Historical Trade Relations
The historical interactions between Russia and India date back to the 4th-3rd century BCE, as evidenced by archaeological findings from the Pazyryk site. These findings suggest that nomadic tribes in Central Asia engaged in trade with the Indian subcontinent during this period. This early trading fabric laid the groundwork for the more extensive trading interactions that would unfold in later centuries. By the 15th century, the relationship began to take a more structured form, highlighted by Russian traveler Afanasy Nikitin's journey to India between 1468 and 1472. His vivid narrative, documented in "The Journey Beyond Three Seas," provides a detailed account of his experiences passing through Persia, India, and the Ottoman Empire, marking one of the earliest known accounts of Russian exploration and trade in India.
The 18th century saw a significant increase in trade activities between Russian cities, such as Astrakhan and St. Petersburg, and Indian merchants. Trade relations gained momentum after Peter the Great's appeal to Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in 1696, urging the establishment of trade ties. This led to a flourishing exchange of goods, with Indian traders bringing textiles and other products into Russia. The philanthropic inclination of the Russian czar was reflected in his granting of special rights to Indian merchants, allowing them to address property rights issues in Astrakhan. This created a conducive environment for Indian textiles, which included linen and silk, to flow into Russia without the tax burdens common in other Eastern regions. By 1724, the monetary value of goods traded from Astrakhan reached over 104,000 rubles, constituting nearly a quarter of the city's total trade, although this independent trading dynamic faced challenges with the British colonial pressures in the 18th century.
Political Dynamics and Diplomacy
In the early 19th century, Tsar Paul advanced an ambitious yet ultimately unexecuted plan to invade British India utilizing 22,000 Cossacks. This endeavor aimed to coalition with France against Britain, capitalizing on perceived vulnerabilities within the British Empire. However, as fortune would have it, the plans collapsed following Tsar Paul's assassination, with his successor Alexander I promptly rescinding the military ventures. This illustrates the complex geopolitical landscape of the time, where Russia eyed opportunities in the Indian subcontinent, shaped by rivalries with other colonial powers.
In the context of diplomatic relations, the Embassy of India in Moscow and the Embassy of Russia in New Delhi symbolize the evolution of India-Russia ties into the 20th century. India's mission in Moscow, established in 1821 and transferred to Indian jurisdiction in 1952, reflects the long-standing engagement. The multifaceted embassy structures, including the notable "Chancery Building," have evolved over the years, serving as a testament to the diplomatic bond. Conversely, the Russian consulate initially opened in Mumbai and later relocated to Kolkata in 1910, before settling at Chanakyapuri in New Delhi, underscores the adaptive nature of diplomatic missions in response to the changing political environment.
The Cold War era brought about heightened cooperation and distrust alike, as illustrated by the revelations of espionage activities affiliated with the Soviet Embassy in India, as indicated by CIA reports. The implications of disinformation campaigns during this period shed light on how deeply intertwined political narratives were used to influence perceptions both within and beyond India. Amidst the complexities of their historical relations, both nations continue to nurture a partnership that spans economics, culture, and defense collaboration, reflecting a journey of intertwining fortunes shaped by centuries of historical exchanges.
India established official diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union in April 1947, just months before gaining independence from British rule. The initiation of this relationship stemmed from correspondence between K. P. S. Menon, the Indian Ambassador to China, and Apollon Petrov, the Soviet Ambassador to China. This dialogue led to a simultaneous announcement in both Moscow and New Delhi, affirming a commitment to strengthening the friendly ties between the two nations through the establishment of embassies. This early stage of diplomatic relations laid the groundwork for a multifaceted partnership that would evolve over decades.
Throughout the 1950s, the Soviet Union played a crucial role in supporting India in various international disputes, particularly with respect to the contentious Kashmir issue. Its veto of UN resolutions regarding the Kashmir conflict in support of India in 1951 was a significant assertion of diplomatic solidarity. The personal assurances provided by Joseph Stalin to Indian leaders such as Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan and Jawaharlal Nehru emphasized a policy of non-hostility toward India and a commitment to offering help. The relationship flourished during this period, with Nehru making a notable visit to the Soviet Union in 1955, followed by Khrushchev’s visit to India later that year. Such diplomatic engagements underscored the Soviet Union's intent to align itself with nations part of the non-aligned movement.
