History of the OIC
The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) has its historical roots tied to a significant event that took place on 21 August 1969, when a fire engulfed the Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem. This tragedy prompted Amin al-Husseini, the former Mufti of Jerusalem, to label the incident a "Jewish crime" and urged Muslim leaders to come together for a summit to address the implications. The fire, which resulted in the destruction of a portion of the mosque's ancient wooden roof along with an 800-year-old pulpit, was attributed by Israeli authorities to the alleged mental instability of the perpetrator, Denis Michael Rohan, an Australian Christian fundamentalist. However, many in the Muslim world viewed the matter through the lens of Zionist aggression, fueling calls for unity among Islamic nations.
Following the fire, a pivotal conference convened on 25 September 1969 in Rabat, Morocco, marking the first Islamic summit attended by representatives from 24 Muslim-majority countries, mostly high-ranking officials and heads of state. The summit produced a resolution encouraging Muslim governments to engage in collaboration and mutual support across various sectors, including economic, scientific, cultural, and spiritual endeavors. This marked the beginning of a concerted effort to establish an organization that could articulate and advocate for the collective interests of Islamic nations.
The motivations for establishing a collective Muslim organization were not solely sparked by the Al-Aqsa incident. The desire for a pan-Islamic institution stemmed from historical events dating back to the 19th century, particularly following the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire and the accompanying loss of the Caliphate after World War I. This collapse created a significant void, leading many leaders and scholars to seek a unifying body to uphold and promote Islamic values and solidarity among Muslim nations.
In March 1970, the First Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers took place in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, laying the groundwork for the establishment of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference two years later in 1972. The charter of the OIC outlines its primary objectives, which include preserving Islamic social and economic values, enhancing cooperation across member states in various fields, upholding international peace and security, and advancing education, particularly in the realms of science and technology. The emblem of the OIC incorporates central symbols, including the Kaaba, the Globe, and the Crescent, which visually encapsulate its mission.
Throughout its history, the OIC has made strides in addressing human rights issues relevant to its member states. In August 1990, the OIC's foreign ministers adopted the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam, aiming to outline human rights in a manner consistent with Sharia law. However, in March 2008, the organization made revisions to its charter, placing greater emphasis on human rights, fundamental freedoms, and good governance, while also aligning more closely with the principles of the United Nations and international law. Notably, this revision omitted references to the Cairo Declaration, signaling a shift in focus towards a broader framework of human rights.
A significant organizational transformation occurred on 28 June 2011, when the OIC renamed itself from the Organisation of Islamic Conference to the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation during the 38th Council of Foreign Ministers meeting in Astana, Kazakhstan. This renaming was accompanied by a new logo, reflecting its evolving identity and aspirations.
Addressing humanitarian crises has been a vital role for the OIC. By the end of 2010, according to the UNHCR, countries within the OIC were hosting approximately 18 million refugees, demonstrating a commitment to providing sanctuary during various conflicts, including the ongoing situation in Syria that escalated in 2011. The OIC convened a conference on this urgent issue, titled "Refugees in the Muslim World," in May 2012 in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan, aiming to bring attention and solutions to the plight of refugees.
The engagement of external entities with the OIC has also been notable. In June 2007, then-President George W. Bush announced that the United States would appoint a special envoy to the OIC. The envoy's role was envisioned as one of dialogue, providing an opportunity for the U.S. to learn from Muslim representatives while sharing its own views and values. However, relations have been complex. An analysis in 2015 indicated that during a specified period in the General Assembly, OIC members voted against U.S. positions approximately 88% of the time, signifying tensions that could arise in intercultural and political discussions. This historical context enriches the understanding of the OIC’s formation, efforts, and the multifaceted dynamics it navigates on the global stage.
Membership Overview
The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) is a prominent international organization that comprises 57 member states, reflecting a diverse array of cultures, languages, and political systems within the Muslim world. Of these, 56 are recognized as member states of the United Nations, underscoring the OIC's significant role within the global community. The one exception is Palestine, which, despite its non-member state status, holds a unique and pivotal position within the OIC. The organization's commitment to the Palestinian cause remains a central tenet of its agenda, aiming to advocate for the rights and recognition of the Palestinian people on various international platforms.
Observer Status
In addition to its full members, the OIC also extends observer status to certain countries and organizations. Currently, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Central African Republic, Thailand, Russia, and Northern Cyprus—referred to as the "Turkish Cypriot State"—are recognized as observer states. This arrangement allows these entities to engage with the OIC's discussions and initiatives, providing them with an opportunity to foster dialogue and collaboration on issues of mutual interest. Furthermore, various other organizations and groups also participate as observers, enriching the OIC's deliberations with diverse perspectives and expertise. This inclusive approach not only enhances the scope of the OIC's operations but also facilitates cooperation among a broader range of stakeholders committed to common goals concerning the welfare of Muslim communities worldwide.
Collective Vision
The OIC was established in 1969 to promote solidarity and cooperation among Muslim nations, emphasizing shared religious values and cultural heritage. Through its extensive network, the organization aims to address pressing social, political, and economic challenges facing its members. By functioning as a collective voice for the Muslim world, the OIC aspires to influence international policy, combat discrimination against Muslims, and enhance socio-economic development. Its ongoing initiatives and resolutions reflect an enduring commitment to fostering unity and promoting peace, security, and stability among its member states while also advocating for the rights and dignities of Muslims globally.
Criticism of Fitna
On 28 March 2008, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) formally expressed its condemnation of the controversial film "Fitna," created by Dutch politician Geert Wilders. This film is notorious for combining graphic depictions of violence with selective interpretations of verses from the Quran, which many believe misrepresent the Islamic faith and its teachings. The OIC, which represents a wide range of Muslim-majority nations, stands firm in its commitment to opposing any forms of Islamophobia and misrepresentation of Islamic teachings.
The release of "Fitna" prompted widespread outrage from various Muslim communities around the world. Many viewed the film as an intentional provocation, aiming to incite hatred and prejudices against Muslims. The OIC's criticism underscored its role as a vocal advocate for fostering mutual respect and understanding among different cultures and religions. The organization called for increased sensitivity towards Islam and the cessation of activities that propagate stereotypes and sow discord among communities.
In the broader context, the backlash against "Fitna" highlighted ongoing tensions regarding freedom of expression and the impact it has on religious sentiments. While some argue that artistic freedom should not be limited, others stress the importance of considering the ramifications of such works, especially those that could serve to fuel division and conflict. The OIC has advocated for dialogue and cooperative measures to counteract hatred and promote a more inclusive discourse, aligned with the values of peace and coexistence among diverse faiths.
Houthis
In March 2015, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) publicly expressed its support for the military intervention led by Saudi Arabia in Yemen, aimed at countering the advances of the Shia Houthis. This intervention was initiated after the Houthis, a group that adheres to the Zaydi branch of Shia Islam, took control of significant territories in Yemen, including the capital city of Sana'a. The OIC, composed of 57 member states, saw the rise of the Houthis as a threat to regional stability, particularly in light of the ongoing sectarian tensions in the Middle East.
