted wealthier segments of society. Additionally, the deregulation of diesel prices in October 2014 and the lowering of customs duties on luxury items such as gold and jewellery further illustrated the pro-business orientation of the adminstration. Notably, capital expenditure on transport infrastructure increased significantly during this period, rising from less than 0.4 percent of GDP in 2014 to a robust 1.7 percent by 2023, indicating a focused investment in national infrastructure.

The "Make in India" initiative, launched in September 2014, exemplified the government's ambition to transform India into a global manufacturing hub. The initiative garnered support from those in favor of economic liberalisation, although critics raised concerns about the potential dominance of foreign corporations in the Indian market. Following this, the government's land reform bill, which aimed to facilitate the acquisition of private land without farmer consent or thorough social impact assessments, faced considerable backlash. Despite passing through an executive order, it was eventually allowed to lapse due to public opposition. The introduction of the Goods and Services Tax (GST)—deemed the largest tax reform since India gained independence—further signified the administration's push for a unified taxation system, which came into effect on July 1, 2017.

In an ambitious move against financial corruption, Modi's government initiated a crackdown on black money right from the beginning of his term, culminating in a contentious decision to demonetise ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes on November 9, 2016. Although aimed at curtailing corruption and counterfeit currency, this abrupt change led to substantial cash shortages and significant economic repercussions, including a reported loss of 1.5 million jobs and a contraction of approximately one percent of the GDP. Furthermore, the immediate aftermath of demonetisation witnessed a surge in digital transactions and a notable increase in individual income tax returns filed, as efforts to formalise the economy garnered attention.

However, the Modi administration faced challenges such as declining GDP growth rates compared to his predecessor Manmohan Singh. While India's GDP averaged a growth rate of 5.5 percent during Modi's first eight years, it was significantly lower than the 7.03 percent seen under Singh's tenure. Rising income inequality and alarming levels of unemployment—the highest in 45 years as noted in a 2017 internal report—fueled criticism of the administration. The reforms, particularly the demonetisation and the GST, were blamed for job losses that continued to impact the workforce. In terms of economic indicators, the GDP growth rate was recorded at 6.12 percent for the 2018–19 financial year, but it slowed down to 4.18 percent in 2019–20 amidst rising inflation. The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated economic woes, resulting in a substantial shrinkage of 6.6 percent in 2020-21, although a rebound was anticipated, with an estimated growth rate of 8.2 percent for the subsequent financial year. This turbulent journey reflects the complexities and challenges faced by Modi’s economic policies in an evolving global landscape.

Healthcare Policy Under Modi

Since taking office, Prime Minister Narendra Modi's administration has seen considerable shifts in India's healthcare policies. Initially, in his first year as prime minister, Modi's government reduced central spending on healthcare, setting a precedent for subsequent budget allocations. The New Health Policy (NHP), launched in January 2015, marked a decisive change in focus toward the private healthcare sector. Unlike the preceding Congress-led government's approach that prioritized public health interventions aimed at reducing maternal and child mortality, the NHP did not increase overall expenditure on healthcare. Consequently, funding for the National Health Mission, which historically supported various public health programs, fell by nearly 20% in 2015 as compared to the previous budget cycle.

These reductions were accompanied by even more significant cuts in subsequent years. The healthcare budget experienced a 15% reduction in its second year, although a subsequent budgetary increase of 19% occurred in the following year. This increase was met with mixed responses; while private insurance providers viewed the uptick favorably, public health experts raised concerns regarding the diminishing focus on public health infrastructure and facilities. In 2018, the healthcare budget saw an additional boost with an 11.5% increase, including an allocation of ₹20 billion for a new government-funded health insurance program. Nevertheless, this increase came alongside a cut in the National Health Mission's budget, eliciting further criticism from those advocating for stronger public health initiatives.

Sanitation Efforts: Swachh Bharat Mission

In addition to healthcare policy adjustments, Modi's administration has placed significant emphasis on sanitation as a critical factor in public health. The Swachh Bharat Mission, or "Clean India," was inaugurated on October 2, 2014, with ambitious objectives including the elimination of open defecation and manual scavenging within five years. The government initiated a massive campaign to construct millions of toilets in rural areas, coupled with efforts to raise awareness and encourage usage. The mission set a target to build 60 million toilets by 2019 and sought to improve overall sanitation facilities across the country.

