Early Life and Education
Manmohan Singh was born on September 26, 1932, in Gah, Punjab, British India, which is now part of modern-day Pakistan. He belonged to a Sikh family, the son of Gurmukh Singh and Amrit Kaur. Tragically, his mother passed away during his early childhood, which left a profound impact on Singh's life. He was raised predominantly by his paternal grandmother, with whom he shared a close bond. Singh's formative education took place in an Urdu medium school, a reflection of the diverse linguistic landscape of India at the time. Even in his later years as Prime Minister, Singh continued to write his Hindi speeches in Urdu script, occasionally opting for Gurmukhi to honor his Punjabi heritage.
Following the Partition of India in 1947, Singh's family faced the monumental challenge of migration, relocating first to Haldwani in India and subsequently to Amritsar in 1948. It was in Amritsar that Singh attended Hindu College, where he laid the groundwork for his illustrious academic career. He later enrolled at Panjab University in Hoshiarpur, Punjab, earning both bachelor's and master's degrees in Economics. Throughout his academic journey, Singh demonstrated exceptional prowess, securing top ranks and accolades. His academic pursuits culminated in 1957 when he completed his Economics Tripos at the prestigious University of Cambridge, where he was affiliated with St John's College.
During his time at Cambridge, Singh experienced a significant transformation in his understanding of politics and economics, heavily influenced by eminent scholars such as Joan Robinson and Nicholas Kaldor. In a notable interview with British journalist Mark Tully in 2005, Singh reminisced about his Cambridge days, highlighting the intellectual rigor imparted by his teachers. Robinson, with her insightful teachings, encouraged Singh to critically engage with complex ideas, instilling in him the belief that state intervention is crucial for achieving development alongside social equity. In contrast, Kaldor's pragmatic approach enriched Singh's understanding of capitalism, demonstrating that it could indeed be reconciled with the principles of Keynesian economics.
After completing his studies at Cambridge, Singh returned to India and began his professional career as a faculty member at Panjab University. In 1960, his quest for knowledge took him to the University of Oxford, where he pursued a Doctorate of Philosophy (DPhil) at Nuffield College. His doctoral thesis, supervised by the distinguished economist I.M.D. Little, focused on "India's export performance, 1951–1960, export prospects and policy implications." This research not only marked a significant milestone in Singh's academic career but also served as the foundation for his later book, "India's Export Trends and Prospects for Self-Sustained Growth," showcasing his long-standing commitment to the economic development of India.
Early Career
Manmohan Singh's professional journey began after he completed his D.Phil., marking a significant transition from academia to public service. From 1957 to 1959, he served as a senior lecturer in economics at Panjab University, where he laid the foundation for a robust academic career. His expertise in economics was acknowledged when, from 1959 to 1963, he ascended to the role of a reader in economics, culminating in a professorship from 1963 to 1965. These early years were pivotal in shaping his analytical skills and understanding of economic principles, which he would later apply on a national scale.
In 1966, Singh took a leap into international economics by joining the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), where he worked until 1969. This role provided him with a global perspective on trade dynamics and economic development, a critical experience that informed his subsequent policy decisions. Upon his return to India, he was appointed as an advisor to the Ministry of Foreign Trade by then minister Lalit Narayan Mishra, recognizing his remarkable capabilities as an economist. This position allowed Singh to contribute to shaping India’s trade policies at a crucial time in the nation's economic evolution.
From 1969 to 1971, Singh was a professor of international trade at the Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi, where he mentored future leaders in the field of economics. His influence continued to grow as he transitioned to key roles in the Indian government, starting with a position as the chief economic adviser in the Ministry of Finance in 1972. By 1976, he had risen to the position of secretary in the Finance Ministry, where he navigated complex fiscal policies during a period marked by challenges such as inflation and economic instability. His tenure at the Planning Commission from 1980 to 1982 further solidified his reputation as a thoughtful strategist in economic planning.
In 1982, Singh was appointed governor of the Reserve Bank of India under then finance minister Pranab Mukherjee, serving in this critical role until 1985. His leadership during this period involved overseeing monetary policy and ensuring the stability of the Indian banking system amidst economic reforms. Following this, he took on the role of deputy chairman of the Planning Commission from 1985 to 1987, where he continued to influence economic policy formulation significantly. After this national service, Singh became the secretary general of the South Commission, an esteemed independent economic policy think tank based in Geneva. His time in Geneva lasted until November 1990, where he focused on issues of development in the South, articulating the economic challenges and opportunities facing developing nations.
Upon his return to India in November 1990, Singh assumed the role of advisor to the Prime Minister on economic affairs during Chandra Shekar's administration, demonstrating his invaluable expertise in navigating economic crises. March 1991 saw him transition to the role of chairman of the University Grants Commission, where he aimed to enhance the quality of higher education in India. These experiences in both academic and governmental roles set the stage for his future contributions as a statesman and economic reformer, leading to his eventual role as Prime Minister of India, where he implemented pivotal reforms that reshaped the Indian economy.