The conflict in Yemen is deeply rooted in a complex mix of political, social, and religious factors, with the Houthis claiming to represent the interests of marginalized communities in the northern region of the country. Their push against the internationally recognized government, led by President Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi, has drawn national and international concern. The OIC's support for Saudi Arabia was part of a broader strategy to reinstate the Hadi government and restore order in Yemen, given the potential for the conflict to spill over and threaten the security of neighboring states as well.
The OIC's involvement has underscored its role as a collective body within the Muslim world, seeking to address internal conflicts that could have wider implications for Islamic nations. The organization's commitment to solidarity among member states reflects its stance against perceived threats posed by non-state actors like the Houthis, which it views as influenced by regional geopolitical rivalries, notably the competition between Sunni and Shia powers in the region. However, the ongoing crisis has led to a humanitarian disaster in Yemen, raising questions about the efficacy of military interventions and the need for a political solution to the conflict.
Israeli–Palestinian Conflict
The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) firmly supports a two-state solution as a viable path toward resolving the long-standing Israeli–Palestinian conflict. This approach aims to establish an independent Palestinian state alongside Israel, with both nations coexisting peacefully. The OIC emphasizes that the aspirations of the Palestinian people for self-determination and statehood must be recognized and fulfilled if there is ever to be a lasting peace in the region.
To further exert pressure on Israel regarding the occupation of Palestinian territories, the OIC has called for a boycott of Israeli products. This initiative seeks to rally international support and promote economic measures that could influence Israeli policies through collective action. The movement has gained traction among various groups and countries, reflecting a broader push for accountability concerning human rights issues in the region.
The OIC has taken decisive actions in response to significant developments related to the conflict. During a meeting held in Conakry, Guinea, in 2013, Secretary-General Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu highlighted that OIC foreign ministers would deliberate on the potential severance of diplomatic ties with countries that recognize Jerusalem as the capital of Israel or relocate their embassies there. This position aligns with the OIC's consistent stance on the status of Jerusalem, which is considered a critical issue for Muslims worldwide.
In December 2017, in light of U.S. President Donald Trump's announcement recognizing Jerusalem as Israel's capital, an extraordinary meeting resulted in the adoption of the "Istanbul Declaration on Freedom for Al Quds." This declaration aimed to emphasize the importance of Jerusalem to Muslims and the need for concerted efforts to protect its status and heritage. Such gatherings demonstrate the OIC's active role in advocating for Palestinian rights on the global stage.
The OIC has also taken a strong position against further Israeli territorial expansion, condemning Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's proposed annexation of the Jordan Valley in September 2019. This unilateral move was viewed as a violation of international law and a significant obstacle to peace. More recently, in January 2024, the OIC expressed its support for South Africa's case at the International Court of Justice (ICJ) concerning allegations of genocide against Israel, underscoring the organization's commitment to addressing serious human rights concerns within the context of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Through these actions and declarations, the OIC demonstrates its unwavering dedication to advocating for the rights and sovereignty of the Palestinian people.
India's Muslim Population
In India, Islam stands as the second-largest religion, following Hinduism. With over 200 million adherents, Muslims make up approximately 15% of India's population. This demographic makes India home to the largest Muslim population outside of countries that are predominantly Muslim or have Islamic governance. Despite this significant Islamic presence, the complex relationship between India and Pakistan has cast a long shadow over India’s interactions with both its own Muslim community and the larger Muslim world represented by organizations such as the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC).
Historical Context of India-Pakistan Relations
Since the Partition of India in 1947, India and Pakistan have experienced a tumultuous relationship marked by hostilities and armed conflicts. This strained relationship has been primarily driven by territorial disputes, especially concerning the Kashmir region. This conflict has not only shaped the political landscape of the subcontinent but has also influenced India's quest for recognition and acceptance within the OIC. Despite India's argument for membership based on the fact that Indian Muslims represent approximately 11% of the global Muslim population, Pakistan has vehemently opposed India's inclusion in the OIC. The rationale behind Pakistan's stance is rooted in its ongoing conflict with India over Kashmir, where it accuses India of significant human rights violations against the Kashmiri people.
Kashmir Conflict and OIC's Position
The Kashmir region has been a focal point of conflict since the late 20th century, with a militant uprising beginning in the 1980s. The OIC has received various calls to intervene and advocate for the rights of the Kashmiri people, which has often resulted in pushback from Indian officials who are sensitive to international discourse surrounding Jammu and Kashmir. Historically, the OIC has tended to align more closely with Pakistan on this issue, reflecting the broader Muslim world’s sympathies toward Islamabad over New Delhi.
Significance of the OIC Summit
The first OIC summit held in 1969 in Rabat was a crucial moment in shaping the organization’s future, yet it notably did not address the Kashmir dispute despite discussions around India’s potential membership. At this summit, an Indian delegation led by then President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmad attempted to participate but faced exclusion due to a boycott threat from Pakistan. This incident exemplified how deep-seated differences between India and Pakistan have led to a long-standing absence of Indian representation in subsequent OIC meetings. The ramifications of this exclusion continue to affect India's diplomatic efforts within the framework of the OIC, which remains a significant platform for Muslim nations to converge and discuss shared challenges and interests.
In conclusion, the complicated political narratives surrounding India, Pakistan, and the OIC highlight the intricate dynamics of region-specific and global Muslim politics. As India aims to assert its place within the OIC while navigating its relationship with Pakistan, the broader implications for regional stability and Muslim solidarity remain to be seen.
The 2019 Pulwama attack marked a significant escalation in tensions between India and Pakistan, reflecting deep-seated conflicts in the region. On February 14, 2019, a devastating suicide bombing conducted by a militant associated with Jaish-e-Mohammed, a group based in Pakistan, resulted in the deaths of over 40 Indian soldiers in Jammu and Kashmir. The attack drew widespread condemnation and set off a series of military and diplomatic responses that heightened hostilities between the two nations. In March 2019, India retaliated with airstrikes targeting what it claimed were terrorist training camps within Pakistani territory, which led to a military standoff that put both countries on high alert.
In the wake of these events, India’s Foreign Minister Sushma Swaraj was invited to participate in the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) summit. This invitation was met with protests from Pakistan, which demanded that India be barred from attending the event, accusing it of violating Pakistani airspace during the military engagement. Conversely, Indian officials asserted that their actions were directed solely at countering terrorism. Amidst these escalating tensions, the OIC convened an emergency meeting on February 26, 2019, where it condemned India's military response, urging restraint from both parties and highlighting the OIC's role in mediating regional conflicts.
