Historical Trading Bonds
The rich tapestry of Indo-Russian relations can be traced back to ancient trading activities, highlighted by discoveries at archaeological sites like Pazyryk. These findings suggest that nomadic tribes in the region engaged in trade with India as far back as the 4th to 3rd century BCE. This early exchange laid the groundwork for centuries of commerce and cultural interplay between the two regions. In the late 15th century, the Russian traveler Afanasy Nikitin embarked on a transformative journey to India, traversing Persia and the Ottoman Empire between 1468 and 1472. His observations and accounts are meticulously documented in his literary work, "The Journey Beyond Three Seas" (Khozheniye za tri morya), a significant contribution to our understanding of early Indo-Russian connections.
By the 18th century, cities like Astrakhan, Moscow, and St. Petersburg emerged as vibrant hubs of Indian commerce. The strategic partnership between Russia and Iran became vital for facilitating trade between Western Europe and India. This relationship intensified after Tsar Peter the Great initiated trade relations with the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in 1696, signaling a new era of economic exchange. The establishment of an Indian trading company, granted property rights by the Russian czar, allowed merchants to bring various goods such as linen, cotton, and silk to Russian markets. This era was characterized by a mutually beneficial arrangement, where Indian traders enjoyed notable privileges, including reduced taxation and the right to maintain their religious practices—advantages that were not commonly afforded in other parts of the Eastern world.
The dynamics of this relationship evolved further when Tsar Paul I, in 1801, conceived an ambitious plan to invade British India with an army of Cossacks, aiming to collaborate with France against the British Empire. This audacious campaign, however, faced logistical challenges and languished due to Paul I's assassination, leading to its abrupt cancellation by his successor, Alexander I. This moment illustrates the geopolitical intricacies of the time and the desire for Russia to establish a stronger foothold in South Asia.
Diplomatic relations were firmly established with the creation of the Indian Embassy in Moscow in 1821, later remodeled in 1896 and officially recognized by the Indian government in 1952. The embassy’s architecture reflects a blend of cultural influences, comprising several distinct buildings, including the notable "Chancery Building" with aristocratic allure, the modern residence of the ambassador, and the aesthetically charming "Napoleon's Dacha." This physical representation of diplomacy has been integral in fostering bilateral relations.
In India, the Russian diplomatic presence began with a consulate in Mumbai in 1900, later relocating to Kolkata. Following India's independence, a designated diplomatic quarter was created in Chanakyapuri, where the Soviet Union secured land for its embassy. In a more controversial twist, declassified reports from the 1980s suggest that certain sections of the Soviet Embassy were involved in disinformation campaigns targeting the U.S., illustrating the intricate interplay of international relations during the Cold War. These historical threads weave a complex narrative of Indo-Russian relations, characterized by early trading links, strategic political maneuvers, and evolving diplomatic missions that continue to influence their interactions today.
The establishment of diplomatic relations between India and the Soviet Union in April 1947 marked a significant milestone in international relations during a pivotal time in Indian history. As India prepared to gain independence from British colonial rule, the alliance with the USSR signified a strategic choice that would impact India's foreign policy trajectory in the ensuing decades. The exchange of letters between key diplomats from both nations underscored a mutual desire to foster friendship, culminating in the simultaneous announcement of diplomatic ties. This foundational move set the stage for deeper cooperation between the two nations, particularly in terms of military and economic partnerships.
Over the years, the USSR’s unwavering support for India on various international platforms helped solidify this partnership. In 1951, the Soviet Union used its veto power in the United Nations Security Council to back India during disputes over Kashmir, showcasing its commitment to India's sovereignty. The strong leadership of both nations during this period facilitated high-level exchanges; notable encounters between Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Soviet leaders, including Joseph Stalin, illustrated the personal and political bonds that developed. By addressing contentious issues, such as Kashmir and Goa, the Soviet Union positioned itself as a reliable ally, fostering goodwill that was crucial during the Cold War era.
The relationship evolved further with Nehru and Soviet First Secretary Nikita Khrushchev’s reciprocal visits in 1955, which intensified diplomatic, economic, and military collaborations. Notably, as tensions flared between India and China, the USSR's commitment to India often came at the expense of its own relations with Beijing, a dynamic that underscored the complexities of Cold War geopolitics. During this period, India received significant military assistance, and the technology transfer for the co-production of the MiG-21 jet fighter became a key moment, highlighting the trusted strategic partnership that developed between the two nations.