The period also saw an impact on Soviet-China relations due to the strengthening of ties with India. The USSR adopted a neutral stance during the 1959 Sino-Indian border dispute and the subsequent Sino-Indian War of 1962, which led to increased tensions with China. Despite this, India received substantial military and economic aid from the Soviet Union, surpassing that given to China and exacerbating Sino-Soviet tensions. The transfer of technology for manufacturing the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 fighter jets in India, a request earlier denied to Beijing, further illustrated the supportive posture of the Soviet Union towards India during this period.
In later years, the Soviet Union's diplomatic efforts culminated in its role as a mediator during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, successfully facilitating peace talks between the two nations. The Soviet Union's backing became pivotal again in 1971, during the Bangladesh Liberation War, when it supported India's military response to Pakistani suppression of the secessionist movement in East Pakistan. This support solidified the strategic Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation, which aimed not only at military cooperation but also at fortifying India’s geopolitical standing in South Asia against the backdrop of regional conflicts.
The relationship between India and the Soviet Union remained robust through various political shifts within India, including during the late 1970s when the right-wing Janata Party government sought to strengthen ties with Western nations. The Soviet Union responded by intensifying its military and economic support. The 1980s saw a continuation of this partnership, especially following the assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, whose leadership had been pivotal in cementing Indo-Soviet bonds. Under the new leadership of Rajiv Gandhi, India maintained its strategic alignment with the USSR, culminating in significant economic agreements during Gandhi's state visit in 1985, witnessing a personal rapport with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev.
Despite the shifting global dynamics and the thawing Sino-Soviet relations, India's relationship with the Soviet Union remained critical, serving as a counterbalance to growing tensions in Asia. Gorbachev's outreach efforts included attempts to cultivate an Asian security framework, underscoring the enduring importance of close ties with India as part of a broader strategy to maintain influence in Asia and counter Chinese expansionism. As the Cold War dynamics evolved in the late 1980s, India's strategic partnership with the Soviet Union highlighted the complexities of international relations and the deep-rooted ties that had formed over the preceding decades.
Historical Context and Strategic Partnership
The modern political relations between India and Russia can be traced back to the Strategic Partnership agreement signed in 2000, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. This landmark declaration was hailed by both Russian President Vladimir Putin and former Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh as a significant step in reinforcing bilateral ties. Their statements reflect a deep historical connection that transcends mere diplomatic formalities; the partnership represents a mutual recognition of shared interests and trusts that have flourished over decades.
Both nations collaborate closely on global platforms such as the United Nations, BRICS, G20, and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). Russia's support for India's aspirations, like a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council and membership in various international groupings, highlights a commitment to defending each other's interests on global forums. Furthermore, the Indo-Russian Inter-Governmental Commission (IRIGC) exemplifies an extensive and comprehensive framework for discussing defense and trade, showcasing how integral the bilateral relationship is across various sectors.
Enduring Friendship and Defense Collaboration
The friendship between India and Russia is often underscored by emotional and historical sentiments, emphasizing the trust and respect that have characterized their diplomatic interaction. Leaders from both nations have consistently praised this bond. From Russia's perspective, India's importance as a stable partner aligns closely with its long-standing international commitments. India, in turn, regards Russia as a pillar of strength, particularly during challenging geopolitical periods.
As of recent years, the energy sector has increasingly defined the nature of this partnership, particularly following geopolitical shifts like the Ukrainian conflict. Russia, seeking to alleviate the repercussions of international sanctions, has increased oil and fertilizer exports to India, drastically boosting bilateral trade volumes. This reflects a pragmatic approach and shows how crucial economic elements intertwine with political alliances. As the relationship evolves, with trade expected to exceed $30 billion in 2023, India's rejection of Western price caps on Russian crude further demonstrates a commitment to nurturing this partnership.
Navigating Geopolitical Challenges
The dynamics of India-Russia relations have had to navigate complex geopolitical landscapes, especially as China emerges as a dominant regional player in the context of the Russia-China partnership. The balance of power within this trilateral relationship has shifted, raising concerns in India about the possible implications on its national security and diplomatic standing. As the region's landscape becomes more complicated, India is keenly aware of the need for a "Multi-Alignment Strategy" that protects its interests in light of the deepening ties between Moscow and Beijing.