A noteworthy development during this period was the invitation extended by the United Arab Emirates to India as a "guest of honour" for the OIC's 46th meeting of foreign ministers, held in Abu Dhabi on March 1 and 2, 2019. This marked a significant shift in dynamics, as it was the first time in five decades that India had been granted such a status at the OIC, despite protests from Pakistan, which subsequently chose to boycott the meeting. The presence of India, represented by Foreign Minister Swaraj, at the summit underscored the changing geopolitical landscape in the region and the evolving nature of India's diplomatic relations with Muslim-majority countries.
In a related development, on April 18, 2020, the OIC released a statement urging the Indian government, led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, to take action against the growing instances of Islamophobia within the country. The organization highlighted attacks against Indian Muslims by Hindu nationalist groups and addressed claims that falsely blamed Muslims for the spread of COVID-19. This call aimed to shed light on the challenges faced by minority communities in India, reflecting the OIC's commitment to advocating for Muslim populations globally and addressing issues of discrimination and injustice. This discourse not only reinforces the complex interplay between national identities and religious affiliations but also emphasizes the importance of international organizations in addressing human rights concerns.
Background of the Controversy
The controversy surrounding the cartoons of the Prophet Muhammad began in September 2005 when a Danish newspaper, Jyllands-Posten, published a series of caricatures depicting the revered figure. These images sparked outrage among many Muslims globally, as they were perceived as highly disrespectful and offensive. In Islamic tradition, any visual representation of the Prophet Muhammad is strictly prohibited due to the risk of idolatry. This foundational belief added to the outrage felt by Muslims in response to the cartoons.
Responses from the Global Muslim Community
In response to the unrest ignited by the cartoons, the Third Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference convened in December 2005. This meeting yielded a strong condemnation of the publication and highlighted the need for greater sensitivity towards Islamic beliefs and values. The statements from this summit received extensive coverage across news media in Muslim-majority countries, amplifying the discussions around freedom of expression and the respect for religious sentiments. The incident was not just limited to public outrage; it also began a broader dialogue about the responsibilities of the press in a multicultural society.
Escalation into Violence
Unfortunately, the backlash did not remain peaceful. A series of violent demonstrations erupted across various Islamic nations, resulting in clashes between protestors and law enforcement. The protests often escalated into riots, leading to significant property damage and the tragic loss of lives. In several instances, embassies of Denmark and other Western nations were targeted and attacked. The chaotic response underscored a growing divide in the perceptions of free speech rights in the West versus the deeply held religious beliefs in the Islamic world.
Long-Term Implications
The publication of these cartoons not only sparked immediate reactions but also ignited a broader conversation about the intersection of freedom of expression and respect for religious beliefs. It raised questions regarding the limits of creative expression and the responsibilities that come with it. The incident has since become a reference point in discussions about cultural sensitivity, Islamophobia, and the challenges of living in an increasingly globalized world, where actions in one country can provoke reactions in another, often leading to unintended consequences and strained international relations.
Human Rights
The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) played a significant role in shaping the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam (CDHR), which was created to assert the importance of human rights from an Islamic perspective. Proponents of the declaration assert that it complements the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), offering an alternative framework grounded in Islamic principles. Notably, Article 24 of the CDHR stipulates that "all the rights and freedoms stipulated in this Declaration are subject to the Islamic Shari'ah," while Article 25 emphasizes that the Shari'ah serves as the primary reference point for interpreting the declaration's articles. Nonetheless, the Cairo Declaration has faced criticism, particularly regarding its perceived contradictions with the UDHR. Various liberal Muslim groups reject the declaration, characterizing it as an attempt to undermine civil and political rights protected by international law, and accuse it of perpetuating a form of manipulation and hypocrisy.
Human Rights Watch has highlighted the OIC's persistent efforts within the United Nations Human Rights Council to shield member states from scrutiny, except when it comes to criticisms of Israel. During events like the 2006 Lebanon War, OIC member states often condemned independent experts for addressing human rights violations committed by both Israel and other actors, such as Hezbollah. This protective stance suggests that the OIC prioritizes geopolitical alliances over comprehensive human rights advocacy, often opting for a cooperative rather than a condemnatory approach towards abusive governments. Critics contend that this strategy encourages human rights violations to go unchecked, as it fosters an environment of passivity that some states exploit to avoid accountability.
The OIC's approach to human rights has also been criticized for its inadequate attention to the treatment of ethnic minorities within its member states. Issues like the oppression of the Kurds in Syria and Turkey, the Ahwaz in Iran, the Hazaras in Afghanistan, the 'Al-Akhdam' in Yemen, and the Berbers in Algeria remain largely unaddressed within OIC discussions. This lack of focus raises questions about the organization's commitment to upholding human rights for all its constituents, especially for marginalized groups.
As part of its 2008 charter revisions, the OIC established the Independent Permanent Human Rights Commission (IPHRC), an advisory body composed of eighteen individuals with diverse educational and professional backgrounds. The IPHRC is designed to operate independently from the OIC, tasked with monitoring human rights within member states and ensuring the integration of human rights principles into OIC mandates. In its working capacity, the commission aims to promote political, civil, and economic rights across its member nations. A notable instance of the IPHRC's advocacy occurred in September 2017 when it condemned human rights violations against Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar.
The OIC's stance has also fluctuated on issues regarding human rights abuses suffered by Muslim minorities, particularly concerning the Uyghur population in China. In December 2018, the organization tentatively raised concerns about the treatment of Uyghurs in Xinjiang, but it later softened its criticism after a visit to the region. By March 2019, the OIC issued a report that praised China for its treatment of Muslim citizens, thus signaling a potential shift towards fostering closer ties with the People's Republic of China. This pivot drew criticism from various American Muslim groups, including the Council on American-Islamic Relations, who accused the OIC of failing to advocate effectively for the rights of the Uyghurs and suggested that member states were unduly influenced by Chinese power. Such developments underscore the complex interplay between state interests and the promotion of human rights within the OIC framework.
LGBT Rights and the OIC Position
The topic of LGBT rights has been a contentious issue on the global stage, highlighted notably by the actions of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). The turning point came in March 2012 during a session of the United Nations Human Rights Council. This marked the council's inaugural discussion focused on discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. The dialogue was initiated following a progressive resolution in 2011, which was endorsed by the Republic of South Africa and aimed at supporting LGBT individuals globally. However, representatives from the OIC, particularly Pakistan, voiced strong opposition. Their contention was not merely a reaction to the discussion itself but a broader indicator of their stance towards what they termed "licentious behaviour," which they argued contradicted the core teachings of various religions, particularly Islam. The session saw representatives from numerous Arab and certain African nations walk out, signifying a clear divide in international opinion on LGBT rights.
Despite the objections from many OIC member states, there were notable exceptions within the organization. Countries like Albania, Gabon, Guinea-Bissau, Suriname, and Sierra Leone signed a declaration in 2011, affirming their commitment to supporting LGBT rights at the United Nations General Assembly. Moreover, it is worth noting that some OIC members, such as Bahrain, Iraq, Jordan, and Turkey, have taken steps toward legalizing homosexuality, indicating a nuanced spectrum of opinions and policies regarding LGBT rights within the Islamic community.