As tensions with Pakistan escalated, especially during the Indo-Pakistani Wars in 1965 and 1971, the Soviet Union emerged as a pivotal peace broker, illustrating its influential role in South Asian geopolitics. The Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation in 1971 signified a formal alignment against common threats in the region, particularly amidst concerns about U.S. involvement in South Asian affairs. The Soviet Union's support was crucial in supporting India's moves during the Bangladesh Liberation War, showcasing their alliance's military and diplomatic dimensions.
Despite changing political landscapes within India, including the rise of the right-wing Janata Party in the late 1970s, relations with the Soviet Union remained resilient. India’s efforts to diversify its international relations did not go unnoticed, spurring the USSR to enhance military and economic support to retain its strategic influence. The assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1984 tested these ties, yet Rajiv Gandhi's subsequent state visit to the USSR in 1985 reaffirmed the shared interests, resulting in long-term agreements that solidified economic cooperation.
In the late 1980s, the relationship between India and the Soviet Union evolved even further amidst Gorbachev's sweeping reforms and attempts to forge a new direction in foreign policy. Gorbachev’s engagement with Gandhi exemplified the ongoing significance of their partnership, even as his focus shifted towards improving relations with China. The enduring bond between India and the Soviet Union, characterized by mutual support, cooperation, and significant diplomatic exchanges, not only shaped their respective foreign policies but also had lasting implications for regional stability and international power dynamics during the Cold War.
Modern Political Relations
The political landscape shaping India-Russia relations has evolved significantly since the fall of the Soviet Union, particularly with the establishment of a Strategic Partnership in 2000. In an article for The Hindu, President Vladimir Putin acknowledged this partnership as a pivotal moment in the history of bilateral relations, marking the commencement of a collaboration that has endured various global changes. Former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh also recognized President Putin's role in this partnership, emphasizing the mutual respect and trust that characterizes the ties between the two nations. Both countries have successfully worked together on various platforms like the United Nations, BRICS, G20, and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). Russia's support for India's bid for a permanent seat on the UN Security Council is a testament to the depth of their alliance. Moreover, Russia has endorsed India's membership in the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), further signaling its commitment to India on the global stage.
The Indo-Russian Inter-Governmental Commission (IRIGC) exemplifies the extensive collaboration between the two nations, being one of the most comprehensive governmental frameworks that India maintains with any country. Notably, Russia is one of only two countries, alongside Japan, that engages in annual ministerial-level defence reviews with India. Such engagement reinforces the idea that the strategic partnership is not merely diplomatic rhetoric but is populated with actionable agreements and robust frameworks. This dedication to mutual collaboration is deeply rooted in a shared understanding between the peoples of both nations, which has been cultivated over decades and remains influential in driving foreign policy initiatives today.
India-Russia relations are often characterized as being deeply rooted in steadfast friendship and mutual respect. Russia has consistently stood by India during tough times, and in return, India has reciprocated this support. Recent comments from Russian political scientist Sergey Karaganov reinforce the idea that India is a priority in Russian foreign policy, particularly as this relationship is seen to stabilize India's ties with China. The mutual recognition of each other’s pivotal roles in regional security and global diplomacy is underscored by statements from India's External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar, who lauded Russia as a “time-tested” partner, demonstrating a resilient bond amidst fluctuating international dynamics.
The ongoing geopolitical shifts have had a notable impact on India-Russia economic relations, especially following the Russian invasion of Ukraine. India has benefitted from a surge in trade with Russia, particularly in oil and chemical fertilizers, which soared from a modest $13 billion to an impressive $27 billion in 2022. This robust trade expansion shows the increasing reliance of India on Russian energy supplies, especially as India has resisted Western-imposed price caps on Russian crude. Meanwhile, CIA Director William J. Burns acknowledged the importance of dialogue between Modi and Putin, suggesting that such conversations have played a role in diffusing tensions that could lead to nuclear conflict.
In light of the shifting geopolitical landscape, both nations have begun to adapt their strategies. Russia's evolving foreign policy seeks to strengthen ties with India and China as a counterbalance to Western powers, while India has increasingly pursued a "Multi-Alignment Strategy" to navigate the changing dynamics between Russia and China, particularly given the latter's growing influence. Furthermore, cultural exchanges like the "Namaste Moscow" event and celebrations commemorating Indian independence indicate the ongoing efforts to sustain the depth of ties beyond economic and strategic realms, highlighting the shared cultural heritage.
