Background of Shishumar-Class Submarines
The Shishumar-class submarines, a significant part of the Indian Navy's maritime strategy, trace their origins back to an agreement between India and the German company Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft (HDW) signed on 11 December 1981. This pivotal agreement was not just about acquiring advanced technology; it aimed at fostering indigenous capabilities within India’s naval infrastructure. The deal included the construction of two submarines in West Germany, alongside the provision of 'knocked-down' kits that would enable the assembly of two additional submarines at Mazagon Dock Limited (MDL) in Mumbai. The agreement was comprehensive, encompassing aspects of training for construction and logistics services, thereby allowing India to build expertise in submarine construction and maintenance.
Expanded Plans and Economic Challenges
In 1984, another agreement was announced for the construction of two more submarines at MDL, indicating India's commitment to strengthen its underwater fleet. However, the economic climate of the late 1980s posed significant challenges, leading to the cancellation of this agreement. The decision was largely influenced by the economic crisis faced by India during that period, which necessitated a reevaluation of defense spending. Despite this setback, the original plan did culminate in the construction of four submarines that would eventually form the backbone of India's underwater capabilities.
Operational Role and Strategic Importance
The four submarines built under the Shishumar-class program now comprise the 10th submarine squadron, which is strategically based in Mumbai. These submarines are crucial for India's maritime operations, providing a platform for surveillance, deterrence, and conventional warfare capability. The Shishumar-class submarines are equipped with a blend of advanced technologies, including sonar systems and a range of weaponry, making them versatile assets in any maritime confrontation. With the Indian Navy's move toward enhancing its underwater prowess, the Shishumar-class submarines play an essential role in maintaining the security of India's vast maritime interests, as well as in supporting humanitarian missions and disaster relief operations.
Mid-Life Upgrade of Shishumar-class Submarines
In 2018, the Indian Navy embarked on a significant modernization initiative for its fleet of Shishumar-class submarines, awarding a substantial contract worth $151 million for the mid-life upgrade and certification of INS Shishumar. This ambitious project was executed by Mazagon Dock Limited (MDL) in Mumbai, in collaboration with ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems, a global leader in submarine manufacturing and maintenance. The intent of the upgrade was not only to enhance the operational capabilities of the submarine but also to ensure that it meets up-to-date technological and strategic requirements.
Initially, the refit of INS Shishumar was scheduled for completion by 2021; however, the timeline was impacted by delays caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The unforeseen disruptions affected supply chains and workforce availability, resulting in a postponement of the delivery date. As a consequence, the Indian Navy is now set to receive the revamped submarine in August 2023. This extended timeline underscores the challenges faced in naval modernization projects, particularly in the context of global events.
In tandem with the INS Shishumar upgrade, the Indian Navy has also recognized the need for further modernization of its fleet. On June 30, 2023, a second contract was awarded to Mazagon Dock for the mid-life upgrade and life certification of another submarine from the Shishumar class, the INS Shankush. The estimated completion date for this upgrade is slated for 2026, with a projected budget of approximately ₹2,725 crore (about $330 million).
The strategic significance of these upgrades cannot be understated, as a total of three out of the four Shishumar-class submarines will undergo mid-life refits and certifications. This initiative is expected to extend the operational life of these submarines by 10 to 15 years, thereby ensuring that the Indian Navy maintains a robust and capable underwater fleet. The refurbishment will include enhancements to technology, weapon systems, and overall combat readiness, aligning with the navy's objectives to bolster maritime security in an increasingly dynamic geopolitical landscape.
Commissions and Controversies in Submarine Acquisitions
In a July 2005 interview with NDTV, former minister V. P. Singh disclosed significant details regarding the procurement process for submarines from HDW, a German defense contractor. He recounted an incident from 1987, where he received a telegram from the Indian ambassador in Germany, revealing that Indian agents involved in the submarine deal had reportedly received substantial illegal commissions. This serious allegation prompted Singh to notify then Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, leading to the initiation of an inquiry into the matter. The inquiry, however, led to friction within the cabinet, ultimately resulting in Singh’s resignation. This incident underscored the challenges India faced in ensuring transparency and accountability in defense procurement, an issue that continues to resonate in contemporary discussions surrounding military acquisitions.
The Shishumar-class submarines represent a crucial aspect of the Indian Navy's underwater fleet. Commissioned primarily in the late 1980s, these submarines have undergone extensive service, demonstrating the evolution of India's naval capabilities. The class includes notable submarines like the Shishumar (S44), Shankush (S45), Shalki (S46), and Shankul (S47). Constructed initially by Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft and later by Mazagon Dock Limited, these submarines mark a significant component of India’s strategic maritime operations.
The Shishumar (S44) was laid down on May 1, 1982, launched on December 13, 1984, and officially commissioned on September 22, 1986. It has undergone upgrades, with a modernization timeframe planned for 2018 to 2023, reinforcing its capabilities to meet current naval challenges. Similarly, the Shankush (S45) and Shalki (S46) have also been integrated into Indian naval operations, with their own timelines of service and upgrades. Shankul (S47), the latest of the class, signifies ongoing enhancements in submarine warfare technology employed by the Indian Navy, ensuring they remain competitive in a rapidly evolving geopolitical landscape.
Overall, the Shishumar-class submarines not only exemplify India's efforts to bolster its naval strength but also reflect a historical narrative of governance and defense procurement that demands vigilance and integrity. As circumstances in the region change, and new threats emerge, the Indian Navy continues to adapt, enhancing their fleet to maintain a credible deterrent and safeguard maritime interests.