Despite these challenges, the cultural and economic ties between India and Russia remain robust. Initiatives like "Namaste Moscow," which promotes cultural interaction, and commemorative celebrations reflecting India's independence signify the enduring bonds that go beyond traditional diplomacy. Recent high-level meetings between Indian and Russian officials, including discussions around nine strategic areas for cooperation, underscore the commitment to enhancing partnerships further, particularly in sectors like nuclear energy and healthcare.
Recent Developments and Future Prospects
The political landscape has also seen continued high-level exchanges, including a significant visit by Prime Minister Modi to Moscow in July 2024. This visit, marking his first trip in five years, symbolized a reaffirmation of ties at a time of global strain. Discussions aimed at expanding economic cooperation highlight the importance both nations place on mutual prosperity.
In summary, the relationship between India and Russia is one marked by a firm foundation of friendship and confidence, with a historical trajectory that underscores their significance in each other's foreign policy calculations. Despite emerging challenges, their partnership continues to adapt, integrating both cultural resonance and strategic priorities, ensuring it remains a significant player on the global stage in the years to come.
Indo-Russian Inter-Governmental Commission (IRIGC)
The Indo-Russian Inter-Governmental Commission (IRIGC) serves as the principal platform for governmental engagement between Russia and India, often regarded as the foundational steering committee for bilateral relations. Established to enhance collaboration across multifaceted domains, the IRIGC is structured into two main segments. The first segment focuses on Trade, Economic, Scientific, Technological, and Cultural Co-operation, typically co-chaired by the Russian Deputy Prime Minister and the Indian External Affairs Minister. This section plays a critical role in facilitating agreements and partnerships that bolster economic ties and cultural exchanges between the two nations. The second segment of the IRIGC is dedicated to Military Technical Cooperation, jointly overseen by both countries' Defence Ministers, reflecting the deep-seated defence ties and strategic partnership that have evolved over decades.
Both segments of the IRIGC convene annually, allowing for continuous dialogue and the resolution of outstanding issues, thereby reinforcing the commitment of both countries to advance their relations. Beyond the IRIGC, a network of organizations complements these discussions, fostering economic engagement. This includes the Indo-Russian Forum on Trade and Investment, the India-Russia Business Council, the India-Russia Trade, Investment and Technology Promotion Council, and the India-Russia Chamber of Commerce. These organizations operate at different levels, promoting mutual investment, technology transfer, and enhancing the overall economic landscape between the two nations.
The significance of these relations is further highlighted by high-profile engagements between leaders of both countries. For instance, on 30 May 2017, an article authored by Russian President Vladimir Putin was published in The Times of India on the eve of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi's visit to Russia. This visit commemorated the 70th anniversary of diplomatic relations established on 13 April 1947. Throughout these years, India and Russia have cultivated a robust partnership characterized by mutual respect and common interests in a rapidly changing international landscape. Their cooperative efforts span various sectors, including space exploration, nuclear energy, and information technology, showcasing a comprehensive and strategic bilateral relationship that holds promise for future advancements.
Military Cooperation Overview
The military relationship between India and Russia has roots dating back to the Soviet Union, which served as a key supplier of defense equipment to India for several decades. This vital role has continued under the Russian Federation, creating a strong bond between the two nations in defense matters. Between 2012 and 2016, Russia accounted for an impressive 68% of India's defense imports. This cooperation has evolved significantly, especially with the "Make in India" initiative that promotes indigenous defense manufacturing. Significant agreements have been forged, such as the construction of naval frigates, the joint production of KA-226T twin-engine utility helicopters, and the BrahMos cruise missile system, developed collaboratively with a 50.5% Indian and 49.5% Russian stake. Notably, from 2013 to 2018, Russia's arms sales made up 62% of India's total military imports.
Broader Military-Technical Cooperation
The military-technical cooperation between India and Russia is expansive and multifaceted. This partnership encompasses not just arms procurement but also joint research, development, training, and collaborative exercises. A landmark ten-year agreement in 1997 set the stage for deeper military collaboration, allowing for the purchase of arms, joint development, and joint marketing of military technologies. The framework established has encouraged not only bilateral training exercises but also significant joint projects, such as the upcoming development and production of multi-role fighters. The defense pact reaffirmed in 2009 marked a pivotal shift toward cooperative development, as seen in projects like the Fifth Generation Fighter Aircraft (FGFA) and the Multirole Transport Aircraft (MTA).