Looking to the future, the recent engagements between leaders of both nations underscore the commitment to elevation of trade relations and collaboration across strategic sectors such as nuclear energy and pharmaceuticals. The upcoming meetings and initiatives, including discussions about trade targets for 2030, speak to an enduring partnership that is likely to adapt and endure as both nations navigate the complexities of an ever-changing global landscape. The emotional ties shared between Russia and India, as remarked by their leaders, would continue to anchor this important relationship in a world marked by uncertainty and shifting alliances.
Indo-Russian Inter-Governmental Commission (IRIGC)
The Indo-Russian Inter-Governmental Commission (IRIGC) serves as the primary platform for managing governmental affairs between India and Russia. Often referred to as the steering committee for Indo-Russia relations, IRIGC is essential for fostering collaboration across various sectors. It is organized into two principal segments: the first focuses on Trade, Economic, Scientific, Technological, and Cultural Cooperation, while the second emphasizes Military Technical Cooperation. The first segment is typically co-chaired by the Deputy Prime Minister of Russia alongside the External Affairs Minister of India, highlighting the commitment of both nations to enhance bilateral ties. The second segment, dedicated to military cooperation, is co-chaired by the respective Defence Ministers, reflecting the strategic importance of defense collaboration in their partnership. Both segments convene annually, reinforcing their dedication to ongoing dialogue and mutual development.
Beyond the IRIGC, there are multiple other organizations that play a pivotal role in the economic relations between India and Russia. The Indo-Russian Forum on Trade and Investment serves as a crucial platform for promoting business ventures and investments. Additionally, the India-Russia Business Council facilitates dialogue between the business communities of both nations, aiming to streamline trade initiatives and address commercial interests. The India-Russia Trade, Investment and Technology Promotion Council actively works to identify new avenues for cooperation in emerging technologies and mutual investments, while the India-Russia Chamber of Commerce fosters bilateral economic exchanges and networking opportunities. Together, these bodies contribute substantially to the deepening of economic ties and ensure that both countries remain competitive and collaborative on the global stage.
Highlighting the significance of the India-Russia relationship, an article authored by Russian President Vladimir Putin appeared in The Times of India on May 30, 2017. This publication coincided with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi's visit to Russia, which marked the 70th anniversary of diplomatic relations established on April 13, 1947. The article emphasized the deep historical ties and strategic partnerships that have evolved over decades, underscoring a shared vision for stability and cooperation in an ever-changing global environment. This milestone not only commemorated the past achievements but also set the tone for future collaborations, aiming to enhance joint efforts across various sectors such as defense, technology, and trade, further solidifying the partnership for years to come.
Military Relationship
The military relationship between India and Russia has historically been robust, largely due to the overwhelming influence of the Soviet Union as a primary supplier of defense equipment. This legacy has been carried forward by the Russian Federation, which has maintained its status as a central player in India's defense procurement. Between 2012 and 2016, a staggering 68% of India's defense imports originated from Russia. Notably, India and Russia have forged deeper collaborative ties through initiatives like the 'Make in India' campaign, culminating in various agreements such as the construction of naval frigates, the production of KA-226T twin-engine utility helicopters (with plans for 60 to be manufactured in Russia and 140 in India), and the joint development of the BrahMos cruise missile, which is a product of a joint venture with a stakeholder split of 50.5% in India and 49.5% in Russia. Between 2013 and 2018, Russia was responsible for 62% of India's arms sales, establishing itself as the largest supplier of arms during two significant periods: 2013–17 and 2018–22. However, the report from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) indicates that while Russia's share in India's total arms imports decreased from 64% to 45%, France emerged as a strong competitor, occupying the position of the second-largest supplier in this timeframe.
The bilateral military-technical cooperation formally began with a ten-year agreement signed in 1997, which embraced an extensive range of activities that went beyond mere procurement. This partnership encouraged joint research and development, service-to-service contacts, and military training exercises. The two countries have also engaged in several significant joint military exercises, including naval drills in April 2007 in the Sea of Japan and airborne exercises in September 2007 in Russia. A vital aspect of this ongoing collaboration is the Inter-Governmental Commission on Military-Technical Cooperation, co-chaired by both nations’ defense ministers, which fosters continual dialogue and project management. The series of agreements signed during the seventh session of this commission in Moscow in 2007 included plans for the joint development and production of prospective multi-role fighter aircraft.
The historical agreements have yielded transformative projects, such as the renewal of the defense cooperation pact in 2009, which had roots extending back to the Soviet era. The renewed pact allowed the progression into joint ventures, notably the Fifth Generation Fighter Aircraft (FGFA) and Multirole Transport Aircraft (MTA). In 2012, a significant defense deal worth $2.9 billion during President Putin's visit involved the licensing of 42 additional Sukhoi fighter jets to be manufactured by India's Hindustan Aeronautics Limited. However, the collaboration faced setbacks, such as India's withdrawal from the joint stealth fighter project with Sukhoi in 2018.