While the government reported an increase in sanitation coverage from 38.7% in October 2014 to 84.1% in May 2018, actual usage of these new facilities fell short of official targets, raising concerns regarding the effectiveness of the program. Allegations of corruption surrounding construction projects further complicated the implementation. Nevertheless, the World Health Organization (WHO) attributed the sanitation efforts to averting at least 180,000 diarrheal deaths in rural India, illustrating the potential impact of improved sanitary conditions on health outcomes.

COVID-19 Response and Vaccination Drive

The COVID-19 pandemic marked a new challenge for the Modi administration. In March 2020, the government invoked the Epidemic Diseases Act of 1897 and the Disaster Management Act of 2005 to implement immediate measures to curb the virus's spread. This included suspending all commercial flights and instituting a nationwide lockdown starting on March 24, posing significant socioeconomic challenges but aimed at protecting public health.

As restrictions were gradually lifted beginning in April 2020, the country faced a catastrophic second wave in March 2021, with India recording over 400,000 cases in a single day. This surge highlighted severe shortcomings in healthcare infrastructure, including shortages of critical medical supplies such as oxygen and hospital beds. In response to the escalating crisis, India launched its vaccination program in January 2021, subsequently achieving over 1.7 billion vaccine doses administered by January 2022. Despite these efforts, the WHO later estimated that approximately 4.7 million people had died of COVID-19 in India, a figure significantly higher than the government’s estimates, which sparked disputes between the administration and international health organizations. The approach taken during the pandemic reflects ongoing debates surrounding public health governance and resource allocation in India.

Modi's Foreign Policy Approach

During Narendra Modi's rise to power, foreign policy was somewhat sidelined in his election campaign and was not a significant feature of the BJP's election manifesto. However, once in office, Modi adopted a strategic foreign policy that closely mirrored that of the previous Congress administration, emphasizing the importance of enhancing economic relationships, securing national interests, and fostering regional cooperation. A hallmark of Modi's foreign policy has been the continuation of the "multi-alignment" approach initiated by former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. This strategy aimed at diversifying India's international partnerships, moving beyond traditional alignments to engage more broadly with multiple countries, thereby fortifying India's position on the global stage.

Modi's administration actively sought to attract foreign investments into the Indian economy, particularly from East Asia. The campaign slogans such as "Make in India" and "Digital India" were pivotal in showcasing India's potential as an attractive destination for global investors. These initiatives were coupled with efforts to bolster relationships with Islamic nations in the Middle East, including Bahrain, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates, as well as strengthening ties with Israel—reflecting a nuanced approach to India's diplomatic engagements across various cultural and political landscapes.

Strengthening Ties with the United States

Following Modi's appointment as Prime Minister, the relationship between India and the United States experienced a notable transformation. Initially, there was skepticism about how Modi's leadership would influence bilateral ties, especially considering the historical context of his previous denial of a U.S. visa due to concerns over his human rights record during the 2002 Gujarat riots. Nevertheless, the U.S. government, sensing a shift in power, initiated efforts to re-establish contact with Modi even before he formally took office. Upon his inauguration, President Barack Obama reached out to Modi to congratulate him, highlighting a new era in U.S.-India relations characterized by mutual respect and cooperation.

In the early months of his premiership, Modi undertook several significant international visits, including attending key summits like BRICS, ASEAN, and G20, which underscored India’s commitment to global diplomacy. Notably, his visit to Nepal included a pledge of one billion dollars in aid and set the tone for positive regional engagement with neighboring countries. Modi's renewed visits to the U.S. were particularly remarkable, given the prior diplomatic isolation he faced. These interactions not only enhanced bilateral trade and diplomatic relations but also fortified India's position as a critical ally of the U.S. in Asia.

Regional Policy Initiatives

Modi's administration revitalized India's longstanding "Look East Policy," renaming it the "Act East Policy," which aims at strengthening ties with countries in East and Southeast Asia. Significant initiatives included agreements to improve land connectivity with Myanmar—marking a shift towards prioritizing trade alongside security concerns. Additionally, the government took steps to finalize a historic land-exchange deal with Bangladesh, which had been initiated under the previous government, thereby addressing long-standing territorial disputes and enhancing regional stability.