Recent Developments
Recent years have seen India bolster its military capabilities with substantial procurements from Russia, including the S-400 Triumf surface-to-air missile defense system, which was contracted in 2018 for $5.43 billion, amidst concerns regarding U.S. sanctions. Moscow upheld its commitments, continuing to deliver systems as planned, despite international pressures related to the Ukraine conflict. Various notable joint military programs are currently active, including advanced missile systems like BrahMos, and the production of Sukhoi Su-30MKI aircraft, helicopters, and frigates.
Future Prospects
Looking ahead, India and Russia have ambitious plans for joint military exercises and development initiatives. In 2023, several exercises under Project Indra are set to take place, highlighting the ongoing collaborative spirit. The BrahMos NG missile testing is scheduled for 2024 as part of their joint missile project, signaling continued advancements in technological cooperation. Additionally, Russia's plans to supply India with the frigates "Tushil" and "Tamala" showcase a commitment to enhance naval capabilities. The ongoing dialogue and military cooperation initiatives underscore an enduring partnership poised to adapt to regional and global changes while reinforcing India's defense posture.
Economic Relations
Bilateral trade between Russia and India has shown remarkable growth and diversification, reflecting the significant potential each country sees in their economic partnership. The trade portfolio encompasses a wide range of key sectors such as machinery, aerospace, electronics, automobile, pharmaceuticals, and energy. When bilateral trade was recorded at $1.5 billion in 2002, both nations set ambitious targets, resulting in an increase to $11 billion by 2012. With the goal of reaching $30 billion by 2025 firmly in place, both governments have initiated collaborations through various bilateral bodies, including the Indo-Russian Forum on Trade and Investment and the India-Russia CEOs' Council, which are crucial in structuring economic dialogue and policy.
To further solidify economic ties, the two countries have committed to exploring a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between India and the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU). This initiative, along with treaties aimed at protecting and promoting investments, aims to streamline customs procedures and facilitate long-term agreements especially in the energy sector, encompassing nuclear and fossil fuel trades. Companies like Rosneft and Gazprom are expected to play vital roles in supplying energy products to meet the growing demand in India. Moreover, alongside energy, both nations are keen on enhancing cooperation in manufacturing military product lines under India’s "Make in India" initiative, emphasizing co-development and co-production in sectors such as aerospace and nuclear technology.
In particular, the collaboration in the aerospace sector has gained momentum with projects such as the Sukhoi Superjet 100 and FGFA. Both nations aim to co-develop aircraft and expand their aerospace capabilities, potentially entering third-country markets as joint partners. Russian aviation firms are optimistic; Mikhail Pogosyan, the president of Russia's United Aircraft Corporation (UAC), noted the intention to provide around 100 passenger aircraft to India by 2030, addressing a burgeoning demand within the country’s aviation market.
Additionally, India's position as the largest diamond cutting and polishing center globally has facilitated a strategic partnership in the diamond sector between both nations. Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi proposed establishing direct long-term contracts between Russian diamond mining giant Alrosa and Indian firms, alongside simplifying trade regulations to enhance bilateral provisions. Through these agreements, analysts believe significant trade growth is anticipated, bolstered by the easing of tariffs and regulations on precious stones.
Another crucial area of collaboration is nuclear energy, with Russian agreements to construct over 20 nuclear reactors in India over the next two decades. This includes joint ventures in nuclear fuel production and waste management, cementing a long-term energy relationship. Furthermore, the ongoing LNG supply agreement between Gazprom and GAIL signifies the move towards a more integrated energy strategy, reinforcing India's dependence on Russian energy supplies.
The IT sector also remains a focal point, with both nations exploring opportunities for joint projects that leverage India’s strengths in software development and IT services. Following the introduction of more permissive visa regulations by India, there has been an observable increase in tourism from Russia, which only adds to the bilateral relationship's momentum.