Family and Personal Life
Manmohan Singh's personal life is marked by his long-lasting marriage to Gursharan Kaur, which began in 1958. Together, they have raised three accomplished daughters, each of whom has carved out distinct and impactful paths in their respective careers. Upinder Singh, the eldest, is a distinguished professor of history at Ashoka University, an institute recognized for its focus on liberal arts and sciences. Her scholarly contributions include six significant works that delve into Indian history, with notable titles such as "Ancient Delhi" released in 1999 and "A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India" published in 2008. Her academic rigor has been influential in shaping contemporary understandings of India's historical narratives.
Daman Singh, the second daughter, has also made her mark academically and professionally. She graduated from St. Stephen's College in Delhi, a prestigious institution known for its rigorous curriculum, and subsequently obtained her degree from the Institute of Rural Management in Anand, Gujarat. She is the author of works such as "The Last Frontier: People and Forests in Mizoram," which explores the intricate relationship between communities and their environmental context. Additionally, she penned the novel "Nine by Nine," showcasing her versatility as a writer and her ability to engage with both fictional and factual narratives.
The youngest daughter, Amrit Singh, serves as a staff attorney at the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), where she advocates for the protection of civil rights and liberties in the United States. Her legal work addresses a range of critical issues, contributing significantly to public discourse on civil rights. This commitment to justice reflects the values instilled in the Singh family, emphasizing the importance of education, activism, and service.
In terms of family connections, Ashok Pattnaik, a 1983 batch Indian Police Service officer and son-in-law of Manmohan Singh, holds a notable position as the Chief Executive Officer of the National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID), which was established to improve national security by connecting various databases across government departments. This appointment underscores the family’s engagement in governance and their contributions to public service.
On a personal health note, Manmohan Singh has faced significant medical challenges throughout his life. He has undergone multiple cardiac bypass surgeries, reflecting his resilience and determination to continue his public service despite health adversities. His most recent surgery occurred in January 2009, a testament to his ongoing health journey and the broader public interest in the well-being of prominent political figures.
Political Career
In June 1991, India was at a critical juncture, facing severe economic challenges including a burgeoning fiscal deficit and declining foreign exchange reserves. At this time, Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao appointed Manmohan Singh as his finance minister, marking the beginning of a transformative period in Indian economic policy. Singh, an academic and economist by training, had previously served in various capacities in government and international institutions. His extensive expertise in economic theory positioned him well to tackle the issues confronting the nation.
Singh recalls the unusual circumstances surrounding his appointment in an interview with British journalist Mark Tully in 2005. Initially, the offer seemed implausible to him, and he did not take it seriously. However, Rao’s Principal Secretary put significant pressure on him the following day, insisting that he prepare for the swearing-in ceremony at Rashtrapati Bhavan. This unexpected turn of events thrust Singh into the political arena, although he had not sought a political position. Given his background, Singh brought a distinct approach to the cabinet, advocating for liberalization and economic reforms that were revolutionary for India at that time.
Once in office, Singh quickly recognized the need for substantial reforms to revitalize the Indian economy. He championed policies that focused on liberalization, deregulation, and privatization, which were necessary to break away from the license raj—a system that had stifled growth for decades. His tenure is particularly noted for the implementation of measures that opened up the Indian economy to global markets, leading to increased foreign investments and significant economic growth in the years that followed. Singh's pioneering reforms laid the groundwork for what would become a more market-oriented economy and helped India to emerge as one of the fastest-growing economies in the world. Through his unexpected entry into politics, Manmohan Singh not only defined his own career but also charted a new path for India's economic landscape.
Minister of Finance
In 1991, India found itself grappling with a severe economic crisis marked by alarming fiscal imbalances. The fiscal deficit stood at a staggering 8.5 percent of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), while the balance of payments was under severe strain. The current account deficit reached around 3.5 percent of GDP, creating a precarious situation that demanded urgent attention and reform. To exacerbate matters, India's foreign reserves had plummeted to about US$1 billion, a figure alarmingly low enough to cover a mere two weeks' worth of imports. Comparatively, India’s foreign reserves have surged to around US$600 billion in recent years, reflecting the transformative economic policies initiated in the early 1990s.
In the face of this crisis, the Indian government sought assistance from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), which offered financial help but with a catch: stringent conditions regarding economic reform. The conditions set by the IMF largely targeted the dismantling of the Licence Raj, a system characterized by heavy regulation and bureaucratic control over various economic activities. This shift signaled an end to the state-controlled economic model that had dominated India's economic landscape. Dr. Manmohan Singh, then a key architect of India’s socialist policies, played a crucial role in advocating for these reforms amid substantial resistance from within the ruling party. Alongside P. Chidambaram, Singh laid bare the grim implications of failing to deregulate, urging the government to embrace a different economic trajectory.