The landscape of LGBT rights continued to evolve when, in May 2016, OIC member states, including Egypt, Iran, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates, collectively called for the exclusion of LGBT organizations from the High Level Meeting on Ending AIDS. This request not only incited backlash from Western nations such as the United States and Canada but also highlighted the ongoing tensions between differing cultural perspectives on sexuality and human rights. The protest from the United States, the European Union, and various LGBT advocacy groups underscored the deep-seated conflicts that often arise in international forums when addressing human rights issues that intersect with cultural and religious beliefs.
In summary, the discussion surrounding LGBT rights demonstrates the complexity of global human rights advocacy, particularly among OIC member states. While some countries are beginning to embrace reform and recognize the rights of LGBT individuals, a significant portion remain opposed, making the quest for universal acceptance and equality a challenging endeavor. This dynamic illustrates the broader battle between traditional values and modern human rights standards, a conflict that is likely to continue shaping discussions in international arenas for years to come.
Astana Declaration
The Astana Declaration represents a significant policy initiative adopted by member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) during the Astana Summit. As a collective effort, it emphasizes the pressing need for OIC members to enhance their investment in critical sectors such as science and technology, as well as education, which are essential drivers of sustainable development and economic progress. By prioritizing these areas, the member countries aim to foster innovation and skill development, ultimately creating a knowledgeable workforce capable of addressing contemporary challenges.
In addition to focusing on scientific advancement, the Astana Declaration places a strong emphasis on the eradication of extreme poverty within OIC member states. This commitment reflects a broader understanding of poverty not merely as a lack of financial resources but as a multidimensional issue that encompasses access to education, healthcare, and economic opportunities. By addressing these interconnected factors, OIC members hope to uplift marginalized communities and provide them with the means to achieve a better standard of living.
Furthermore, the Astana Declaration aligns closely with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which serve as an urgent call to action for countries around the world to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure prosperity for all. By pledging to implement these goals, OIC members underscore their dedication to a collaborative approach toward global challenges. This commitment not only strengthens the internal cohesion of the OIC but also enhances its role as a key player in promoting sustainable development and international cooperation. The declaration is a step toward a more integrated and holistic development framework that should benefit not just the member states, but the global community at large as they strive for equitable progress.
Non-state terrorism has been a significant concern for the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) since its founding. In 1999, the OIC adopted the Convention on Combatting International Terrorism, which aimed to address and counter terrorism in a way that reflects the unique perspectives of its member states. However, the definition of terrorism outlined in Article 1 has come under scrutiny. According to reports from Human Rights Watch (HRW), the definition is overly broad and vague, encompassing a range of actions that extend beyond the widely acknowledged parameters of terrorism. This ambiguity raises alarms about the potential misuse of the convention to label acts of peaceful protest and civil disobedience as terrorist actions, thus infringing upon fundamental human rights.
Legal experts like Ben Saul have underscored the subjective nature of this definition, warning that it poses a serious risk of political abuse, especially against dissenters and opponents of ruling regimes within OIC member states. The Convention’s provision allowing for armed struggle in defense of self-determination further complicates the matter. Article 2 legitimizes such actions in the context of resistance against foreign occupation and colonialism, which HRW critics argue creates a double standard. They contend that this leniency toward certain agendas could erode international norms regarding the protection of human rights, as it appears to exempt causes supported by member states from being deemed terrorist.
Historically, the OIC has shown a reluctance to classify specific violent actions, particularly those associated with the Palestinian struggle against Israel, as terrorism. During a notable meeting in Malaysia in April 2002, delegates made a declaration emphasizing the distinction between terrorism and the Palestinian fight for independence, explicitly denouncing any characterization of these actions as terrorist in nature. Instead, they condemned what they described as "state terrorism" perpetrated by Israel against the Palestinian people. This stance reflects the OIC’s commitment to supporting its members' geopolitical objectives, despite the potential human rights implications such a position may invite.
Furthermore, at the 34th Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers (ICFM) in May 2007, the discussion shifted towards Islamophobia, which OIC delegates termed "the worst form of terrorism." This emphasis not only highlights the organization’s concern over the rise of anti-Islam sentiments globally but also illustrates how the OIC seeks to frame certain narratives within its broader fight against terrorism. By drawing attention to perceived injustices against Muslims, the OIC positions itself as a defender of Islamic values while grappling with the complex realities of defining and combatting terrorism in ways that respect both human rights and the political context of its member states.
Dispute with Thailand
The relationship between the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) and Thailand has been strained by ongoing human rights concerns in the predominantly Muslim provinces of Pattani, Yala, and Narathiwat. In a notable statement issued on 18 October 2005, OIC Secretary-General Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu expressed deep apprehension regarding the chronic conflict in southern Thailand. Ihsanoglu highlighted the tragic impact of the violence on innocent civilians, emphasizing the forced migration of local populations from their ancestral lands. He underscored that the Thai government's security-driven approach to addressing the conflict was likely to exacerbate tensions, perpetuating cycles of violence rather than fostering peace.
The dialogue continued in April 2009, when exiled Patani leader Abu Yasir Fikri was invited to the OIC to present his insights on the longstanding situation in the region. Fikri articulated the grievances of the ethnically Malay Muslim community, which has long resisted Thai assimilation policies and has sought self-governance since the province's annexation in 1902. During the conference, he proposed a comprehensive six-point plan aimed at alleviating the violence. This proposal called for the recognition of basic rights equivalent to those afforded to other citizen groups in Thailand, specifically concerning language, religion, and cultural practices. Fikri accused the Thai government of not only implementing discriminatory policies but also of escalating the conflict by empowering Buddhist militia groups. He pointed out that the lack of accountability for human rights violations committed by state actors hindered efforts towards reconciliation and peace, further marginalizing the Patani people and classifying them as "third-class" citizens.
In response, Thai Foreign Minister Kantathi Suphamongkhon rebuffed the OIC's criticisms, asserting that the violence in the southern provinces was not fundamentally rooted in religious conflict. He claimed that the Thai government prioritizes the protection of all citizens, regardless of faith. Furthermore, the Thai Foreign Ministry issued a statement accusing the OIC of spreading misinformation and failing to acknowledge the complexity of the situation. It called for the OIC to denounce the militants responsible for the violence that adversely affects both Muslim and Buddhist communities in the region. Human Rights Watch (HRW) and Amnesty International echoed the OIC's concerns, emphasizing that Thailand's attempts to downplay the situation do not adequately address the pressing human rights issues at hand. As tensions remain high, the path toward a resolution is fraught with challenges, necessitating a nuanced approach that acknowledges the rights and aspirations of all communities involved.
Notable Meetings of the OIC
The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) has hosted a series of meetings that have garnered significant global attention, emphasizing the critical role the organization plays in addressing issues pertinent to the Muslim world and fostering cooperation among its member states. Frequent assemblies, such as the OIC Summit, the Council of Foreign Ministers meetings, and specialized conferences on various topics, are pivotal platforms for dialogue and policy formulation among member countries.