The geopolitical landscape shifted in March 2022 following the imposition of sanctions on Russia, with India and Russia adapting to new economic realities. Both nations explored alternative payment systems and financial exchanges, signaling resilience in their economic cooperation despite global challenges. With Indian companies expressing intentions to participate in Russian oil projects and recent transactions involving discounted oil purchases, the mutual reliance on one another's markets continues to deepen.
In summary, the economic relations between Russia and India have evolved dynamically, encompassing a breadth of industries and a forward-looking approach to partnership. As they aim to reach a trading volume of $50 billion by 2025, ongoing projects in infrastructure, energy, and military collaboration mark the foundation upon which both countries are building a robust, multifaceted economic alliance that aspires to withstand and exceed the challenges of the global market.
Free Trade Agreement
Recognizing the underwhelming performance of their bilateral trade, both India and Russia have initiated discussions aimed at enhancing economic ties through a Free Trade Agreement (FTA). Both governments acknowledge that the current trade levels do not reflect the true potential of their partnership. The establishment of a joint study group (JSG) marks the first step in these negotiations as they work toward defining the parameters of the proposed agreement. This FTA is set to take shape in conjunction with the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), of which Russia is a key member, along with Kazakhstan, Armenia, Kyrgyzstan, and Belarus.
The implications of such an agreement are significant. By linking India to an FTA with the EAEU, the Indo-Russian agreement allows for a broader economic integration that includes multiple nations, greatly expanding the scope of trade and investment opportunities. The anticipated outcomes of this FTA are promising; experts predict that once the agreement is finalized, bilateral trade will surge to unprecedented levels. This economic expansion is expected to not only bolster the trade dynamics between India and Russia but also enhance the overall strategic partnership, as economics increasingly takes center stage in their bilateral relations.
Furthermore, the potential integration of markets could lead to a variety of benefits, including reduced tariffs, increased market access for goods and services, and strengthened cooperation in sectors such as technology, energy, and agriculture. As both nations work towards finalizing this framework, the expectation is that the FTA will pave the way for not just an economic uplift but also a more robust, multifaceted partnership that aligns with each country’s strategic interests. The recent performance of Indo-Russian bilateral trade reflects a commitment to leverage these opportunities, positioning both countries for greater engagement on the global stage.
Co-operation in the Energy Sector
The energy sector serves as a cornerstone of the Indo-Russian bilateral relations, reflecting a robust partnership that has developed over the years. Since 2001, the collaboration has significantly intensified, exemplified by ONGC-Videsh's acquisition of a 20% stake in the Sakhalin-I oil and gas project in Russia, representing an investment of approximately US$1.7 billion. This venture has not only enhanced India's foothold in the Russian energy market but also marked a significant step in fostering energy security for India.
Furthermore, collaboration between industry giants is evident in various joint projects, such as the partnership between Gazprom and the Gas Authority of India for the development of a gas block in the Bay of Bengal, which aims to enhance gas production and supply in the region. The Kudankulam Nuclear Power Project underscores another vital aspect of Indo-Russian energy co-operation, as it encompasses two 1000 MW nuclear units. This project, along with agreements signed in December 2008 during the visit of the Russian president to New Delhi, highlights both nations' commitment to expanding their nuclear energy collaboration, which is essential for meeting the growing energy demands of India.
The contemporary geopolitical landscape, particularly following Russia's invasion of Ukraine, has had significant implications for energy ties between the two nations. India has increasingly turned to Russian oil, capitalizing on discounted prices amid the ongoing conflict, leading to Russia ascendant as India's second-largest oil supplier by May 2022. This marked a pivot in energy imports, where Russia accounted for 18% of India's crude imports, thus demonstrating India's strategic shift in energy sourcing. The fallout from the Ukraine war accelerated this dependence, with Indian imports of Russian liquefied gas, crude oil, and coal surging to nearly US$5 billion in the first half of 2022.
As of early 2023, Russia solidified its status as India's top oil supplier, overtaking Iraq, which had historically led in this regard. The month of November saw India's oil imports from Russia rise for the fifth consecutive month, capturing 23% of the total oil imports of 4 million barrels per day. This statistic represents a commendable 4% increase from the previous month, indicative of the strengthening engagements between India and Russia in the energy domain. Such developments not only reaffirm the commitment of both nations to enhance their energy cooperation but also signal a broader shift in the global energy landscape, with India carving out a more diversified and resilient energy strategy.