However, not all aspects of Modi's foreign policy have been smooth. The relationship with China has faced challenges after skirmishes along the Sino-Indian border in 2020, which led to heightened tensions and calls for a reevaluation of India's strategic posture towards its northern neighbor. However, Modi's engagement with Afghanistan has showcased a more compassionate aspect of his foreign policy, as evidenced by a pledge of $900 million in aid and multiple visits that earned him Afghanistan's highest civilian honor in 2016. In recent years, Modi has also cultivated a close relationship with Russian President Vladimir Putin, suggesting a complex balancing act in India's foreign relations amid a shifting global landscape. This emphasis on fostering personal relationships with world leaders demonstrates Modi's diplomatic acumen and his commitment to enhancing India’s influence internationally.

Hosting the G20 Summit

In 2023, India took on the significant responsibility of hosting the G20 summit in New Delhi, marking a pivotal moment not only for the nation but also for global diplomacy. The summit was distinguished by the admission of the African Union as a permanent member, a move that reflects an increasing recognition of the critical role African nations play in global discussions. This inclusion is a substantial step towards fostering a more inclusive dialogue that encompasses the voices and concerns of developing nations.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi articulated a vision for the G20 agenda that emphasizes human-centric development during an interview on August 26, 2023. Modi's optimism was fueled by India's commitment to addressing challenges faced by the Global South. Issues such as climate change, which disproportionately affect these nations, were highlighted as top priorities. Additionally, the conversations around debt restructuring through the G20's Common Framework for Debt hold promise for many developing countries struggling with overwhelming financial burdens. Modi also pointed out the necessity for a coordinated strategy to regulate global cryptocurrencies, acknowledging their growing influence and the need for concrete guidelines to ensure economic stability.

Controversies Surrounding the Summit

However, the lead-up to the G20 summit was not without controversy. Reports from prominent news agencies like CNN, Reuters, and the Washington Post indicated that the Indian authorities undertook a mass demolition drive targeting homeless shelters and slum neighborhoods in New Delhi. This initiative resulted in the eviction of numerous marginalized residents, which sparked debate around the government's priorities during an international event. Critics argued that such actions contradicted the ideals of human-centric development that Prime Minister Modi was promoting.

In response to these allegations, the Indian government's press agency, the Press Information Bureau, defended the actions, asserting that they were in compliance with orders from the Supreme Court of India. According to the agency, the demolitions were pre-existing initiatives unrelated to the G20 summit. This defense suggests a complex interplay between domestic policy and international representation, raising questions about the ethical implications of hosting global summits while grappling with critical social issues at home.

The G20 summit thus stands as a testament to India's growing influence on the world stage, while also shining a light on the urgent need to address persistent social inequalities within its borders.

Military Spending and Modernization Challenges

Under Prime Minister Narendra Modi's leadership, India's nominal military spending has seen a gradual rise, reflecting his emphasis on national security. However, despite this increase, the military budget's proportion of the GDP, as well as its value adjusted for inflation, has experienced a decline during his tenure. A significant portion of the budget has been allocated to personnel costs, which has raised concerns among analysts and defense experts. Many commentators argue that this budgeting strategy has constrained the Indian military's modernization efforts, thus posing long-term challenges to the cohort's combat readiness and capability enhancements.

Stance Against Pakistan and Surgical Strikes

During his electoral campaign, Modi's approach to foreign policy included a pledge to adopt a stringent stance against Pakistan, which he has repeatedly labeled as a "terrorist exporter." A pivotal moment in this engagement occurred on September 29, 2016, when the Indian government announced that the Indian Army had conducted a surgical strike against terrorist launch pads located in Azad Kashmir. The government claimed that the operation led to the deaths of up to 50 terrorists and Pakistani soldiers; however, Pakistan denied any such surgical strikes took place. Subsequent reports indicated that the claims regarding the strikes' scale and casualty figures may have been exaggerated, raising questions about the accuracy and transparency of the military narrative.

In February 2019, India undertook airstrikes targeting what was believed to be a terrorist camp within Pakistan. However, these strikes did not result in hitting any significant military targets and were followed by further confrontations, characterized by cross-border shelling. The situation escalated and included the loss of an Indian aircraft. In a troubling development, about eight months post-incident, the Modi administration had to admit that six Indian military personnel were killed due to friendly fire, highlighting the complexities and dire implications of the ongoing tensions.