Under the leadership of Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao, Dr. Singh was granted the mandate to fundamentally restructure India's economy. Thus began the dismantling of the permit raj, a system that served to impede the growth of private enterprises. Singh implemented a series of bold reforms designed to reduce state intervention in the economy, slashing import tariffs, and encouraging foreign direct investment (FDI). The introduction of privatization initiatives for public sector companies further signaled a shift toward a more market-oriented economy. Despite these groundbreaking changes, Rao's government ultimately faced electoral defeat in 1996, primarily attributed to its perceived failures in other areas of governance. Nonetheless, Singh's role in steering India towards a market economy garnered national and international acclaim, with P. Chidambaram likening Singh's transformative efforts to those of Deng Xiaoping in China.
While Singh's tenure was marked by significant economic achievements, it was also not without its challenges. In 1993, Singh tendered his resignation following a parliamentary investigation that exposed the ministry's failure to anticipate a US$1.8 billion securities scandal. However, Prime Minister Rao chose to retain him, vowing instead to hold accountable those directly implicated in the scandal. This incident underscored the complexities that often accompany major economic reforms and highlighted Singh's resilience and commitment to navigating through India's multifaceted challenges on the path toward modernization and economic growth.
Leader of Opposition in Rajya Sabha
Manmohan Singh's political journey in the Rajya Sabha, India's upper house of Parliament, began in 1991 when he was first elected by the legislature of Assam. This marked the start of a significant and impactful career in Indian politics. Singh's re-elections in 1995, 2001, 2007, and 2013 highlight his sustained popularity and influence within the political landscape of India. His tenure as a member of the Rajya Sabha not only showcases his longevity in politics but also his ability to engage with complex national issues over several decades.
During the period from 1998 to 2004, Singh served as the Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha when the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) was in power at the national level. His role during this time was critical, as he was responsible for articulating the opposition's views and holding the government accountable for its policies and actions. Singh's leadership was marked by his economic expertise and his emphasis on inclusive development, aiming to address the socio-economic disparities in India. Despite facing significant challenges and opposition from the ruling party, he maintained a reputation for being a calm and composed leader, often focusing on constructive criticism rather than confrontational approaches.
In 1999, Singh ventured into the Lok Sabha elections, contesting from South Delhi. However, he was unable to secure a win in this constituency. This experience underscored the competitive nature of Indian politics at the parliamentary level, where even seasoned politicians can face electoral setbacks. Despite not winning the Lok Sabha seat, Singh continued to play a prominent role in the Rajya Sabha and later became a key figure in the Indian National Congress, eventually serving as the Prime Minister from 2004 to 2014. His ability to navigate various political arenas and adapt to changing dynamics has been a defining feature of his political career.
Formation of the United Progressive Alliance
Following the results of the 2004 general elections, the Indian political landscape underwent a significant transformation. The Indian National Congress emerged victorious, marking the end of the National Democratic Alliance's tenure, which had been in power for six years. The Congress party, seizing the moment, united with several regional parties to form the United Progressive Alliance (UPA). This coalition aimed to provide a stable government that could address various socio-economic challenges facing the nation. The UPA not only focused on governance but also emphasized progressive policies that aligned with the aspirations of a rapidly changing India.
Manmohan Singh's Unexpected Nomination
In what many considered a surprising move, Sonia Gandhi, then President of the Congress party, nominated Manmohan Singh as the candidate for prime minister. Singh, an accomplished economist and technocrat, had previously served as the Finance Minister from 1991 to 1996, during which he implemented groundbreaking economic reforms that liberalized India's economy. Despite lacking the traditional political background of being elected in a direct popular vote, Singh's nomination reflected the UPA's intention to bring in a leader with integrity and an efficient governance style. His reputation for being a clean politician, particularly in contrast to the corruption scandals affecting many of his predecessors, helped him garner widespread public support.
Manmohan Singh's Prime Ministership
Manmohan Singh officially took the oath of office as the Prime Minister of India on May 22, 2004. His leadership style was characterized by a focus on consensus and dialogue, often striving to maintain harmony among the diverse parties within the UPA coalition. Singh's government prioritized economic growth, social welfare, and healthcare reform, aiming to uplift the underprivileged and bridge disparities across various sectors. His administration launched several initiatives, including the National Rural Health Mission and the National Food Security Act, which sought to provide essential services and support to the marginalized populations of India. Singh's tenure was marked by significant economic growth, positioning India as one of the world's fastest-growing economies during those years.
Singh's legacy as Prime Minister would eventually be shaped by the balance he struck between maintaining stability within a coalition government and addressing the multifaceted challenges that arose in a diverse and complex nation.
