Background
India's involvement in the Vietnamese peace process traces back to its leadership role as the Chairman of the International Commission for Supervision and Control (ICSC), established in accordance with the 1954 Geneva Accords. This commission was formed to oversee the ceasefire and supervise the subsequent peace implementation in Vietnam. India, having its own history of colonial struggle, particularly against British rule, naturally empathized with Vietnam's aspiration for independence from French colonialism. In a significant historical context, following the end of French colonial rule, the Government of India assumed control over French India, marking a deep-rooted connection between the two nations.
During the pivotal year of 1954, Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru embarked on a diplomatic tour of China and Indochina, which included visits to both North and South Vietnam. His interaction with North Vietnam, shortly after their victory at Dien Bien Phu, was particularly notable as Nehru became one of the first prominent foreign leaders to engage with the new government. In a detailed correspondence to Burmese Prime Minister U Nu, Nehru spoke highly of Dr. Ho Chi Minh, the leader of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. Nehru's observations highlighted Ho Chi Minh's focus on peace and cooperation rather than harboring animosity against France, underscoring the disciplined nature of the Viet Minh and their aspirations for Vietnam’s complete independence.
In contrast, Nehru's visit to South Vietnam revealed a fractured political landscape. He expressed concern about the lack of unity among the South Vietnamese leadership, noting tensions between the Prime Minister and military generals, as well as the influence of various sectarian factions. This chaotic environment led to the pessimistic assessment that the overwhelming majority of South Vietnam's populace seemed aligned with the Viet Minh, posing challenges for the government in Saigon.
The recognition of both North and South Vietnam became a topic of discussion during Nehru's relations with Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai. Nehru articulated a cautious approach, suggesting that India was already engaging with both governments through the ICSC without formal recognition, devising plans to establish consulates. The developing relations were further highlighted by meetings between key leaders, including visits from South Vietnamese President Ngô Đình Diệm to India and reciprocal visits from North Vietnamese dignitaries to establish goodwill and diplomatic channels.
India took a firm stance opposing American military intervention in Vietnam as the conflict escalated. During a visit to the United States in 1961, Nehru emphasized to President John F. Kennedy the need for America to avoid military entanglements in Vietnam, predicting disastrous consequences. This nuanced position reflected India's commitment to supporting peace and stability in Southeast Asia, advocating against the expansion of military actions, which Nehru believed would only exacerbate tensions.
Cultural exchanges flourished alongside diplomatic relations. In a symbolic gesture of friendship, Indian President Rajendra Prasad visited North Vietnam in 1959 and planted a bodhi tree with Ho Chi Minh at the Tran Quoc Pagoda, a significant act that illustrated the deepening bond between the two nations. This tree has since become a lasting symbol of their enduring friendship, celebrated on various anniversaries, and has been complemented by further exchanges, including the gifting of additional bodhi trees in later years.
The formal establishment of diplomatic ties with North Vietnam on January 7, 1972 underscored India's continued support for a unified Vietnam, coinciding with broader regional dynamics, particularly against the backdrop of Vietnam's disputes with China. This support is reflective of a shared history and mutual interests that continue to inform India-Vietnam relations, fostering cooperation in various sectors today, including defense, trade, and cultural exchange, affirming the relevance of their partnership in a changing geopolitical landscape.
High Level Visits
India and Vietnam have a rich history of high-level visits that have significantly bolstered their bilateral relations. This series of diplomatic engagements began notably in 2005 when Nong Duc Manh, the Secretary General of the Communist Party of Vietnam, made a visit to India, laying the groundwork for elevated ties. Following this, Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung visited India in 2007 to further enhance economic and strategic partnerships. This trend continued in 2009 with Vice President Nguyen Thi Doan’s visit, marking yet another step towards solidifying diplomatic connections between the two nations.