In a groundbreaking development in October 2018, India inked a deal worth $5.43 billion for five S-400 Triumf surface-to-air missile defense systems, showcasing India's commitment to diversifying its defense capabilities despite the pressure from the United States, which imposed sanctions under the Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (CAATSA). India's defense arsenal has benefitted from several acquisitions and joint ventures, including the BrahMos missile program, Sukhoi Su-30MKI jets, KA-226T helicopters, and various frigates. Additional acquisitions encompass advanced systems like the S-400, T-90S Bhishma tanks, the Akula-II nuclear submarine, and the INS Vikramaditya aircraft carrier, among others.
Despite challenges posed by international sanctions due to Russia's conflict with Ukraine, Russia has assured India of its commitment to fulfilling contractual obligations, successfully delivering systems like the S-400 without delays. Furthermore, both nations anticipate the beginning of the serial production of AK-203 assault rifles in India by the end of 2022 or early 2023, underscoring the ongoing commitment to manufacturing cooperation. At the recent Army-2022 forum, Russia reaffirmed its willingness to collaborate on various advanced military projects ranging from next-generation battle tanks to fifth-generation aircraft.
Both countries are set to continue their military exercises, including the annual Indra military project, which began in 2003, with plans for new activities such as "AviaIndra." The joint development of the BrahMos NG missile, anticipated for testing in 2024, demonstrates India's continuous investment in enhancing its defense capabilities. In 2023, further advancements are expected with Russia planning to provide India with advanced frigates, namely, "Tushil" and "Tamala," originally intended for the Russian Navy, but repurposed for Indian operations. These enduring collaborations reflect the profound strategic partnership and mutual interests that India and Russia uphold in the realm of defense and military technology.
Economic Relations
Bilateral economic relations between India and Russia have shown remarkable dynamism, focusing on key sectors that are pivotal for both nations' economic ambitions. The trade landscape encompasses a broad spectrum of industries, including machinery, aerospace, chemicals, and petroleum, reflecting a diverse value chain. From a modest $1.5 billion in 2002, bilateral trade surged over sevenfold to $11 billion by 2012, demonstrating the rapidly strengthening economic ties. With both governments aiming for a bilateral trade target of $30 billion by 2025, active economic engagement through various councils—such as the India-Russia Business Council and the India-Russia CEOs' Council—plays a critical role in facilitating this growth.
To sustain this momentum, a comprehensive economic strategy has been jointly strategized by the two governments. This includes the formation of a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between India and the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), a bilateral treaty aimed at investment protection, and simplifying customs procedures. Notably, long-term agreements in energy—including nuclear and petroleum—are on the agenda, with companies like Rosneft and Gazprom designated as long-term suppliers. This collaborative engagement not only positions both countries favorably but also aims to tap into significant growth in areas such as trade in precious gems, chemicals, and high-end products.
In alignment with India's initiatives such as "Make in India," Russia is keen to get involved in various development projects, particularly in urban planning and infrastructure. The Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC) is a substantial project that Russia has committed to supporting, involving investments aimed at enhancing transportation networks and establishing smart cities. This will leverage Russian technologies with expectations of transforming urban landscapes in India. The involvement of AFK Sistema, a key Russian player in smart city projects, indicates the seriousness of this commitment and points toward a strategic partnership that could offer substantial benefits in urban development.
Cooperation in the aerospace sector represents another cornerstone of India-Russia relations, marked by the collaborative development of aircraft like the Sukhoi Superjet and Kamov Ka-226. These joint ventures are expected to create export opportunities, further solidifying the countries' partnerships in high-tech industries. Russian aerospace enterprises have expressed ambitions to capture a significant share of the Indian airline market through proposed aircraft sales, highlighting the potential for joint innovation and manufacturing.
Both countries are poised to increase collaboration in the diamond trade, taking advantage of India's leading position as the largest diamond processing center globally. The simplification of trade regulations and direct engagements between Indian firms and Alrosa are set to boost trade volumes significantly. Prime Minister Modi's proposals for long-term contracts and the establishment of a diamond trading zone reflect the growing importance of this sector within their bilateral relations.