Economic Policy
Manmohan Singh, renowned for his role as Finance Minister in the early 1990s, played a pivotal part in transforming the Indian economy. In 1991, he took decisive steps to abolish the Licence Raj, a regulatory system that had stifled economic growth and fostered corruption for decades. The liberalization measures he implemented were instrumental in kick-starting India's economic development, providing opportunities for both domestic and foreign investment. As a result, the Indian economy began to flourish, showcasing a remarkable turnaround that would serve as a foundation for future advancements.
During his tenure as Prime Minister, Singh continued to champion policies that stimulated the Indian market. Under his leadership, India experienced an impressive 8-9% economic growth rate, with 2007 marking a particularly significant year as the country achieved its highest GDP growth rate at 9%, establishing itself as the second-fastest growing major economy in the world. This remarkable growth was not purely numerical; it reflected broader improvements in sectors such as technology, services, and manufacturing that contributed to rising employment levels and greater standards of living for many Indians.
Significantly, Singh's government took substantial strides in addressing socio-economic disparities through the enactment of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) in 2005. This landmark legislation aimed to provide legal guarantee for at least 100 days of unskilled wage employment in a financial year to every rural household, thereby enhancing livelihoods and focusing on rural development. Beyond this, his administration continued the ambitious Golden Quadrilateral project and highway modernization initiatives, originally launched by the previous Vajpayee government, aimed at enhancing infrastructure and connectivity across the country.
Singh's approach also encompassed vital reforms within the banking and financial sectors, bolstering public sector enterprises while safeguarding farmers from crippling debt. Recognizing the need for a modern taxation system, Singh's government introduced the value-added tax (VAT) in 2005, effectively replacing the outdated sales tax system and further streamlining the economy. Despite these advances, Singh's tenure was not without challenges; by late 2007 and early 2008, inflationary pressures rooted in global economic trends began to affect India, highlighting the complexities and vulnerabilities inherent in a rapidly evolving economy. Nonetheless, Singh's legacy remains a defining period in India's economic history, characterized by foundational reforms and remarkable growth.
== Advances in Healthcare and Education ==
In 2005, under the leadership of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, the Indian government made significant strides in healthcare by launching the National Rural Health Mission (NHRM). This ambitious initiative mobilized approximately half a million community health workers across rural India, aiming to improve healthcare delivery in underserved areas. The program was noted for its community-based approach, which included training local volunteers to deliver essential health services and promote health education. American economist Jeffrey Sachs praised the NHRM for its potential to reduce health disparities and enhance health outcomes among rural populations.
In addition to healthcare advancements, during his tenure, Singh's government made notable efforts to improve educational access and equity. In 2006, a pivotal decision was made to reserve 27% of seats for Other Backward Classes (OBC) in prestigious institutions such as the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), and the Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs). While this move aimed to enhance educational opportunities for historically marginalized groups, it also ignited widespread protests in 2006, known as the Indian anti-reservation protests, indicating the complex interplay of affirmative action policies and societal sentiment.
On July 2, 2009, the Singh administration took a landmark step by introducing The Right to Education Act (RTE), which guaranteed children between the ages of 6 to 14 access to free and compulsory education. This act marked a significant shift towards recognizing education as a fundamental right in India. Furthermore, Singh's government expanded the IIT network by establishing eight new institutes in various states, including Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, and Gujarat, aiming to meet the growing demand for technical education and to foster innovation and skill development. Alongside these initiatives, the government continued the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan program, which focused on universal elementary education. This program included crucial components like enhancing mid-day meal schemes and establishing schools in rural areas, which were instrumental in combating illiteracy and improving educational outcomes across the country.
These comprehensive strategies in healthcare and education during Manmohan Singh’s premiership reflect a commitment to social equity and development. By investing in the health and education sectors, the government sought to uplift disadvantaged communities and foster an environment conducive to economic growth and social progress.
Strengthening National Security
During Manmohan Singh's tenure, significant strides were made in enhancing national security, primarily through a series of legislative and institutional reforms. One of the pivotal developments was the amendment of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), which aimed to empower law enforcement agencies to tackle terrorism more effectively. These amendments were a direct response to the urgent need for a robust counter-terrorism framework following high-profile incidents, such as the devastating Mumbai attacks in November 2008. The adaptations to UAPA allowed for more stringent penalties and a defined process for the effective prosecution of terrorism-related offenses.
In line with these efforts, the establishment of the National Investigation Agency (NIA) marked a significant milestone in India's counter-terrorism strategy. Designed to operate as a centralized agency, the NIA was tasked with investigating and prosecuting crimes related to terrorism under UAPA and several other laws. The agency's formation acknowledged the growing complexity of terrorism threats that transcended state borders and necessitated a coordinated national response. This legislative response illustrates Singh's administration's commitment to safeguarding the nation against internal and external threats.