In 2010, the visit by Nguyen Phu Trong, the Chairman of the National Assembly, underscored the importance of parliamentary diplomacy. The diplomatic ties deepened with President Truong Tan Sang's visit in October 2011, which facilitated discussions on a range of issues including trade, defense, and regional security. Prime Minister Dung's subsequent visit in December 2012 for the India-ASEAN Commemorative Summit showcased the growing collaboration within the ASEAN regional framework. This trajectory of visits continued with General Secretary Nguyen Phu Trong’s state visit in November 2013 and Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung’s engagement in October 2014, affirming ongoing political commitment.
India’s leadership reciprocated these engagements, starting with Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee's visit to Vietnam in 2001, which was instrumental in strengthening ties. Subsequent visits by Indian dignitaries—such as Lok Sabha Speaker Somnath Chatterjee in March 2007, and President Pratibha Patil in November 2008—indicated a mutual desire to enhance cooperation. Additionally, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh's participation in the 8th ASEAN-India Summit in 2010 further solidified Vietnam's position in India’s strategic thinking.
The continuous exchange of visits persisted with high-profile engagements such as Foreign Minister Sushma Swaraj’s attendance at the 16th India-Vietnam Joint Commission Meeting in 2018 and Prime Minister Narendra Modi's official visit in September 2016, which marked a new chapter in the India-Vietnam relationship. The attendance of Indian leaders at significant Vietnamese events reflected a deepening friendship.
The COVID-19 pandemic posed challenges but did not halt this momentum, as the two nations adapted by conducting virtual diplomacy. In August 2020, a significant 17th Virtual Joint Commission Meeting was held between the Foreign Ministers, and later in November, a virtual bilateral defense meeting reinforced the strategic partnership in defense matters. Notably, the first-ever India-Vietnam Virtual Summit, co-chaired by Prime Ministers Modi and Nguyen Xuan Phuc in December 2020, highlighted the resilience and continuity of the bilateral relationship amidst global challenges. This adaptability showcases the enduring commitment between India and Vietnam to foster diplomatic ties, economic cooperation, and regional security amidst changing global dynamics.
Economic Relations
India has historically been a strong proponent of its economic partnership with Vietnam, granting the Southeast Asian nation "Most Favoured Nation" status as early as 1975. This pivotal step underlined India's commitment to fostering deeper trade relations with Vietnam. The subsequent bilateral trade agreement signed in 1978 set the groundwork for escalating commerce between the two countries, complemented by the Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement (BIPPA) signed on March 8, 1997. Through these agreements, both nations have aimed to create a conducive environment for investment and trade, thereby enhancing mutual economic development.
Since 1993, the Indo-Vietnam Joint Business Council has played an instrumental role in nurturing and promoting trade and investment opportunities between the two nations. This collaborative body has facilitated numerous initiatives aimed at increasing bilateral business interactions. A significant milestone in their economic cooperation came in 2003 during the visit of Nông Đức Mạnh, the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam, to India. Both nations then issued a Joint Declaration on Comprehensive Cooperation, emphasizing their interest in negotiating a comprehensive free trade agreement to further enhance trade relations. In 2007, this relationship was reinforced by another joint declaration during Prime Minister Nguyễn Tấn Dũng’s visit, which highlighted the commitment of both countries to strengthen their economic ties.
The ASEAN–India Free Trade Agreement, which came into effect on January 1, 2010, has provided a robust framework for trade liberalization between India, Vietnam, and other Southeast Asian nations. This agreement has allowed for a gradual reduction of tariffs and increased access to each other's markets, paving the way for enhanced economic cooperation. Furthermore, India and Vietnam have diversified their collaboration beyond traditional areas, expanding into sectors like information technology and education. There have also been efforts to work together on national space programmes, which reflect a growing partnership driven by innovation and strategic interests.
To further promote tourism, direct air links between India and Vietnam have been established, along with simplified visa regulations. These measures not only facilitate travel but also promote cultural exchange and a deeper understanding between the two nations. As both countries continue to explore new avenues for collaboration, their economic partnership is poised for growth, fueled by shared interests and mutual aspirations for progress in various sectors.