Energy cooperation remains a focal point, with Russia planning to build over 20 nuclear reactors in India in the next two decades. This ambitious project is complemented by an agreement for liquefied natural gas (LNG) shipments from Gazprom, as well as significant investments by Indian firms like ONGC-Videsh in Russian oil fields. The strategic partnership in energy not only underscores mutual dependencies but also highlights a commitment to long-term project collaborations that would benefit both economies.
As geopolitical landscapes evolve, especially in light of Western sanctions on Russia following its actions in Ukraine, the India-Russia relationship has adapted by exploring alternative payment systems. The facilitation of transactions through the rupee-ruble exchange could further entrench economic ties and promote trade accessibility. India's growing oil purchases from Russia, including discounted rates, exemplify this pragmatic approach to maintaining strong bilateral transactions despite external pressures.
In summary, the increasing bilateral trade between India and Russia—now amounting to $18.229 billion in just five months of 2022—indicates a significant shift toward closer economic ties. The strategic frameworks set in place to enhance cooperation across various sectors create a robust foundation for sustainable development and mutual benefit in the years to come.
Free trade agreement
The longstanding relationship between India and Russia is characterized by mutual recognition of the need to enhance bilateral trade, which both governments believe remains significantly below its potential. The primary method identified to address this issue is the establishment of a Free Trade Agreement (FTA). Understanding the importance of concrete collaboration, India and Russia have initiated a joint study group (JSG) tasked with negotiating the specifics of this bilateral agreement. This FTA is not just an India-Russia endeavor; it involves the Eurasian Economic Union, which includes not only Russia but also Kazakhstan, Armenia, Kyrgyzstan, and Belarus. Therefore, the Indo-Russian FTA is expected to expand into a more extensive agreement that better integrates economies across the region.
The anticipated benefits of the FTA are considerable. Experts project that once the agreement is finalized, there will be a remarkable increase in bilateral trade volumes. This surge in trade is expected to play a crucial role in elevating economic considerations at the forefront of Indo-Russian relations. Such an increase would not only enhance the economic ties between India and Russia but also promote a broader economic collaboration among the member countries of the Eurasian Economic Union. The integration of these diverse economies could lead to improved market access, reduced tariffs, and increased investments, creating a more interconnected regional economy.
In addition to these economic benefits, the FTA is poised to enhance strategic partnerships and foster collaboration in various sectors including technology, agriculture, and defense. India's burgeoning market and Russia's abundance of natural resources and technological expertise complement each other. The partnership could lead to joint ventures and technology transfers, promoting sustainable development initiatives and increasing competitiveness on a global scale. As the negotiations progress, it is crucial for both nations to address any potential challenges and differences, ensuring that the final agreement reflects mutual interests.
The table below provides an overview of the recent performance of bilateral trade between India and Russia, illustrating the current state of economic collaboration and underscoring the significant room for growth that the proposed FTA aims to address.
Cooperation in the Energy Sector
The energy sector stands as a cornerstone in the intricate web of Indo-Russian bilateral relations, showcasing a sustained commitment to collaborative growth and mutual benefits. The partnership kicked off significantly in 2001 when ONGC-Videsh made a strategic move by acquiring a 20% stake in the Sakhalin-I oil and gas project, investing approximately US$1.7 billion. This investment not only marked a substantial foothold for India in Russia's energy landscape but also underscored the potential for further fruitful collaborations. Additionally, Gazprom, one of Russia's largest energy companies, teamed up with the Gas Authority of India to jointly develop a natural gas block in the Bay of Bengal, reinforcing the foundational ties between the two nations in terms of resource management.
One of the most noteworthy manifestations of Indo-Russian energy cooperation is evident in the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Project. This ambitious initiative, consisting of two units each capable of generating 1,000 MW of power, serves as a testament to the commitment both countries have made toward developing sustainable energy sources. The agreement signed in December 2008 during a visit by the Russian president to New Delhi to construct civilian nuclear reactors in India represents a significant milestone in their nuclear energy collaboration. As the global energy landscape evolves, both sides have consistently expressed a desire to expand their cooperative efforts in energy, paving the way for innovative projects and enhanced technological exchanges.
The geopolitical landscape shifted notably following Russia's invasion of Ukraine, with India recalibrating its energy import strategy. The sanctions imposed on Russia led to substantial discounts on Russian oil, prompting India to increase its imports significantly. As a result, Russia ascended to become India's second-largest oil supplier in May 2022, overtaking Saudi Arabia, while Iraq retained its position as the top supplier. Data indicated a remarkable tripling of energy reliance on Russian sources, with Indian imports of Russian liquid gas, crude oil, and coal reaching nearly US$5 billion in the first half of 2022.