Overview of the North–South Transport Corridor
The North–South Transport Corridor (NSTC) serves as a pivotal channel for the movement of freight between India, Russia, Iran, Europe, and Central Asia, effectively linking key markets and enhancing trade connectivity. This multi-modal transportation network integrates ship, rail, and road transport, facilitating the seamless transfer of goods across several countries. The corridor not only connects major commercial hubs such as Mumbai, Moscow, and Tehran but also extends to other vital locations, including Baku, Bandar Abbas, Astrakhan, and Bandar Anzali. The development of this corridor represents a strategic initiative aimed at fostering closer economic ties and facilitating trade among nations in the region.
Historical Development and Trials
The concept of the North–South Transport Corridor has evolved over several years, with significant developments occurring in 2014 when dry runs of two prominent routes were executed. These test runs showcased a direct shipment path from Mumbai to Baku via Bandar Abbas, and an alternative route from Mumbai to Astrakhan via Bandar Abbas, Tehran, and Bandar Anzali. The primary aim of these trials was to unveil and mitigate any logistical bottlenecks that could hinder the efficiency of freight movement. Notably, the analysis from these trials revealed substantial cost savings, with transport expenses reduced by approximately $2,500 per 15 tons of cargo. Such findings underscore the corridor's potential for streamlining logistical operations and enhancing economic viability for traders engaged in transcontinental shipping.
Future Prospects and Alternative Routes
Given the favorable outcomes from the initial trials, further exploration and refinement of the North–South Transport Corridor continues to progress. Additional routes are being evaluated, including options that traverse through Armenia, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan. These alternatives could significantly diversify the transport options available, thereby further bolstering trade connectivity and regional integration. The corridor not only aims to enhance trade efficiency but also seeks to foster stronger bilateral and multilateral ties among participating countries. The rise of this trade route aligns with the broader goals of economic cooperation and infrastructural development across South Asia, the Middle East, and beyond, potentially paving the way for increased commercial exchanges and shared economic growth.
Science and Technology Collaboration
The ongoing collaboration between India and Russia in the field of science and technology is guided by the Integrated Long-Term Programme of Co-operation (ILTP), marking it as the largest cooperation initiative in this domain for both nations. Managed by the Department of Science and Technology in India, and supported by the Academy of Sciences, the Ministry of Science and Education, and the Ministry of Industry and Trade in Russia, this partnership signifies a robust commitment to mutual advancement in scientific research and innovation.
Under the ILTP, a variety of projects have been prioritized, significantly enhancing bilateral ties. Notable areas of focus include the development of the SARAS Duet aircraft—an important step for India’s indigenous aerospace capabilities—alongside initiatives in semiconductor technology, supercomputing, poly-vaccines, and groundbreaking research in laser science and technology. Further, subjects like seismology and the production of high-purity materials have been tackled collaboratively, while software, IT advancements, and traditional practices of Ayurveda also receive significant attention. This comprehensive approach reflects a diverse engagement designed to address contemporary challenges and harness each country’s strengths.
To operationalize these goals, eight joint Indo-Russian research and development centers have been set up under the ILTP framework. Additionally, two new centers focusing on Non-ferrous Metals and Accelerators and Lasers are being established in India. Alongside these, a Joint Technology Centre in Moscow is in the pipeline, aimed at accelerating the commercialization of cutting-edge technological advancements. The ILTP Joint Council, which convened in Moscow on October 11-12, 2007, served to review existing cooperation and explore new directions for future collaboration.
A notable development in this ongoing cooperation was the establishment of the Russian-Indian Science and Technology Center (RI STC) in Moscow in June 2010. This center was designed to facilitate innovative collaboration and commercialization efforts following the results of joint research. In a further expansion of its efforts, the RI STC inaugurated its Delhi branch in April 2012, ensuring that the dialogue and collaboration in science and technology remain vibrant and productive across both nations. Through these initiatives, India and Russia aim not only to advance their scientific endeavors but also to foster a mutually beneficial exchange that will contribute to economic development and technological innovation in both countries.