Technological Advancements in Security
In February 2009, the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) was created, aiming to implement a comprehensive identification system through the Multipurpose National Identity Card. This initiative sought to enhance national security by providing a reliable means of identifying individuals while simultaneously promoting e-governance. The UIDAI's efforts emphasized the importance of digital solutions in managing and streamlining governance, ensuring a more secure and efficient public service delivery mechanism. By leveraging technology, the Singh administration aimed to reduce fraud, streamline services, and fortify the identity verification process for citizens.
Focus on Regional Stability
Singh's administration also took significant steps towards stabilizing the conflict-prone region of Kashmir. A massive reconstruction effort was initiated, focusing on autonomy, development, and dialogue to address the root causes of unrest. Although there were initial signs of success in restoring normalcy, subsequent years saw a resurgence in insurgent infiltration and terrorist activities in the region. This scenario underscored the complex security landscape in Kashmir, which has deep historical and geopolitical roots.
Contrastingly, the Singh government saw a marked decrease in terrorism-related incidents in Northeast India. The administration employed a mixture of developmental initiatives, dialogue with insurgent groups, and enhanced security measures to achieve relative peace in a region that had been historically plagued by violence and separatism. The government’s approach aimed to integrate the Northeast more fully into the national framework, acknowledging the diverse aspirations and grievances of various communities.
In summary, Manmohan Singh's government undertook comprehensive measures to confront the challenges posed by terrorism and unrest in India. By strengthening laws, establishing agencies, promoting technological solutions, and focusing on regional stability, Singh's administration aimed to create a safer environment while balancing the need for development and dialogue with diverse stakeholder groups.
Important Legislative Developments
Manmohan Singh's tenure as Prime Minister of India was marked by significant legislative advancements aimed at social welfare and transparency. Among the landmark legislations enacted during this period was the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) in 2005, which aimed to provide a legal guarantee for at least 100 days of unskilled work in a financial year to every rural household. This initiative was pivotal in addressing rural poverty and enhancing the livelihoods of millions of citizens across the country. Its implementation has shown varying degrees of success depending on the region, yet it has undeniably contributed to rural infrastructure development and employment generation.
Alongside NREGA, the Right to Information (RTI) Act was also passed in 2005, empowering citizens to seek information from public authorities. This legislation has played an essential role in promoting transparency and accountability within the Indian government. The RTI Act has significantly advanced the fight against corruption by enabling citizens to hold government officials accountable for their actions. The impact of these acts epitomizes a shift towards a more inclusive policy framework that empowers the disadvantaged sections of society, including introducing cash benefits for widows, pregnant women, and landless individuals.
Further expanding on the government's commitment to social justice and welfare, the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act was enacted in 2013. This legislation was crucial in ensuring that those affected by land acquisition received fair compensation and proper rehabilitation. Passed in both houses of Parliament in August 2013, and receiving presidential assent in September of the same year, the Act aimed to safeguard the rights of landowners and enhance transparency in the acquisition process. This pivotal legislation came into effect on January 1, 2014, marking a significant shift in land acquisition policies in India.
In addition to these initiatives, on August 4, 2009, the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act was enacted, thereby making education a fundamental right for children aged 6 to 14, as enshrined under Article 21A of the Indian Constitution. By instituting this right, India joined a select group of 135 countries prioritizing education as essential for every child. The Act came into effect on April 1, 2010, and serves as a vital framework in ensuring that children from various socio-economic backgrounds receive quality education, thus fostering long-term socio-economic development in the country. Through these legislative measures, Singh's administration sought not only to uplift marginalized communities but also to lay the groundwork for a more equitable and informed society.
Continuation of Pragmatic Foreign Policy
Manmohan Singh's approach to foreign policy was characterized by a pragmatic and strategic continuity that built upon the foundations laid by his predecessors, P.V. Narasimha Rao and Atal Bihari Vajpayee. This path led to the ongoing peace process with Pakistan, which remained a cornerstone of Singh's diplomatic agenda. High-level exchanges marked his tenure, with notable visits by key leaders from both nations, fostering dialogue aimed at strengthening bilateral relations. The emphasis on dialogue was pivotal, especially in the context of historical tensions and conflicts.
Enhancing Sino-Indian Relations
Efforts during Singh's administration also focused significantly on improving relations with China. A landmark development was the reopening of the Nathula Pass in 2006, which had been closed for over forty years, symbolizing a thaw in bilateral ties. The visits of Chinese leaders, such as Hu Jintao and Li Keqiang, further underlined the commitment to deepening the partnership. Singh’s official visit to China in October 2013 culminated in the signing of three agreements establishing sister-city partnerships, which served as a platform for enhancing people-to-people connections. By 2010, China emerged as India's second-largest trading partner, underscoring the economic dimensions of their relationship.