Following January 2023, Russia solidified its position as India's top oil supplier, reflecting a profound shift in trading dynamics. By November 2022, oil imports from Russia accounted for an impressive 23% of India's total oil imports, a steady increase from previous months. This growth trajectory underscores the strategic importance of Indo-Russian relations in the energy market, illustrating how economic necessities and geopolitical realities continue to shape the partnership between these two nations. As both countries look to the future, the potential for further cooperation in energy production and distribution remains robust, promising mutual benefits that will resonate well into the coming decades.
Overview of the North–South Transport Corridor
The North–South Transport Corridor (NSTC) is a significant multimodal route designed to enhance trade connectivity between India, Russia, Iran, Europe, and Central Asia. This corridor facilitates the movement of freight through a combination of shipping, rail transport, and road logistics. By connecting major trade hubs such as Mumbai, Moscow, Tehran, Baku, Bandar Abbas, Astrakhan, and Bandar Anzali, the NSTC aims to streamline the flow of goods and services across these critical economic zones.
Historical Context and Recent Developments
The conception of the North–South Transport Corridor dates back several years as countries looked to establish efficient trade links across vast distances. In an effort to evaluate the viability of the routes, dry runs were conducted in 2014. The first route tested was from Mumbai to Baku, utilizing the port of Bandar Abbas. The second route extended from Mumbai to Astrakhan, passing through Bandar Abbas, Tehran, and Bandar Anzali. These preliminary operations aimed to identify and mitigate logistical challenges, thereby optimizing the corridor's performance for future freight movements.
Economic Implications
The results of these initial dry runs yielded promising insights. Notably, the study revealed that transport costs could be substantially reduced—by as much as $2,500 for every 15 tons of cargo transported through the corridor. This highlights the economic potential of the NSTC, offering more affordable options for cargo movement compared to traditional routes. The reduced costs not only benefit traders and businesses directly involved but could also lead to lower prices for consumers in the long run.
Future Prospects and Additional Routes
Looking ahead, the North–South Transport Corridor remains a dynamic project with opportunities for expansion. Besides the established routes, additional pathways are being considered, including alternate connections via Armenia, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan. This openness to incorporating different regional players emphasizes the corridor's adaptability and potential to create a more integrated transport network across Eurasia. As trade demand increases and geopolitical dynamics evolve, the NSTC is likely to play a critical role in fostering closer economic ties among the participating nations.
Through the continued development and operationalization of the North–South Transport Corridor, the synergy between India, Russia, Iran, and other nations stands to be significantly enhanced, reinforcing their roles in the global supply chain and contributing to regional economic growth.
Collaboration in Science and Technology
The collaboration between India and Russia, particularly in the domain of science and technology, is primarily conducted under the Integrated Long-Term Programme of Co-operation (ILTP). This initiative stands as the largest bilateral cooperation program in science and technology for both nations. Presented as a comprehensive framework, the ILTP is spearheaded by the Department of Science and Technology in India, while the operational directives are managed by the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Ministry of Science and Education, and the Ministry of Industry and Trade. This dual approach ensures that both countries leverage their expertise effectively to drive innovation and knowledge-sharing in numerous fields.
The priority areas of cooperation under the ILTP encompass a range of high-impact sectors. Significant projects include the development of the SARAS Duet aircraft, advancements in semiconductor technologies, and the creation of supercomputers. Other notable areas of collaboration include research in poly-vaccines, laser science, seismology, and high-purity materials. The programme also prioritizes growth in software and IT, as well as the integration of traditional knowledge through Ayurveda. Such diverse topics not only exhibit the breadth of scientific research covered but also represent ongoing efforts to harness each country's unique strengths in technology and natural sciences.
To reinforce these collaborative efforts, eight joint Indo-Russian research centers have been established specifically for joint research and development activities. The commitment remains strong with two additional Joint Centres on Non-ferrous Metals and Accelerators and Lasers currently being set up in India. Moreover, there are plans for a Joint Technology Centre based in Moscow, aimed at facilitating the transition of cutting-edge technologies from research labs to market-ready applications. One pivotal meeting of the ILTP Joint Council took place in Moscow on October 11-12, 2007, which was instrumental in reassessing the cooperation framework and identifying new areas for collaboration.
Further solidifying the partnership, in August 2007, a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed between the Indian Department of Science and Technology and the Russian Foundation of Basic Research based in Moscow to enhance scientific cooperation between the two countries. This agreement emphasized the intent to facilitate collaborative research projects, exchange of scientific knowledge, and joint ventures in technology development.