Sino-Indian Border Tensions

Another significant aspect of Modi's defense policy has been the handling of relations with China. In May 2020, aggressive skirmishes erupted between Chinese and Indian troops along the contentious Sino-Indian border, particularly around the disputed areas of Pangong Lake in Ladakh and the territory between Sikkim and the Tibet Autonomous Region. Throughout 2020, numerous border clashes occurred, which were met with military and diplomatic measures by both sides to negotiate peace. The first reported clash of 2021 occurred on January 20 in Sikkim and was classified as minor in nature. However, Modi has faced criticism for remaining relatively silent regarding allegations of ceding approximately 2,000 square kilometers of territory to China, which was reported to have taken place since June 2020.

Strategic Partnerships and International Neutrality

In a move to bolster military capabilities, Modi signed an agreement in December 2021 with Russian President Vladimir Putin to extend military technical cooperation. One of the crucial outcomes of this partnership is the acquisition of the S-400 missile system, which significantly enhances India's air defense and missile striking capabilities. Interestingly, while India has maintained a neutral stance regarding the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, it simultaneously worked to facilitate the evacuation of Indian nationals caught in the conflict through Operation Ganga. This initiative was a major operation, successfully repatriating over 19,000 Indian citizens, including those from neighboring regions, showcasing India's commitment to protecting its citizens abroad while navigating the complexities of international relations.

Modi’s Environmental Policy Changes

When Narendra Modi assumed office as Prime Minister of India, significant changes were made within the environmental framework of the government. One of the most notable transformations was the renaming of the Ministry of Environment and Forests to the "Ministry of Environment, Forests, and Climate Change." This rebranding aimed to highlight the government's increased focus on addressing climate-related issues alongside traditional environmental concerns. However, in a controversial move, the Modi administration also cut the ministry's budget allocation by over 50% in its inaugural budget. This reduction was perceived as a step back from environmental protection, as it led to the relaxation or removal of several crucial laws aimed at safeguarding the environment and regulating industrial activities.

Modi's government sought to change the composition of the National Board for Wildlife, attempting to eliminate NGO representation, which was met with legal hurdles when the Supreme Court of India intervened. This initiative raised alarms among environmentalists, who viewed it as an erosion of accountability for wildlife protection efforts. Additionally, the government's actions included diminishing oversight on small mining projects and nullifying the need for tribal council approvals for activities within forested zones. Moreover, the lifting of the moratorium on new industrial ventures in some of India's most polluted regions prompted criticism regarding the potential adverse impacts on health and biodiversity. While these steps were favored by business sectors seeking unimpeded growth, they ignited significant backlash from environmental advocates worried about the long-term consequences.

In a significant shift in rhetoric, Modi's comments on climate change evolved over the years. In a 2014 conversation with Assamese students, he downplayed the issue, attributing environmental degradation to changes in human habits rather than climatic shifts. However, as the global discourse around climate change intensified, Modi began championing the cause of climate action. In 2015, he made headlines by proposing the International Solar Alliance, which sought to bolster global investment in solar energy. His administration positioned India as a leader in renewable energy, arguing that its historical contribution to climate change was minimal compared to developed nations. By the time of the COP26 conference, Modi announced ambitious targets for India, aiming for carbon neutrality by 2070 and committing to an extensive expansion of renewable energy sources.

India's environmental initiatives have garnered both national and international recognition. As a testament to its commitment, India has emerged as the only major economy on track to fulfill its Paris Agreement commitments. Furthermore, India's achievement of 10 percent ethanol blending—well ahead of the set timeline—has been celebrated by environmentalists and economists alike. This proactive stance underscores Modi’s attempt to reconcile economic development with environmental sustainability as India navigates its path toward becoming a global leader in clean energy. The apparent dichotomy in Modi's environmental policies reflects the complex balance between economic priorities and ecological accountability.

Democratic Backsliding in India

Under the leadership of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, India has witnessed significant concerns regarding democratic backsliding. A systematic analysis reveals that the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) government has incrementally targeted mechanisms designed to ensure governmental accountability. These mechanisms, essential for a healthy democracy, have been either co-opted to serve the interests of the political executive or fully captured by loyalists of the party. Such actions undermine the foundational principles of checks and balances that are vital for a functioning democracy.