Among the most significant gatherings are the regular summits, which provide heads of state and government an opportunity to collectively address pressing concerns such as political conflicts, humanitarian crises, economic development, and cultural exchanges. These summits often highlight urgent issues impacting the Muslim world, including crises in Palestine, Syria, and Myanmar, ensuring that such matters remain at the forefront of international discussions. Moreover, the outcomes of these meetings often result in resolutions aimed at coordinating responses and promoting solidarity among member countries.
The Council of Foreign Ministers also plays a crucial role in shaping the OIC's agenda. These meetings, held more frequently, allow foreign ministers to engage in diplomatic discussions and refine strategies that pertain to regional and global issues affecting Muslims. The recommendations made during these sessions frequently focus on enhancing cooperation in areas such as trade, education, and security, thereby strengthening the bonds between member states.
Besides political discussions, the OIC has also held specialized meetings aimed at addressing specific areas like science and technology or cultural heritage, which seek to foster partnerships that will benefit member states on multiple fronts. By facilitating collaborations in these fields, the OIC aims to promote sustainable development and technological advancement within the Muslim community, which is vital in today’s rapidly changing global landscape.
In conclusion, the notable meetings of the OIC not only serve as platforms for addressing immediate challenges faced by member states but also as a means to reinforce unity and cooperative development. As international relations evolve, the OIC remains committed to facilitating dialogue, addressing grievances, and promoting peace among its diverse member countries.
Ninth Meeting of PUOICM
The ninth meeting of the Parliamentary Union of the OIC member states (PUOICM) took place on 15 and 16 February 2007 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, illustrating the ongoing commitment of OIC member states to collaborate on pressing issues facing the Muslim world. The inaugural ceremony featured the speaker of Malaysia's House of Representatives, Ramli bin Ngah Talib, who highlighted the importance of unity among member countries. The gathering underscored a collective effort to address grievances related to regional conflicts, human rights, and cultural heritage within the Islamic community.
One of the primary agenda items for the meeting was the urgent concern over Israel's archaeological excavations at the Western Wall, located adjacent to the Temple Mount, also known as Masjid Al-Aqsa—the third holiest site in Islam. This excavation raised fears regarding the potential desecration of an area that holds immense historical and religious significance for Muslims. The OIC representatives brought forward a unified call for an end to these activities, emphasizing the need to preserve the sanctity of religious sites and protect them from political agendas.
Additionally, discussions included the potential deployment of peacekeeping troops to various Muslim states, reflecting a proactive approach to maintaining regional stability. The agenda also considered possible amendments to the Union’s charter and a possible name change, both indicative of an evolving organizational structure aiming to better address contemporary global challenges facing Islamic nations. The commitment to returning sovereignty to the Iraqi people, alongside the critical discussion on the withdrawal of foreign military presence in Iraq, further illustrates the OIC's focus on promoting self-determination and national integrity within member states.
In the lead-up to the PUOICM meeting, Pakistani Foreign Minister Khurshid Mahmud Kasuri announced a scheduled gathering on 25 February 2007 in Islamabad, involving the OIC secretary-general and foreign ministers from seven like-minded Muslim countries. This meeting aimed to introduce a "new initiative" concerning the resolution of the prolonged Israeli-Palestinian conflict, indicating OIC's ongoing commitment to seeking diplomatic solutions and fostering discussions that could lead to lasting peace in the region. By addressing pressing issues and forming collaborative frameworks, the OIC aims to enhance its effectiveness as a platform for collective action among Islamic nations.
In December 2012, the Independent Permanent Human Rights Commission (IPHRC) made its inaugural trip to Washington, D.C., marking a significant milestone in its efforts to promote human rights within the framework of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). This visit was not only a platform for dialogue but also an opportunity to engage with key stakeholders in the human rights discourse, highlighting the OIC's commitment to addressing fundamental issues that affect its member states.
During this trip, the IPHRC held meetings at several notable locations, including the National Press Club, Capitol Hill, and Freedom House. Each of these venues provided a unique platform for discussions centered around the promotion and protection of human rights in OIC member countries. The meetings aimed to foster constructive dialogues on various topics, including freedom of expression, minority rights, and the need for effective mechanisms to uphold human dignity. These discussions were crucial for understanding the challenges faced by many member states due to political, social, and economic factors.
A key moment in these discussions was the roundtable held with Freedom House, an organization renowned for its advocacy of democratic governance and human rights worldwide. Here, the IPHRC articulated its stance on the importance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, underscoring its commitment to universal human rights principles. Conversely, the commission expressed its rejection of the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam, which, they argued, could contradict the broader application of international human rights standards. This emphasis reflects the ongoing tension within the OIC regarding the interpretation of human rights in the context of Islamic values and the need for alignment with globally accepted norms.
The IPHRC's visit to Washington, D.C., served as a vital stepping stone in establishing its presence as a credible actor in the international human rights arena. It sought to engage not just with U.S. entities but also to bridge the gap between Islamic perspectives on human rights and the broader international community's expectations. The commission's efforts aimed to enhance collaboration and understanding, ultimately striving for a more effective human rights framework that respects both cultural contexts and universal principles.
Observer Status Dispute
The September 2014 high-level Summit of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), held in New York, marked a significant moment in the organization's history due to its failure to adopt any resolutions or conclusions, an unprecedented occurrence in recent years. The primary cause of this impasse was a contentious dispute regarding the recognition of one of its Observer states, specifically the status of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). This dispute showcased the complex geopolitical dynamics that can arise within international organizations, particularly those composed of diverse member states with varying political interests.
Key players in this dispute included Egypt, Iran, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), all of which demanded the removal of the term "Turkish Cypriot State" from any references made within the OIC regarding the TRNC. This demand was rooted in a broader diplomatic and political context, wherein the legitimacy of the TRNC has been a contentious issue, recognized only by Turkey and largely ignored by the international community. Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi was particularly vocal, asserting that any acknowledgment of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus was unacceptable, thus fueling the tensions at the summit.
As a consequence of these disagreements, the OIC was unable to reach consensus on pressing issues affecting member states and the broader Muslim community. The implications of this failure were significant, as it not only highlighted internal divisions but also raised questions about the organization's ability to navigate complex international issues. The inability to conclude the summit on a productive note underscored the challenges of maintaining unity within the OIC, particularly when members hold divergent perspectives on sensitive geopolitical matters.
This event serves as a reminder of the delicate balance that international organizations must maintain when accommodating the diverse interests and political stances of their member states. The aftermath of the 2014 summit continues to echo in OIC discussions, emphasizing the need for consensus-building and dialogue among member nations to effectively address both current and future challenges faced by the Islamic world.