In addition to these arrangements, the establishment of the Russian-Indian Science and Technology Center (RI STC) in Moscow in June 2010 marked a significant step forward in creating an effective platform for innovative interaction. The RI STC was designed to explore avenues for the commercialization of results from joint scientific and technical research. The opening of the Delhi branch of the RI STC in April 2012 further underscores the dedication to fostering bilateral scientific engagements and expanding the scope of collaborative research, ensuring sustained contributions to global scientific advancements.
Historical Context of Space Cooperation
The legacy of Indo-Russian collaboration in space exploration is steeped in history, beginning prominently during the era of the Soviet Union. One of the hallmark achievements of this partnership was the launch of Aryabhata, India's first satellite, on April 19, 1975. Named after a celebrated Indian mathematician and astronomer, Aryabhata was launched from Kapustin Yar with the help of a Kosmos-3M launch vehicle, marking a significant milestone for India's scientific ambitions. This collaboration extended beyond satellite technology to human spaceflight as well, with Rakesh Sharma being the first Indian to travel to space through the Soviet Union's Interkosmos program, further solidifying the strong ties between the nations.
Formal Agreements and Joint Missions
In December 2004, during President Vladimir Putin's visit to India, two pivotal space-related bilateral agreements were established. The first was an Intergovernmental Umbrella Agreement focusing on cooperation in outer space for peaceful purposes. The second was the Inter Space Agency Agreement concerning collaboration on the Russian satellite navigation system, GLONASS. These agreements laid the groundwork for a robust framework of cooperation, which has seen numerous follow-up agreements facilitating joint initiatives. Notably, in November 2007, India and Russia signed an agreement dedicated to joint lunar exploration, showcasing the ambition of both nations to deepen their collaborative efforts in space exploration.
A major endeavor in this partnership was the proposed Chandrayaan-2 mission, initiated by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) in collaboration with the Russian Federal Space Agency (RKA). This ambitious project aimed to establish a lunar orbiter and rover, with the cost projected at ₹4.25 billion (US$90 million). However, due to persistent delays, India opted to independently develop its lander, Vikram, leading to the successful launch of the Chandrayaan-2 mission on July 22, 2019. This decision highlighted both the resilience of ISRO and the complexities involved in international joint ventures.
Recent Cooperative Developments
In December 2021, Russia and India took a significant step in enhancing their technological safeguarding measures in outer space by signing an agreement designed to protect emerging technologies. This paves the way for a more extensive partnership between Roscosmos and ISRO, particularly in crewed space missions and satellite navigation systems. The focus areas also include potential collaboration on the development of launch vehicles and planetary exploration, signaling an ongoing commitment to furthering their shared goals in space.
Training programs for Indian astronauts have also flourished as part of this cooperation. On February 10, 2020, Glavkosmos JSC and the Indian Space Research Organisation's Manned Space Flight Center commenced training for Indian Air Force pilots selected to become astronaut candidates. This training involved rigorous physical and medical assessments, as well as education on the Russian language, and familiarization with the engineering and operational specifics of the Soyuz crewed transport spacecraft. By March 22, 2021, the completion of the training program was announced by Roscosmos, underscoring the profound commitment to interstellar collaboration between the two nations.
Furthermore, in October 2022, Glavkosmos JSC supplied crucial systems and equipment for India's Gaganyaan crewed transport spacecraft, including essential gear like spacesuits and modules developed by the reputable Russian JSC Zvezda Scientific and Production Enterprise. This extensive cooperation in technology and human resources signifies a promising future for joint endeavors in space exploration, highlighting the multifaceted relationship that continues to evolve between India and Russia in this critical domain.
Nuclear Cooperation between India and Russia
In recent years, the strategic partnership between India and Russia has been significantly bolstered by comprehensive cooperation in the nuclear energy sector. On November 7, 2009, a pivotal nuclear agreement was signed, enhancing the existing framework of collaborative efforts between the two nations. The discussions regarding the construction of two additional nuclear power units at the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant are particularly noteworthy, building on the existing operational units. During the 13th annual summit, Russian President Vladimir Putin and Indian officials established a cooperative civilian nuclear energy roadmap, outlining a vision that extends until 2030. This ambitious plan aims to construct sixteen to eighteen new reactors, each possessing an installed capacity of 1,000 MW. Such a large-scale initiative demands substantial investment, with estimates suggesting that the total worth of this deal may reach around $45 billion, given that each reactor has an approximate cost of $2.5 billion.