One prominent aspect of this backsliding is the government's approach to dissent and criticism. There has been a worrying trend of using state power not only to intimidate but also to silence critics across various sectors, including media and academia. This has resulted in a chilling effect on freedom of expression, where alternative sources of information face increasing scrutiny and pressure. The Modi administration’s tactics have raised alarms among civil rights advocates, who argue that this erosion of free speech poses a direct threat to the democratic fabric of the nation.

Critics further argue that the Modi government has leveraged its democratic mandate in ways that undermine democratic processes themselves. A notable shift in focus has been observed towards promoting Hindu-nationalist priorities at the expense of addressing pressing economic issues. This prioritization has drawn ire from various quarters, suggesting that the government's agenda may not resonate with the diverse aspirations of all Indian citizens.

During Modi's second term, the situation appears particularly precarious, as civil rights and press freedom have faced erosion on multiple fronts. Legislative measures, as well as social policies, have been perceived as tools to reinforce the party's ideological framework rather than to foster inclusive economic development. As democracy in India continues to face challenges, it remains crucial for citizens and civil society to advocate for the preservation of democratic norms and processes that ensure government accountability and protect the rights and freedoms of individuals.

Public Perception and Image

Throughout his tenure as Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi has maintained an impressive public approval rating, reflecting his popularity among various sectors of society. His leadership style, characterized by a blend of charismatic oratory and pragmatic governance, has resonated with millions of citizens. Modi's ability to connect with the populace, often through social media platforms and public addresses, has significantly shaped his image as a leader who is accessible and understanding of the common person's needs.

Modi's government has initiated numerous policies and reforms intended to stimulate economic growth, enhance infrastructure, and boost the livelihood of citizens. Initiatives such as "Make in India," aimed at transforming India into a global manufacturing hub, and "Digital India," designed to expand the digital landscape and provide better access to technology, reflect his vision for a progressive nation. These movements, among others, have contributed to his sustained high approval ratings as many citizens perceive these policies as steps toward economic empowerment and self-sufficiency.

Additionally, Modi's handling of crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, has proved pivotal in influencing public perception. His administration's response, including vaccination drives and stimulus packages, showcased a commitment to public health and economic stability during turbulent times. While no leader is without criticism, Modi's ability to navigate such challenges has reinforced his image as a decisive and proactive leader.

Furthermore, Modi's emphasis on nationalism and cultural pride has also played a significant role in shaping his identity as a leader. By promoting traditional values and advocating for India's rich heritage on international platforms, he has garnered support from various demographic segments, including the youth. This approach not only connects with the emotional sentiments of many citizens but also positions Modi as a champion of India's interests on the global stage.

In summary, Narendra Modi's enduring high approval ratings can be attributed to a combination of effective policy-making, proactive crisis management, and a strong emphasis on national identity. His ability to engage with the populace and address their concerns has solidified his image as a leader of contemporary India, one who is seen as both a visionary and a pragmatic administrator. As he continues to navigate the complex socio-political landscape, his perception among the public remains a significant factor in shaping the future trajectory of Indian governance.

Modi's Personal Lifestyle

Narendra Modi is known for his disciplined lifestyle, characterized by vegetarianism and abstaining from alcohol. He leads a minimalist lifestyle that reflects his commitment to simplicity and hard work. This workaholic nature often manifests in his approach to governance, where he prioritizes efficiency and productivity. Despite his high-profile position, Modi has been described as an introvert, leading to a perception of him as a reserved individual. His unique personality traits encompass a mixture of energy and eccentricity, which contribute to his public persona as a compelling yet complex leader.

A Pioneer in Political Engagement

On August 31, 2012, Modi made headlines when he became the first Indian politician to engage with citizens through a live chat on Google Hangouts. This interaction not only showcased his willingness to embrace modern technology to connect with the electorate but also marked a significant shift in political communication in India. Employing social media extensively, he has adeptly reached out to younger voters and urban populations, creating an interactive dialogue that had previously been uncommon in Indian politics.

A Distinct Fashion Sense

Modi's fashion choices have also garnered considerable attention, with critics and supporters alike recognizing him as a fashion icon. His trademark, crisply ironed, half-sleeved kurta has become synonymous with his image. A notable incident that amplified this aspect of his persona was his choice of a suit embroidered with his name during a 2015 visit from US President Barack Obama. While some praised the sartorial statement as a demonstration of national pride, it also attracted media scrutiny and public criticism, further emphasizing the polarizing nature of his public image.