Emergency Meetings on the Hamas-Israeli War
On November 11, 2023, an urgent summit was convened in Riyadh by the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) in collaboration with the Arab League. This special meeting aimed to address the deteriorating humanitarian conditions in Gaza, exacerbated by the ongoing conflict between Israel and Hamas that erupted earlier in the year. The discussion highlighted the pressing need for immediate action to alleviate the suffering of civilians caught in the crossfire of this devastating war. Both organizations stressed the importance of solidarity among member states and the necessity of a collective approach to support those affected by the humanitarian crisis.
In the following months, the geopolitical landscape continued to evolve, intensifying the challenges faced by the OIC. On August 5, 2024, Iran called for another emergency meeting of the OIC, scheduled for August 7, in response to the assassination of Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh in Tehran. Iran sought to rally OIC member states in its efforts against Israel, framing the assassination as a catalyst for a broader regional response. The meeting took place in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, where Iran's Foreign Minister Ali Bagheri articulated the nation's stance by invoking the concept of self-defense as defined by Ayatollah Khomeini.
Despite Iran's fervent call for action, the meeting was marked by concerns from other member states about the potential for a wider regional escalation. Diplomats and leaders expressed apprehension over the ramifications of a military response and urged for a dialogue-centered approach to resolving the conflict. Ultimately, Bagheri's motion to galvanize public support for military action did not achieve the requisite backing among member states, reflecting the complexities of fostering solidarity in such a polarized environment. The ongoing discussions within the OIC illustrate the fine balance that member states must navigate as they confront the diverse interests and strategic priorities in a time of crisis.
Headquarters and Regional Presence
The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) is centrally headquartered in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, a city renowned for its historical significance and cultural heritage within the Muslim world. This strategic location allows the OIC to play a pivotal role as a collaborative body for its member states and to represent Islamic interests on a global platform. In addition to its main headquarters, the OIC operates regional offices in key cities, including New York, Geneva, Brussels, as well as in conflict-affected nations such as Iraq, and Afghanistan (Kabul), along with Indonesia. These regional offices facilitate vital diplomatic relations, monitor global developments, and address the diverse challenges faced by member states.
Components of the OIC System
The OIC system encompasses a wide array of structures that enhance its functioning and effectiveness. It comprises several key components that include various councils, specialized bodies, affiliated institutions, and committees which work collaboratively to forge unity among member states. The primary decision-making body of the OIC is the Conference of Islamic Cooperation (CIC), which convenes at the highest level, bringing together heads of state and government to discuss pressing issues impacting the Islamic world.
Moreover, the OIC General Secretariat operates as the administrative arm, ensuring that the resolutions passed by the CIC and other governing bodies are executed effectively. The organization is also supplemented by various specialized committees that focus on socio-economic development, cultural exchange, human rights, and peacekeeping initiatives, among others. These structures are vital for coordinating efforts, sharing resources, and fostering collaborative endeavors amongst the diverse member countries of the OIC.
Member Engagement and Collaborative Efforts
Engagement and collaboration among the member states are paramount within the OIC framework. By encouraging dialogue in areas such as political stability, economic cooperation, and social development, the OIC aims to enhance collective action in addressing common challenges such as poverty, education, healthcare, and security. The organization also emphasizes the significance of solidarity in responding to crises that affect Muslim communities worldwide, reinforcing its commitment to supporting member states facing economic hardship, political instability, or humanitarian crises.
In addition to addressing immediate concerns, the OIC plays a crucial role in promoting cultural and religious understanding among diverse populations. By facilitating interfaith dialogue and fostering a spirit of tolerance and mutual respect, the organization seeks to counteract negative stereotypes and promote a positive image of Islam and its values on the global stage. Overall, the OIC's multifaceted structure and initiatives underscore its dedication to promoting the interests and well-being of its member states and the wider Muslim community.
Overview of the Islamic Summit
The Islamic Summit is a significant gathering that occurs every three years and features the attendance of heads of state and government from all member countries of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). This biannual event serves as a platform for high-level dialogue and coordination among the member states, facilitating cooperation on a multitude of issues that impact both the member states and the broader Muslim Ummah.
Objectives and Scope
During the summit, participants engage in thoughtful discussions aimed at devising strategies to realize the goals outlined in the OIC Charter. These objectives encompass a variety of areas, including but not limited to political cooperation, economic integration, cultural exchange, and collective security. Apart from addressing these predefined objectives, the summit also delves into pressing issues of concern to the member states, such as conflicts in the Muslim world, humanitarian crises, and economic challenges that affect their populations.
Policy Decisions and Guidance
One of the primary functions of the Islamic Summit is to make policy decisions that guide the activities and priorities of the OIC. These decisions have far-reaching implications, as they help shape the collective response of Muslim-majority countries to global challenges. For example, the summit can result in resolutions aimed at reinforcing solidarity among member states in facing external pressures or promoting peace and security in regions experiencing turmoil.
Significance for the Ummah
In this context, the Islamic Summit embodies the spirit of unity and collaboration among member states, ensuring that their interests are represented on a global stage. The outcomes from these summits can lead to joint initiatives that address issues such as poverty alleviation, educational development, and health care improvements across the OIC member states. Furthermore, these gatherings provide a forum for fostering interfaith dialogue, which is essential for promoting understanding and tolerance within an increasingly diverse world.
Conclusion
In essence, the Islamic Summit plays a critical role in the functioning of the OIC, as it allows member states to converge around shared values, concerns, and aspirations. By convening leaders from various nations, the summit facilitates a cooperative approach to addressing challenges faced by both the Ummah and individual member states, ultimately striving for a brighter future for all.
The Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers serves as a crucial annual convening for member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). This meeting is particularly important as it provides an opportunity to review and evaluate the progress made on decisions and policies that were previously established by the Islamic Summit. Each session embodies a platform where concerns pertinent to the collective interests of the Islamic world are addressed, reinforcing unity and cooperation among member states.
During these conferences, representatives from various nations come together to discuss a variety of issues affecting the Islamic community globally. This includes but is not limited to topics such as socioeconomic development, political stability, and cultural collaboration. The shared objective is to foster an environment of solidarity and mutual support among member states, which can lead to effective strategies for tackling common challenges. In addition, the progress report examined during these meetings plays a key role in assessing the effectiveness of the OIC's initiatives and gauging the commitment of member states to comply with the decisions made.
Moreover, the Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers not only serves as a retrospective assessment but also facilitates forward-looking discussions. It is here that member states can introduce new proposals, suggest amendments to existing strategies, and prioritize areas requiring urgent attention. This dynamic nature of dialogue ensures that the OIC remains relevant in the face of evolving global landscapes, where the issues of peace, security, and development for the Muslim world are constantly in flux. Ultimately, the foreign ministers play a critical role in steering the OIC's agenda and reaffirming the organizational principles of justice, peace, and prosperity for all member states.
Universities Sponsored by the OIC
The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) plays a significant role in promoting education and fostering academic excellence within the Islamic world. It sponsors four key institutions aimed at advancing Islamic education and research. Among these is the Islamic University of Technology, established as a subsidiary organ of the OIC. This university focuses on providing quality education in engineering, technology, and related fields, with a vision to contribute to the socio-economic development of member states through scientific innovation and research.