Space Cooperation
The collaboration between Russia and India in the realm of space has deep roots, tracing back to the Soviet era. One of the most significant milestones in this partnership was the launch of Aryabhata, India's inaugural satellite, on April 19, 1975. Named after the ancient Indian astronomer, Aryabhata was sent into orbit from Kapustin Yar using a Kosmos-3M launch vehicle. Additionally, in an intriguing historical note, Rakesh Sharma became the only Indian to travel into space, launched by the Soviet Union as part of the Interkosmos program, which sought to promote international cooperation in space exploration.
The relationship continued to flourish in the early 2000s, particularly during President Vladimir Putin's visit to India in December 2004. This meeting resulted in the signing of two vital agreements: the Intergovernmental Umbrella Agreement on cooperation in outer space for peaceful purposes and the Inter Space Agency Agreement related to Russia's GLONASS satellite navigation system. The focus on satellite technology proved pivotal for both nations as they sought to enhance their capabilities in the field. Over the years, numerous follow-up agreements concerning GLONASS have bolstered this cooperation, further solidifying the strategic partnership in space exploration.
In 2007, the two nations expanded their cooperation by signing an agreement for joint lunar exploration. This partnership took the shape of the Chandrayaan-2 mission, initially projected by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) in collaboration with the Russian Federal Space Agency (RKA). Although the mission was intended to be launched in 2017 and included an Indian-designed lunar orbiter and rover alongside a Russian-built lander, persistent delays ultimately led India to develop its own lander, named Vikram. The successful launch of the Chandrayaan-2 mission on July 22, 2019, marked a significant achievement for India's space ambitions, showcasing its capability to independently carry out complex space missions.
In December 2021, Russia and India further advanced their space partnership by signing a comprehensive agreement aimed at protecting technological advancements in space. This agreement was indicative of the deepening ties between Russia’s Roscosmos and India’s ISRO, encompassing areas such as crewed space programs and satellite navigation. Moreover, both nations expressed interest in fostering cooperation in the development of launch vehicles and planetary exploration initiatives, highlighting their commitment to collaborative advancements in space technology.
In recent developments, significant training programs have been instituted, exemplified by the February 2020 agreement where Glavkosmos JSC began training Indian Air Force pilots in preparation for manned space missions. Indian astronaut candidates underwent intensive preparations, including physical and medical training, as well as learning the Russian language and familiarizing themselves with the Soyuz spacecraft's design and systems. By March 2021, the training program for Indian cosmonauts was officially completed, marking a vital step toward future crewed missions.
Continuing this trajectory of cooperation, October 2022 saw Glavkosmos JSC supplying advanced systems and equipment for India’s Gaganyaan crewed transport spacecraft. This includes essential tools and individual gear such as spacesuits and seats developed by the Russian JSC Zvezda Scientific and Production Enterprise. This ongoing collaboration underscores not only a shared ambition in domestic and international space exploration but also reflects a mutual commitment to propel both nations to the forefront of technological advancements in space travel.
Nuclear Deals
On November 7, 2009, India solidified its long-term nuclear relationship with Russia by signing a significant new nuclear deal. This agreement stands apart from prior deals established between the two nations, emphasizing the growing collaboration in the domain of civilian nuclear energy. As part of this initiative, both countries are in discussions regarding the construction of two additional nuclear power units at the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant. Presently, two units at this facility are operational, underscoring the ongoing commitment to expanding nuclear energy production in India. During Russian President Vladimir Putin's visit to India for the 13th annual summit, a comprehensive cooperative civilian nuclear energy roadmap was established, projecting plans for the construction of 16 to 18 new reactors by 2030. Each reactor is proposed to have a capacity of 1,000 MW and represent a substantial investment, with an estimated total worth of around $45 billion—considerably bolstered by the high cost of $2.5 billion per reactor.
In a broader context, the collaboration between Russia and neighboring countries in the region also highlights significant developments. In November 2011, Russia entered into an intergovernmental agreement with Bangladesh for the construction of its first nuclear power plant, "Ruppur." This facility will house two power units, equipped with Russian VVER-type reactors boasting an electric capacity of 1,200 MW each, and designed to operate for a lifespan of 60 years with the option for a 20-year extension. The ground-breaking for this pivotal project occurred during a visit from Rosatom CEO Sergey Kiriyenko to Bangladesh, who signed a general contract for the construction of this nuclear power plant on December 23, 2015.