Political Controversies and Campaign Strategies

The nomination of Modi as a candidate for the prime ministership highlighted his reputation as one of the most controversial figures in contemporary Indian politics. During the 2014 election campaign, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) presented him as a strong and decisive leader, capable of making tough decisions in the interest of the nation. This campaign approach, which emphasized Modi as an individual leader rather than solely representing the party, was a departure from traditional political tactics employed by the BJP and the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS).

Modi's tenure has not been without challenges, as controversies surrounding his role in the 2002 Gujarat riots continue to haunt his political career. The policies of his administration, steeped in a hardline Hindutva philosophy, have drawn criticism for promoting a majoritarian agenda that many perceive as exclusionary. These criticisms reflect an ongoing debate about the implications of his leadership style and governance, raising questions about the sustainability of his economic development narrative against a backdrop of social discord. In this multifaceted political landscape, Modi remains a figure of intrigue, polarizing public opinion as he navigates the complexities of modern Indian society.

Approval Ratings of Modi: A Consistent Trend

Throughout his premiership, Prime Minister Narendra Modi has enjoyed remarkably high approval ratings, reflecting a strong public sentiment in favor of his leadership. According to a Pew Research poll conducted at the end of his first year in office in 2015, Modi garnered an impressive overall approval rating of 87%. Notably, 68% of respondents rated him "very favourably," while a substantial 93% expressed approval of his government’s performance. This early endorsement set a positive tone for his administration and indicated widespread public support for his policies and governance style.

As Modi entered his second year in office, his popularity remained robust. A nationwide poll by instaVaani recorded a consistent approval rating of approximately 74%, showcasing the public's continued satisfaction with his leadership. By the end of his second year, an updated Pew Research poll indicated that Modi maintained a high overall approval rating of 81%, with 57% of respondents rating him "very favourably." This relative stability in approval suggests that his governance and initiatives resonated well with the populace, despite the complexities and challenges faced by the government.

By the conclusion of his third year, Modi’s approval rating peaked at 88%, which represented his highest rating yet. A subsequent Pew Research poll revealed that 69% of those surveyed rated him "very favourably," a clear indication of his growing popularity. In May 2017, a survey by The Times of India corroborated these findings, with 77% of respondents saying they viewed Modi as "very good" or "good." These trends positioned Modi as a dominant force in Indian politics, epitomizing the alignment between his policies and the aspirations of a significant portion of the Indian electorate.

Furthermore, Modi's standing on the global stage reinforced his popularity within India. In early 2017, a survey by Pew Research Center highlighted him as the most popular political figure in the country. Reflecting broader international perceptions, a weekly analysis by Morning Consult called the Global Leader Approval Rating Tracker indicated that as of December 22, 2020, Modi held the highest net approval rating among global leaders in the 13 countries being tracked. These statistics underscore not only his domestic support but also his influence and visibility on a global scale, illustrating the profound impact of his leadership beyond the borders of India.

Modis Portrayal in Media

In the world of popular culture, Prime Minister Narendra Modi has been the subject of various cinematic and television interpretations, illustrating his journey and impact on Indian society. One of the earliest examples is the 2017 film "Modi Kaka Ka Gaon," directed by Tushar Amrish Goel, which is recognized as the first biopic about Modi, featuring Vikas Mahante in the lead role. Following this, the 2019 film "PM Narendra Modi," directed by Omung Kumar, provided a detailed narrative of Modi's ascent to the highest political office in India, showcasing significant milestones in his life and career, with actor Vivek Oberoi portraying him.

The portrayal of Modi extends into the realm of web series as well. "Modi: Journey of a Common Man," released in May 2019 on Eros Now, narrates his transformation from a common citizen to the Prime Minister, featuring Ashish Sharma in the lead role. Various docudramas have also explored his political career, including the 2014 television series "7 RCR," which chronicled Modi's journey to prime ministership through episodes that highlighted different phases of his political life. Sangam Rai played Modi in this series, which shed light on crucial incidents shaping his political narrative.

In a different context, the BBC documentary "India: The Modi Question," released in 2023, investigated Modi's involvement in the 2002 Gujarat riots and provided insights into his tenure as Prime Minister. The Indian government's decision to ban this documentary elicited a variety of reactions and criticisms both at home and abroad, emphasizing the continued controversies surrounding his leadership.