Strengthening Ties with Afghanistan
Under Singh's leadership, India made significant strides in its relationship with Afghanistan, positioning itself as the largest regional donor. The increase in aid during Afghan President Hamid Karzai’s visit in 2008 reflected a commitment to support various sectors, including education, healthcare, and infrastructure. This aid was not merely philanthropic; it was part of a broader strategy to develop a strong, stable, and democratic Afghanistan, which is vital for regional security.
Strategic Partnership with the United States
Singh's government prioritized the strengthening of ties with the United States, particularly through the landmark Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement. His visit in July 2005 marked the beginning of negotiations that culminated in the formal signing of the agreement in October 2008. This agreement was a significant shift in India's strategic capabilities, as it allowed access to American nuclear technology and fuel while also subjecting India's civilian nuclear facilities to international scrutiny. Singh's relationship with subsequent US administrations, including that of Barack Obama, focused on enhancing cooperation across trade, technology, and nuclear energy, reflecting India's emerging role on the global stage.
Expanding Global Relations
In an increasingly multipolar world, Singh's government actively sought to expand India's influence and relationships across diverse regions. Relations with Japan and European Union nations, particularly the UK, France, and Germany, strengthened during Singh's tenure. Engaging with Iran regarding the Iran-Pakistan-India gas pipeline showcased India’s nuanced diplomatic balancing act in a complex regional landscape. Additionally, hosting the India–Africa Summit in 2006 highlighted India's commitment to fostering partnerships with African nations, promoting mutual development themes that resonated on an international level.
Fostering Alliances
Singh's administration also prioritized relations with Brazil and South Africa as part of the IBSA Dialogue Forum, continuing the momentum from the Brasília Declaration of 2003. This trilateral cooperation was crucial in amplifying the voice of developing nations in global forums. Furthermore, Singh's government was particularly focused on strengthening ties with Israel, leading to mutual investments and defense partnerships that positioned Israel as a crucial ally in India's security landscape. Despite some hiccups in India-Russia relations regarding defense procurement, the overall partnership remained robust, with multiple agreements nurturing ties in defense, nuclear energy, and space cooperation, reflecting India's strategic pragmatism on the global stage.
Second term: 2009–2014
During India's general elections to the 15th Lok Sabha, which took place in five phases from April 16 to May 13 in 2009, a significant shift occurred in the political landscape. Results were announced on May 16, 2009, revealing that the United Progressive Alliance (UPA), led by the Congress party, secured a decisive victory. A strong performance in key states such as Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, West Bengal, and Uttar Pradesh underpinned this success. This election marked a historical moment as Manmohan Singh became the first Prime Minister since Jawaharlal Nehru to be re-elected after completing a full five-year term. The UPA secured a comfortable majority in the 543-member Lok Sabha, garnering the support of 322 members, including crucial external backing from parties like the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), Samajwadi Party (SP), Janata Dal (Secular) (JD(S)), Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD), and various other minor parties.
Singh was sworn in as Prime Minister on May 22, 2009, during an oath-taking ceremony at Rashtrapati Bhavan. This election was notable for its scale, being the largest democratic exercise globally at that time, with approximately 714 million eligible voters participating. The logistics of conducting such an extensive election involved meticulous planning and coordination across the nation, echoing the democratic ethos of India. The voter turnout reflected significant political engagement among the populace, reinforcing the democratic process in which millions cast their votes in pursuit of representation.
However, the period of Singh’s second term was marred by various controversies and challenges. A critical moment came in 2012 with the release of a report by the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) concerning the allocation of coal blocks. The report indicated that the government had incurred an estimated loss of Rs 1.85 trillion due to allocating these resources to certain private firms without a competitive bidding process. Singh held the position of coal minister during the relevant period, and this revelation raised serious questions about governance and accountability in his administration.
Further complicating Singh's tenure were allegations regarding his involvement in the 2G spectrum case, which had sent shockwaves throughout the political establishment. In April 2013, Singh was summoned by a Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC) investigating the matter, but he declined to appear. This decision drew criticism from a range of political observers and opposition parties, who questioned his commitment to transparency and accountability in government processes. Such controversies contributed to an increasingly polarized political environment as Singh's administration grappled with both governance challenges and public perception.
Post-premiership Activities (2014–present)
Manmohan Singh's tenure as the Prime Minister of India officially came to a close at noon on May 17, 2014. Following the electoral success of the Bharatiya Janata Party-led National Democratic Alliance, Singh made the decision not to contest the 2014 general election for the 16th Lok Sabha. His resignation marked the end of a pivotal era in Indian politics that began in 2004, when he first took office. Until Narendra Modi was sworn in as the new Prime Minister on May 25, 2014, Singh served as the acting prime minister, ensuring a smooth transition of power.