By early 2017, Russia provided India with a substantial loan of $11.38 billion to finance the significant stages of the nuclear power plant construction. The ambitious project commenced in 2021, with builders currently working diligently on both the first and second power units. According to the latest schedule updates, the first power unit is set to be operational by February 2024, followed closely by the commissioning of the second unit by the end of that year. This ongoing collaboration encapsulates a mutual commitment to advancing nuclear energy capabilities in both India and the broader South Asian region, reflecting an evolving partnership between these countries.
Cooperation in the Cultural Sphere
The cultural ties between India and Russia have deep historical roots, dating back several centuries. One notable figure in this cultural exchange was Afanasiy Nikitin, a merchant from Tver, who made one of the earliest documented voyages to India from 1466 to 1472. His experiences during this journey were recorded in his book "A Journey Beyond the Three Seas," which provides insights into India's diverse regions, peoples, societies, and traditions. Nikitin's travels and encounters with Indian culture have been immortalized in the Soviet film "Journey Beyond Three Seas," where his character was brought to life by the renowned actor Oleg Strizhenov alongside Hindi film icon Nargis Dutt.
Historically, Astrakhan emerged as a vital trade hub for Indian merchants starting in the 16th century, where significant exchanges of goods and culture took place. A notable event occurred in 1722 when Peter the Great met Anbu-Ram, a leader of Indian merchants in Astrakhan. During this meeting, the Russian Tsar agreed to facilitate trade by granting full transit rights to Indian merchants, reflecting an early commitment to economic collaboration.
The interest in Indian culture continued through the publication of the first Russian translation of the Bhagavad Gita in 1788, initiated by Catherine the Great. Pioneers such as Gerasim Lebedev studied ancient Indian languages in the 1780s, while Nicholas Roerich, a prominent scholar and artist, delved deep into Indian philosophy, inspired by figures like Ramakrishna and Vivekananda. The reception of their works has solidified a mutual appreciation and understanding between the two nations, exemplified in 2004 when India celebrated the 130th birth anniversary of Roerich and the 100th anniversary of Svetoslav Roerich.
In the realm of cinema, Indian films have historically resonated with Russian audiences. Iconic Bollywood films such as "Awara," "Bobby," and "Disco Dancer" captivated viewers in the Soviet Union, creating a unique cultural phenomenon. With the advent of technological advancements, there has been a resurgence of interest in Bollywood films in contemporary Russia, facilitated by the availability of cable and satellite channels. The Russian government has recognized the potential of collaborative filmmaking, with plans for a joint working group aimed at fostering film production partnerships. Notable figures like former President Dmitry Medvedev have publicly acknowledged the admiration for Indian culture in Russia, reinforcing cultural connections through cinema.
Yoga has also gained immense popularity in Russia since the 1980s, attributed to its perceived health benefits. This interest is tied to earlier influences, including the work of legendary Russian actor Konstantin Stanislavski, who incorporated elements of Indian philosophy into his training methods. The establishment of the Rossotrudnichestvo Representative Office in 1965 and its five Russian Centres of Science and Culture in major Indian cities underscores the ongoing commitment to enhancing cultural exchanges. The expectation for increased Indian student enrollment in Russian educational institutions further reflects a desire for deeper academic and cultural engagement.
Numerous cultural events have been organized to celebrate this rich bilateral relationship. Notable occasions include the "Days of Russian Culture" in India and the reciprocal "Days of Indian Culture" in Russia, along with the "Year of Russia in India" in 2008 and the following year dedicated to India in Russia. From 2018 to 2019, a Memorandum of Understanding between the Indian Council for Cultural Relations and ROSSCONCERT paved the way for cultural troupes to tour both nations, enriching the cultural tapestry shared between the two countries through performances and artistic exchanges.
Through the years, trade has also played a crucial role in India-Russia relations, with significant exports from both nations showcasing their economic interdependence. In 2014, India exported pharmaceuticals, electronic equipment, and machinery to Russia, while Russia's major exports included gems, machinery, and fertilizers. The growth in trade volumes from 2009 to 2012 highlights a positive trend in bilateral economic relations, further illustrating how cultural and economic collaborations interweave to strengthen the overall partnership between Russia and India.