Furthermore, the nuclear collaboration extends beyond India to its neighboring countries, reflecting Russia's expanding role in the region's energy landscape. In November 2011, an intergovernmental agreement was signed between Russia and Bangladesh focused on cooperating on the construction of the Ruppur Nuclear Power Plant, which marks Bangladesh's inaugural initiative in nuclear energy. The project comprises two Russian VVER-type reactors, each capable of generating 1,200 MW, with a design life cycle of 60 years and an option for an additional 20 years. This agreement underscores not only Russia's commitment to enhancing global nuclear energy but also its ability to engage with emerging energy markets.
The operational timeline of the nuclear projects further emphasizes the collaborative momentum between India and Russia. In early 2017, Russia extended a significant loan of $11.38 billion to finance the pivotal stages of nuclear power plant constructions in India. Actual construction efforts commenced in 2021, with ongoing work on both the first and second power units. The latest updates indicate an ambitious timeline, as the first power unit is slated to begin operations in February 2024, with the second unit expected to be operational by the end of that same year. This development not only highlights the urgency and efficiency of the nuclear projects but also reflects the deepening bilateral ties and mutual trust between these two nations in pursuing energy security through sustainable nuclear power.
Cooperation in the cultural sphere between India and Russia has deep historical roots, tracing back to significant early interactions. One of the standout figures in this exchange was Afanasiy Nikitin, a merchant from Tver, who made a remarkable journey to India between 1466 and 1472. His experiences were meticulously documented in his book "A Journey Beyond the Three Seas," where he provided insights into various aspects of Indian life, including its diverse cultures, economics, and food. Nikitin's travels left a lasting impression, and his journey was later dramatized in a 1950s film featuring Soviet actor Oleg Strizhenov and the renowned Hindi film star Nargis Dutt.
Historically, the Russian port city of Astrakhan has served as a vital trading hub for Indian merchants since the 16th century. A notable meeting occurred in 1722 when Peter the Great met Anbu-Ram, the leader of the Indian merchants in Astrakhan, where Peter granted significant trade rights, underscoring the importance of Indo-Russian exchange. This foundation laid the groundwork for a rich tapestry of cultural interactions, further highlighted by significant literary exchanges, such as the Russian translation of the Bhagavad Gita under Catherine the Great in 1788. The pioneering work of Russian scholars like Gerasim Lebedev and Nicholas Roerich in studying Indian languages and philosophy greatly enhanced mutual understanding and appreciation.
The Indian film industry, particularly Bollywood, has traditionally enjoyed immense popularity in Russia, with many Russians growing up watching subtitled Indian films. Iconic films like "Awara," "Bobby," and "Disco Dancer" captivated audiences, fostering a lasting cultural connection. Despite a drop in popularity following the dissolution of the USSR, renewed interest in Bollywood emerged through the advent of cable and satellite TV. Cultural ties are presently being strengthened, with joint working groups aiming to enhance collaboration in film production. Notably, former Russian President Dmitry Medvedev's visit to Bollywood film sets exemplifies this ongoing relationship, with statements highlighting Russia’s admiration for Indian culture.
Yoga's influence in Russia has seen a notable rise since the 1980s, driven by an ever-growing interest in health and wellness. Renowned figures like Constantin Stanislavski significantly impacted this cultural exchange, as his affinity for Yoga and Indian philosophy enriched Russian performing arts. In support of cultural ties, Russia's Rossotrudnichestvo has established several centers in India to foster educational and cultural exchanges. The ongoing collaboration is expected to expand with agreements on mutual recognition of educational qualifications.
Cultural initiatives, including the "Days of Russian Culture" held in India and the reciprocal "Days of Indian Culture" in Russia, exemplify the commitment to showcasing each nation’s culture. Special years celebrating each country further solidify links through a array of cultural programs, concerts, and artistic exchanges. In recent years, significant cultural agreements have paved the way for artist exchanges, enhancing the cultural landscape of both countries through performances and collaborative projects that cater to the interests of their citizens.
Trade relations, closely intertwined with cultural exchanges, also depict a thriving economic interaction between India and Russia. With India exporting various commodities—including pharmaceuticals, electronic equipment, and clothing—and Russia providing gems, machinery, and fertilizers, the trade volume indicates a robust economic partnership. The trade figures from the period 2009 to 2012 reflect a steady growth trajectory with significant increases in bilateral trade volumes, showcasing the economic dimensions of their relationship. The ongoing collaboration in both cultural and trade spheres illustrates the depth of the Indo-Russian partnership, promising continued growth and synergy in the years to come.