At Modi's swearing-in ceremony, Singh was present alongside key political figures including Congress president Sonia Gandhi and former Presidents A. P. J. Abdul Kalam and Pratibha Patil, as well as Vice-President Hamid Ansari. This gathering symbolized a transfer of authority that underscored the democratic principles of India, showcasing unity among the country's political leaders despite ideological differences. Post-resignation, Singh relocated to 3 Motilal Nehru Road in New Delhi, a shift that allowed him to maintain a low profile while remaining engaged with political and economic discourse.
In the years that followed, there were discussions surrounding Singh's academic contributions, particularly a potential position at Panjab University as the Jawaharlal Nehru Chair. However, this opportunity did not materialize, leading to speculation about Singh's post-political career and his continued influence in the realms of economics and public policy. Notably, Singh remained an elder statesman, providing insight and advice on various global and domestic issues, while his legacy as a reformer continued to be debated among scholars and political analysts. His long history in public service, economic reform, and leadership formed a significant backdrop against which contemporary political developments unfolded.
As his career drew to a close, Singh retired from the Rajya Sabha in April 2024, passing the mantle to Sonia Gandhi, who succeeded him. This transition was significant not only for the Congress party but also for the broader political landscape of India, marking the end of an era dominated by Singh’s economic policies and governance style that had shaped the country's trajectory for nearly a decade. The evolution of Singh's post-premiership journey reflects both the personal and political dynamics of Indian leadership in the 21st century, highlighting the challenges and transformations facing the nation's political fabric.
Public Image and Leadership
Manmohan Singh has carved an enduring reputation as one of the most revered leaders in contemporary politics, with The Independent highlighting his uncommon decency and graceful demeanor. This portrayal is underscored by his choice of vehicles; he is often seen driving a Maruti 800, one of the most economically modest cars available in India, symbolizing his humble approach to personal and public life. Celebrated writer Khushwant Singh has recognized Singh as the finest prime minister India has ever had, even rating him above the iconic Jawaharlal Nehru. In his book, Absolute Khushwant: The Low-Down on Life, Death and Most Things In-Between, Khushwant recounts a notable incident where, after losing the 1999 Lok Sabha elections, Singh promptly returned a ₹2 lakh loan he had borrowed for transportation. This act exemplifies his integrity, with Khushwant asserting that Singh represents the pinnacle of ethical conduct in Indian leadership.
Recognition and Achievements
In 2010, Singh's leadership was acknowledged globally when Newsweek described him as a leader who garners respect among other heads of state, dubbing him "the leader other leaders love." Notable figures such as Mohamed ElBaradei extolled him as a model for political leaders, while Singh received the World Statesman Award in the same year. Attributing much of India's economic transformation to his leadership, Henry Kissinger characterized Singh as a statesman of remarkable vision, persistence, and integrity. This recognition extended to Forbes, which ranked him as the 18th most powerful person in the world in 2010, noting that he was widely celebrated as India's best prime minister since Nehru. International journalists have referred to him as one of the greatest statesmen in Asian history, further solidifying his global standing.
Controversies and Criticisms
Despite this acclaim, Singh's tenure was not free from criticism. The July 2012 cover of Time magazine branded him an "underachiever," alleging his reluctance to pursue necessary reforms to invigorate India's economy. The piece ignited rebuttals from political allies like Congress spokesperson Manish Tewari and UPA ally Lalu Prasad Yadav, who defended Singh's record and pointed to the successes of UPA initiatives. Political opponents, particularly from the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), have characterized Singh as a weak prime minister. L. K. Advani, a co-founder of the BJP, claimed Singh lacked the decisiveness required for leadership, while Narendra Modi, in 2013, derisively called Singh a "night watchman" and a "puppet" of the Gandhi family.
Post-Prime Ministerial Praise
Interestingly, the narrative surrounding Singh has shifted in the years following his departure from office. In 2018, prominent politician Arvind Kejriwal acknowledged a societal longing for an educated leader like Singh. Other political figures, including Union Transport Minister Nitin Gadkari, have acknowledged that the nation owes a debt of gratitude to Singh for his role in the economic liberalization of India, which placed the country on a new trajectory. More recently, in February 2024, Narendra Modi praised Singh's contributions during a parliamentary session, recognizing the significance of his role in shaping democratic discourse in India. Modi's remarks highlighted the lasting impact of Singh's leadership, illustrating a rare moment of bipartisan acknowledgment of his contributions to Indian politics and governance, particularly an emotional episode when Singh cast his vote in Parliament using a wheelchair, underscoring his dedication to public service even in challenging circumstances.
Academic and Early Career
Manmohan Singh's academic journey began with a Bachelor of Arts (Honours) in Economics, which he completed in 1952. He pursued a Master's degree in Economics from Panjab University, earning First Class honors in 1954. His quest for knowledge led him to the distinguished University of Cambridge, where he was awarded an Honours degree in Economics from St John's College in 1957. After completing his education, Singh held various academic positions from 1957 to 1965. He served as a Senior Lecturer and was later promoted to Reader in Economics, finally becoming a Professor by 1963. He specialized in International Trade and continued to contribute to the academic landscape as a Professor in that field from 1969 to 1971. Singh also earned a D.Phil. in Economics from the University of Oxford at Nuffield College in 1962, further solidifying his expertise in economic theory and practice.