Furthermore, Modi has also been depicted in films related to significant national events, such as the 2019 film "Uri: The Surgical Strike" and the web series "Avrodh: The Siege Within," where actors Rajit Kapur and Vikram Gokhale portrayed Modi in narratives surrounding the 2016 surgical strikes in Pakistan. Gokhale reprised his role in "Avrodh: The Siege Within 2," highlighting issues like the demonetization of currency in India, which was a pivotal moment during Modi’s administration.

Engagement with the Public

Beyond cinematic representations, Modi has leveraged media to connect with the public directly. In July 2019, Modi made an appearance on Discovery Channel's adventure show "Man vs. Wild," hosted by Bear Grylls, making him the second global leader after Barack Obama to be featured. The episode, filmed in Jim Corbett National Park, delved into themes of nature conservation and wildlife, illustrating Modi’s personal interests alongside his political persona.

Moreover, Modi's monthly radio program "Mann Ki Baat," aired on All India Radio, has become a significant platform for him to share thoughts and communicate with citizens, discussing various social issues and encouraging public participation. Additionally, his initiative "Pariksha Pe Charcha" engages with students nationwide, addressing the challenges they face during their examinations, thereby fostering a connection with the younger generation.

These portrayals and engagements not only contribute to the cultural narrative around Modi but also reflect the multifaceted aspects of his leadership and the impact of his policies on the socio-political landscape of India.

Recognition and Influential Honors

Narendra Modi's rise in the political arena has garnered significant attention both in India and globally, marking him as one of the most recognized Indian politicians. His appearances on the cover of the Asian edition of Time Magazine in March 2012 and June 2014 exemplify this. Such covers are reserved for high-profile leaders and signify the weight of influence and public interest surrounding Modi's leadership. In 2014, he received the Indian of the Year award from CNN-News18, acknowledging his leadership and impactful policies at a crucial juncture in India's history.

Modi's recognition continued with his inclusion in Time Magazine's list of the 100 Most Influential People in the World on multiple occasions—specifically in 2014, 2015, 2017, 2020, and 2021. This consistent ranking highlights his enduring impact on global affairs and his prominence in international relations. Forbes Magazine also acknowledged his influence, ranking him as the 15th Most Powerful Person in the World in 2014, while he climbed to 9th position in subsequent years. His global footprint was further solidified when Bloomberg Markets Magazine named him the 13th Most Influential Person in the World in 2015.

In addition to these accolades, Modi was featured prominently in discussions about leadership in independent India, receiving recognition from Time for being the third pivotal leader following Nehru and Gandhi. He was also ranked fifth by Fortune Magazine in their list of the World's Greatest Leaders in 2015, showcasing his substantial influence both domestically and internationally. The Gallup International Association's poll in 2017 ranked him as the third-top leader globally, an indicator of his appeal and reputation beyond the Indian subcontinent.

Modi's digital influence is noteworthy as well. Time recognized him as one of the "30 Most Influential People on the Internet" in 2015, driven largely by his significant social media following, which includes being the second-most-followed politician on major platforms like Twitter and Facebook. By 2018, he emerged as the most-followed world leader on platforms like Instagram, reflecting his adept use of social media to connect with citizens both within India and across the globe.

In terms of environmental leadership, the United Nations honored Modi in October 2018 with the Champions of the Earth award for his pioneering initiatives related to climate action and the International Solar Alliance. Furthermore, he was honored with the 2018 Seoul Peace Prize, recognizing his contributions to global peace and cooperation.

Events commemorating Modi have occurred worldwide, reinforcing his international standing. A notable instance was the "Howdy Modi" event in Houston, Texas, which attracted over 50,000 attendees, including then-President Donald Trump, emphasizing the camaraderie and strengthening ties between India and the United States. The recognition continued with the prestigious Global Goalkeeper Award from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, celebrating his Swachh Bharat Mission aimed at improving sanitation in India.

Modi's leadership received both accolades and whimsical recognition during the COVID-19 pandemic. He was awarded the Ig Nobel Prize in Medical Education in 2020 for highlighting the significant role politicians play in public health crises. Furthermore, in December 2020, he received the Legion of Merit from U.S. President Donald Trump, reflecting enhanced India-US relations under his tenure. As a testament to his domestic significance, the Gujarat Cricket Association controversially renamed the world's largest cricket stadium after him, reinforcing his influence within national culture.