In addition to the Islamic University of Technology, the OIC is affiliated with three other universities that further solidify its commitment to education. The Islamic University in Uganda serves as a beacon of knowledge in East Africa, offering programs that integrate modern academic disciplines with Islamic teachings. Similarly, the Islamic University of Niger plays a crucial role in promoting higher education in West Africa, catering to the educational needs of the region while emphasizing moral and ethical values.
Perhaps the most renowned of these institutions is the International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), which has gained recognition for its diverse academic programs and multicultural environment. IIUM provides a platform for students from various backgrounds to engage in dialogue and exchange ideas, fostering an atmosphere of understanding and cooperation among different cultures and religions. Through these universities, the OIC aims not only to enhance educational standards but also to cultivate a generation of leaders who are equipped to address the challenges faced by the Muslim community and the world at large.
Collectively, these universities represent the OIC’s dedication to enhancing educational opportunities for youth across its member states, while promoting a holistic approach to education that balances academic rigor with the ethical and moral teachings of Islam. As the global landscape continues to evolve, the role of these institutions remains critical in shaping the future of education in the Muslim world.
Role of the Secretary General
The Secretary General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) holds a significant position as the chief administrative officer of the organization, responsible for implementing the decisions of the OIC summits and ministerial meetings. Elected by the Council of Foreign Ministers, the Secretary General serves a five-year term, with the possibility of serving a maximum of two consecutive terms. This system ensures both continuity and the opportunity for fresh leadership within the organization.
Election Process
The election of the Secretary General is an important process that underscores the OIC's commitment to fairness and inclusivity. Candidates are selected from among the nationals of member states, reflecting the diverse makeup of the organization. The principles of equitable geographical distribution and rotation are essential in this process, ensuring that member states from different regions have the opportunity to lead. Alongside geographical considerations, the qualifications of candidates are deeply scrutinized, assessing their competence, integrity, and experience in relevant fields, which is critical for effectively advancing the OIC's goals.
Importance of the Position
The position of Secretary General is pivotal in shaping the agenda of the OIC and enhancing cooperation among member states, which number over fifty. As a representative of the Islamic world, the Secretary General plays a crucial role in addressing pressing issues such as political stability, economic development, and humanitarian crises affecting Muslim communities globally. The leadership provided by the Secretary General also influences the OIC's response to international challenges, strengthening the voice of the member states on the global stage.
Permanent Secretariat
The Permanent Secretariat serves as the executive organ of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), which plays a crucial role in the efficient execution of decisions made by the OIC’s various institutional bodies. Located in the vibrant city of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, the Secretariat is strategically positioned to facilitate effective communication and collaboration among member states. Its core function is to ensure that the directives issued by the Summit and Council of Foreign Ministers are implemented in a timely and effective manner.
The staff at the Permanent Secretariat comprises a dedicated team of professionals who are tasked with various responsibilities, including policy analysis, coordination of activities, and administration of the OIC’s numerous initiatives. The Secretariat liaises with the representatives from the member states, fostering collaborative efforts to address issues pertinent to the Muslim world such as peace, security, social and economic development, and cultural exchange.
Additionally, the Permanent Secretariat plays a pivotal role in organizing diplomatic efforts and promoting dialogue among member nations. Through its various programs, the secretariat strengthens the bonds among the member states and addresses challenges faced by the communities they represent. The commitment to unity and cooperation is further highlighted by the Secretariat’s ongoing efforts to encourage dialogue on critical global issues, ensuring that the collective voice of the OIC is heard on the international stage.
As developments unfold within the organization and the broader international community, the Permanent Secretariat remains at the forefront, adapting to new challenges and opportunities. This adaptability ensures that the OIC continues to serve as a beacon of cooperation and solidarity among its diverse members, promoting a peaceful coexistence and the advancement of socio-economic development initiatives that align with Islamic values.
Subsidiary Organisations of the OIC
The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) comprises several subsidiary organisations that focus on various aspects of social, economic, and cultural development among its member states. One prominent institution is the Statistical, Economic and Social Research and Training Centre for Islamic Countries (SESRIC), located in Ankara, Turkey. Established to enhance research and training capabilities, SESRIC aims to support the development strategies of member states through data collection, analysis, and dissemination. It also facilitates workshops and educational programs, fostering a collaborative atmosphere for researchers and policymakers.
In addition to SESRIC, the Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture (IRCICA), situated in Istanbul, Turkey, plays a crucial role in preserving and promoting Islamic heritage. This centre conducts extensive research, documentation, and exhibitions related to Islamic art and culture. By organizing conferences and publishing academic works, IRCICA serves as a vital hub for scholars and art enthusiasts interested in the rich history of Islamic civilizations.
The OIC also focuses on educational advancement through institutions like the Islamic University of Technology (IUT) in Dhaka, Bangladesh. IUT specializes in engineering and technology, aiming to develop skilled professionals within the Islamic world. By offering a range of undergraduate and postgraduate programs, IUT prepares students to address contemporary challenges through innovative solutions.
Moreover, the Islamic Centre for the Development of Trade, located in Casablanca, Morocco, aims to enhance trade relations among member states and promote economic cooperation. This centre focuses on research and advocacy to develop trade policies that facilitate intra-OIC trade, benefiting the economies of member countries and fostering regional economic integration.
In Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, the Islamic Fiqh Academy serves as a body responsible for studying and interpreting Islamic law (fiqh) in various contexts. By engaging in scholarly discussions and providing guidance on legal matters, it supports member states in harmonizing legal practices in line with Islamic principles.
The Islamsate Islamic Network, also found in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, is dedicated to promoting the exchange of information and best practices in the Islamic world. This network facilitates collaboration between scholars and institutions, creating a platform for dialogue and the sharing of knowledge.
The Executive Bureau of the Islamic Solidarity Fund and its Waqf, headquartered in Jeddah, works to provide financial assistance to member states and support social development projects. Its initiatives include funding educational programs, health services, and infrastructure projects that enhance the quality of life for citizens in OIC countries.
Further expanding educational outreach, the Islamic University in Niger in Say and the Islamic University in Uganda in Mbale contribute to higher education in their respective regions. These institutions focus on various disciplines while incorporating Islamic teachings, thus promoting both academic excellence and moral values.
Lastly, the Tabriz Islamic Arts University in Iran enhances the appreciation of Islamic arts and culture. By offering programs in art, design, and architecture, the university nurtures talent and creativity, ensuring the continuation of artistic traditions within an Islamic context.
Collectively, these subsidiary organisations not only serve the immediate needs of OIC member states but also work towards the broader goal of promoting unity, understanding, and development across the Islamic world.