Professional Contributions and Government Service
In addition to his academic roles, Singh took on significant responsibilities in various international organizations and Indian governmental institutions. He served as an Economic Affairs Officer and Chief of the Financing for Trade Section at the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) in New York in 1966. His deepening involvement in economic policy led him to the position of Economic Adviser in India’s Ministry of Foreign Trade from 1971 to 1972 and later as Chief Economic Adviser in the Ministry of Finance from 1972 to 1976. Singh held fellowships and honorary professorships at prestigious institutions such as the Delhi School of Economics and Jawaharlal Nehru University, reflecting his influence in academic circles.
During the late 1970s and early 1980s, his career advanced further as he held positions of leadership within government institutions. He served as Secretary in the Ministry of Finance's Department of Economic Affairs, as a Director at the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), and at the Industrial Development Bank of India. Singh's expertise led him to serve as the Governor of the RBI from 1982 to 1985, during a critical period in India's economic reforms. His tenure at the Planning Commission from 1985 to 1987 as Deputy Chairman showcased his commitment to strategic economic planning.
Political Career and Legacy
Following his strong foundation in economics and public service, Singh transitioned into politics, becoming a member of the Rajya Sabha, India’s upper house of Parliament. His influence grew as he served as the Finance Minister of India from 1991 to 1996, during which he played a key role in liberalizing the Indian economy, marking a transformative era for the nation. His tenure also included positions as Economic Advisor to the Prime Minister and Chairman of the University Grants Commission in the early 1990s.
As a leader in the Rajya Sabha, he held the position of Leader of the Opposition from 1998 to 2004. He eventually ascended to the highest office in the land, serving as Prime Minister of India from 2004 to 2014. Under his leadership, India experienced significant economic growth, and his governance style emphasized consensus-building and progressive reform. After his term as Prime Minister, Singh continued to remain active in politics until recently, retaining membership in the Rajya Sabha until April 2024. His legacy is characterized by a commitment to economic reform, education, and a vision for India's role on the global stage.
In popular culture, Manmohan Singh's life has garnered significant attention, particularly in the realm of cinema. A notable example is the 2019 Bollywood film titled "The Accidental Prime Minister," directed by Vijay Gutte and based on the 2014 memoir of the same name by Sanjaya Baru. The film provides an insight into Singh's tenureship as Prime Minister of India from 2004 to 2014 and illustrates the complex dynamics of Indian politics during his time in office. Anupam Kher stars in the lead role, portraying Singh with a depth that invites both scrutiny and empathy from the audience. The film sparked discussions regarding the efficacy of Singh’s policies and his legacy in the Indian political landscape, ultimately highlighting the challenges he faced in a rapidly changing political environment.
Furthermore, the 2013 Indian documentary television series "Pradhanmantri," which aired on ABP News, delves into the policies and political journeys of various Prime Ministers of India, including Singh. Notably, the episodes titled "Story of Sonia Gandhi and UPA-I Government," and "Scams in UPA Government and Anti-Corruption Movement" are dedicated to examining Singh's leadership and the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government's tenure during his premiership. This series not only sheds light on Singh's economic reforms but also discusses the controversies and challenges that marked his time in office, such as issues of corruption and governance. The portrayal of Singh in both the film and the documentary reflects a multifaceted view of his contributions and the significant impact he had on India's growth trajectory.
Throughout his career, Manmohan Singh held various prestigious political offices that shaped the Indian economy and administration. He served as the Prime Minister of India from May 22, 2004, to May 26, 2014, succeeding Atal Bihari Vajpayee and later handing over the reins to Narendra Modi. His extensive background in economics was also highlighted during his tenure as the Governor of the Reserve Bank of India from September 16, 1982, to January 14, 1985, after which he played a crucial role as the Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission until August 31, 1987. Singh's tenure as Union Minister of Finance from June 21, 1991, to May 16, 1996, was particularly noteworthy, as he was instrumental in liberalizing the Indian economy, setting the stage for significant economic reforms that reshaped the nation.
Beyond roles in finance and governance, Singh’s influence extended into international diplomacy, as seen during his term as Chairperson of SAARC from April 3, 2007, to July 31, 2008. His contributions in various capacities underscore his importance as a statesman dedicated to steering India through multifaceted challenges, both domestically and internationally. Despite facing political adversities and criticisms, Singh’s legacy remains a topic of discussion, as his policies continue to influence the economic framework and political discussions in contemporary India. Through the lens of popular culture and political history, Manmohan Singh's impact endures, encapsulating the complexities of leadership during times of change.