Most recently, in 2024, Modi’s diplomatic efforts were recognized during a visit to Russia, where he was awarded the Order of St. Andrew, indicating his successful nurturing of India-Russia relations. This ensemble of honors and awards reflects not only Modi's leadership in India but also his notable role on the global stage as a potent figure in contemporary politics.

Electoral history is a significant aspect of understanding the political landscape of any region. In India, elections reflect the evolving aspirations of its citizens and the shifting dynamics of political power. Notably, the electoral journey of a political figure can be traced through key milestones, such as by-elections and assembly elections, which often serve as barometers for public sentiment.

The mention of the February 2002 by-poll election and the December 2002 Assembly election highlights pivotal moments in electoral politics. By-polls often occur between general elections and can demonstrate how well a ruling party or candidate is perceived by the electorate at any given point. In contrast, assembly elections usually determine the governance of a state and can lead to significant changes in leadership, policy direction, and the overall political environment.

The results of these electoral contests can have lasting implications. For instance, outcomes may affect legislative agendas, resource allocation for development programs, and the overall stability of the ruling party. Additionally, the success or failure in these elections can often catalyze shifts in party strategies, coalition politics, and even the formation of new political alliances. Understanding the context and results of these elections is crucial for grasping the broader electoral history and the trajectory of political figures within the country.

Overall, the electoral history, marked by events like the February 2002 by-poll and the December 2002 Assembly election, provides valuable insights into the intricate fabric of Indian democracy. These elections are not just about winning or losing; they represent the voice of the people and the nuances of political engagement in a diverse nation. As we analyze such events, we can glean lessons that inform future electoral strategies and governance practices in India and beyond.

Writing Career

In 2008, Narendra Modi ventured into the literary world with the publication of his Gujarati book titled Jyotipunj. This work offers insightful profiles of key figures from the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), with a predominant focus on M. S. Golwalkar, who played a crucial role in expanding the organization. Modi affectionately refers to Golwalkar as Pujniya Shri Guruji, emphasizing the deep respect and admiration he holds for his ideological mentor. The Economic Times highlights that this publication served as an informative tool for audience members, aiming to elucidate the internal workings of the RSS while reinforcing Modi's commitment to its principles following his political rise.

Following his ascent to the position of Prime Minister, Modi authored the book Exam Warriors, which serves as a motivational guide designed to assist children in navigating the pressures surrounding examinations in a commendable manner. Moreover, Modi has written several children’s stories, totaling eight different titles that cater to young readers and aim to instill values and stimulate creativity. Demonstrating his multifaceted talents, Modi also ventured into music by composing the lyrics for two Gujarati garba songs, Garbo and Maadi. These songs, featuring performances by popular artists and released during the autumn Navratri festival in 2023, reflect the cultural richness of Gujarat.

Additionally, Modi's influence extends to the global stage beyond literature and music. His speech promoting the nutritional benefits of millets culminated in the creation of a song titled Abundance in Millets, featuring artists Falu and Gaurav Shah. This song garnered significant recognition, receiving a nomination in the Best Global Music Performance category at the 2024 Grammy Awards, thereby spotlighting India's agricultural heritage and promoting healthy eating on an international platform.

Political Career

Narendra Modi's political journey is marked by a series of successful electoral campaigns. His tenure as a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) began in 2002 when he was elected to represent Rajkot II, followed by multiple victories in the Maninagar constituency, where he demonstrated increasing popularity through substantial vote margins. Modi's political acumen was further showcased when he transitioned to national politics, successfully contesting the Lok Sabha elections in 2014 for Varanasi and Vadodara, becoming an influential figure within the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).

His tenure as the Chief Minister of Gujarat from 2001 to 2014 saw extensive development initiatives and economic reforms, which were pivotal in elevating the state's status in various sectors. Under his leadership, the BJP gained tremendous momentum, ultimately leading to his election as the Prime Minister of India, a position he has held since 2014. Modi continues to maintain a robust relationship with his constituents, evidenced by his electoral wins in subsequent Lok Sabha elections, including a successful campaign in Varanasi in 2019 and 2024.

Furthermore, Modi has embraced several diplomatic roles on the global stage, including leadership at major summits like BRICS and the G20. His initiatives have aimed to foster international collaboration, address climate change, and promote sustainable development. This multifaceted career demonstrates Modi's ability not only to influence Indian politics but also to effectively engage with the global community, making significant strides in representing India internationally.