Specialized Institutions of the OIC
The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) comprises a variety of specialized institutions that cater to its overarching mission of fostering Islamic solidarity and cooperation among member states. One notable institution is the Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (ISESCO), headquartered in Rabat, Morocco. Established in 1979, ISESCO plays a pivotal role in promoting educational and cultural advancement across member countries. Its objectives include enhancing cooperation in education, science, culture, and communication, thereby contributing to the intellectual and cultural development of the Islamic community.
In addition to ISESCO, the OIC is home to the Islamic States Broadcasting Organisation (ISBO) and the International Islamic News Agency (IINA), both based in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. ISBO is instrumental in ensuring that the perspectives and voices of Islamic countries are represented in international media. By broadcasting news and information pertinent to the interests of Muslim nations, ISBO aids in bridging communication gaps and fostering a greater understanding of Islamic viewpoints on global issues.
Meanwhile, IINA serves as a crucial media outlet that provides news and information related to the OIC and its member states. The agency focuses on delivering accurate and timely news, thereby raising awareness about the developments within the Islamic world. Together, these institutions not only facilitate a collective Islamic identity but also ensure that member states are engaged in cultural and educational progress, as well as in effective communication on international platforms. Ultimately, the collaboration among these specialized institutions reflects the OIC's commitment to addressing the diverse needs of its member states and promoting a unified Islamic narrative globally.
Affiliated Institutions of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) boasts a network of various affiliated institutions that enhance its mission to promote economic, cultural, and social cooperation among its member states. One notable institution is the Islamabad Chamber of Commerce & Industry (ICCI), located in Karachi, Pakistan, which serves as a pivotal platform for facilitating trade and business opportunities within the Islamic world's thriving market.
Another key affiliate is the World Islamic Economic Forum (WIEF) based in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. This forum brings together business leaders, scholars, and politicians to discuss and foster economic collaboration and development across the Islamic economies. The WIEF promotes dialogue on contemporary economic challenges and opportunities, aiming to empower the Muslim community through initiatives that address socioeconomic issues.
In the realm of urban development, the Organisation of Islamic Capitals and Cities (OICC) located in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, focuses on enhancing the quality of life in Islamic cities by fostering initiatives toward sustainable urbanization and infrastructure development. Similarly, the Sports Federation of Islamic Solidarity Games located in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, plays a vital role in promoting unity and cooperation among member states through sporting events, encouraging the spirit of competition and healthy lifestyle among youth.
Meanwhile, entities such as the Islamic Committee of the International Crescent (ICIC) based in Benghazi, Libya, and the Islamic Shipowners Association (ISA) in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, serve critical functions in humanitarian assistance and maritime affairs. The ICIC focuses on providing humanitarian aid and disaster relief, while the ISA promotes the welfare and interests of Islamic maritime stakeholders.
In the educational sector, the World Federation of International Arab-Islamic Schools in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, provides a platform for educational collaboration, ensuring that appropriate resources and methodologies are utilized in teaching Islamic values and principles. Additionally, the International Association of Islamic Banks (IAIB) fosters cooperation among Islamic financial institutions, facilitating innovation and development within the financial sector.
The OIC also recognizes the significance of youth engagement and dialogue through the Islamic Conference Youth Forum for Dialogue and Cooperation (ICYF-DC) in Istanbul, Turkey. This forum focuses on empowering youth, promoting mutual understanding, and building capacities among the younger generations across its member countries. Similarly, the General Council for Islamic Banks and Financial Institutions (CIBAFI) located in Manama, Bahrain, focuses on the development and promotion of Islamic banking practices and regulations.
Lastly, the Standards and Metrology Institute for Islamic Countries (SMIIC), also based in Istanbul, Turkey, plays a crucial role in setting standards and promoting quality control among Islamic products and services, ensuring that they meet international standards while respecting Islamic guidelines. Together, these institutions form a robust framework that supports the goals and objectives of the OIC, enhancing cooperation and solidarity among member states.
Criticism of Engagement
The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) has faced significant criticism from various quarters within the Muslim community. Many voices, including political leaders and academics, argue that the OIC has failed to effectively engage with pressing issues facing Muslim-majority countries that are currently in crisis. While the organization has made strides in social and academic domains, critics claim that its political impact has been limited and insufficient to address the urgent challenges encountered by its member states.
One notable example of this criticism emerged in 2020 when SM Qureshi, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Pakistan, publicly condemned the OIC for its perceived lack of support concerning the Kashmir issue. Pakistan has long maintained that Kashmir is a fundamental concern for the Muslim community, yet many critics argue that the OIC has not taken a robust stance on this matter. Qureshi's comments reflect a broader discontent among several member countries regarding the OIC's effectiveness in tackling critical geopolitical issues.
The critique extends beyond Kashmir, encompassing a wide range of disputes and crises involving OIC member states. Issues such as the humanitarian crises in Syria and Yemen, the plight of the Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar, and the Palestinian cause have dominated discussions among member countries. While the OIC has occasionally issued statements and resolutions calling for peace and justice, many believe that tangible actions are necessary to translate these declarations into meaningful solutions on the ground. This perception of inaction has led to calls for a reevaluation of the OIC's strategies and a more assertive political role to advocate for its member states and the broader Muslim community.
In conclusion, the criticism of the OIC highlights the need for reform and greater political engagement, especially in addressing the conflicts and hardships faced by Muslims worldwide. As a collective body representing the interests of its member states, the OIC is urged to enhance its effectiveness and legitimacy, ensuring that its initiatives translate into practical outcomes that positively impact crisis-stricken communities.
Summits of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), established in 1969, has been instrumental in fostering collaboration among its member states on a range of issues affecting the Muslim world. Over the years, the OIC has convened several summits, each aimed at addressing emerging challenges, strengthening solidarity, and promoting peace, justice, and cooperation among its 57 member states.
The inaugural summit took place from September 22 to 25, 1969, in Rabat, Morocco, which set the stage for regular meetings meant to enhance unity among Muslim nations. The second summit was held in February 1974 in Lahore, Pakistan, marking the continuation of this collaborative spirit. Throughout the years, major summits have occurred in various countries including Saudi Arabia, which has hosted key gatherings such as the third summit in Mecca and Ta’if in January 1981, and subsequent summits aimed at responding to global and regional crises.
The procedural evolution of the OIC’s meetings includes both ordinary and extraordinary sessions. The first extraordinary summit was convened in Islamabad, Pakistan, in March 1997, showcasing the organization's ability to swiftly respond to urgent matters. Significant discussions have taken place in locations such as Tehran, Doha, and Cairo, with leaders coming together to deliberate on pertinent issues such as conflict resolution, economic cooperation, and humanitarian assistance.
As recent as October 2023, the OIC held its 9th Extraordinary Summit in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, demonstrating its ongoing commitment to addressing issues pertinent to the member states. Looking forward, the organization has plans for future summits, including the upcoming 15th summit scheduled for May 2024 in Banjul, Gambia. Each of these gatherings has played a crucial role in shaping the dialogue on regional stability, social justice, and collective action towards shared goals within the Islamic community.