Growing Trade Relations
India has emerged as Vietnam's 10th largest trading partner, while Vietnam holds the position of India's 15th largest trading partner. Within the ASEAN framework, Vietnam is India's fourth-largest trading partner, following Singapore, Indonesia, and Malaysia. The bilateral trade between these nations reached $11.12 billion during the fiscal year 2020-21, showing a decrease of 22.47% compared to the previous year. This decline can primarily be attributed to the disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, which impacted global supply chains and economic activities. In that fiscal year, India exported goods worth $4.99 billion to Vietnam, while imports from Vietnam stood at $6.12 billion. Notably, India's trade deficit with Vietnam saw a significant reduction, diminishing from $2.22 billion in 2019-20 to $1.12 billion in 2020-21.
The burgeoning trade between India and Vietnam can be traced back to the liberalization of both economies in the 1990s. Trade volumes were quite modest in the year 2000, totaling just $200 million. However, the following years witnessed exponential growth, culminating in an impressive $12.3 billion by the peak year of 2019-20. India's position in the Vietnamese market also improved, with the nation becoming the 13th largest exporter to Vietnam by the early 2000s. From a mere $11.5 million in exports in 1985-86, Indian exports grew remarkably to $395.68 million by the end of 2003. Meanwhile, Vietnam's exports to India were approximately $53 million in 2002. Between 2001 and 2006, bilateral trade flourished, consistently growing at a rate of 20-30% per annum and surpassing $1 billion by 2006.
Further enhancing their trade ties, the ASEAN-India Free Trade Agreement came into force in 2010, fostering an explosion in bilateral trade volumes. By November 2012, trade had surged to $3.917 billion, indicating a robust increase, with Vietnam's exports to India jumping to $1.7 billion in 2012, marking a significant rise of 56.5% from 2011. Such dynamism in trade is a reflection of the deepening economic engagement between the two nations, characterized by complementary interests in increasingly critical sectors.
In 2023, India's commitment to strengthening ties with Vietnam was evident as the India-ASEAN Trade Organization (IETO) sent a delegation to Vietnam to participate in the Horasis conference held in Binh Duong. The delegation was led by Madan Mohan Sethi, the Consul General of India in Vietnam, and was also invited by Dak Lak Province, highlighting the importance of local engagements and partnerships. This visit underscores India's intent to not only augment trade volumes but also to foster bilateral relationships that benefit both economies, ensuring a mutual growth trajectory moving forward.
Investment Dynamics
As of April 2021, India had established a notable presence in Vietnam, boasting 299 active projects with a total invested capital amounting to $909.5 million. This solidified India’s position as the 26th largest foreign direct investor in the Southeast Asian nation. However, when accounting for investments from Indian citizens and corporations based outside of India and routed through various third countries, the estimated total investment from India surged to approximately $1.9 billion by June 2021. The sectors capturing the majority of these investments include energy, mineral exploration, agro-processing, and information technology. Notably, India is also substantial in industries such as sugar, tea, coffee manufacturing, and agro-chemicals, reflecting a diversified investment portfolio aimed at harnessing the potential of Vietnam’s growing economy.
Conversely, Vietnam has maintained a smaller but emerging investment footprint in India, with six active projects valued at about $28.55 million as of 2020. These Vietnamese investments are concentrated primarily in pharmaceuticals, information technology, chemicals, and building materials, highlighting a focus on sectors where India holds competitive advantages and robust demand for growth.
Several major projects underscore the bilateral investment relationship. In 2008, Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) secured a significant $50 million contract for the Nam Chien Hydro Power project located in Son La province, which was successfully commissioned on January 30, 2013. In a further testament to this investment relationship, Tata Power was awarded a remarkable $1.8 billion contract in November 2013 to establish the 1,200 MW Long Phu 2 supercritical coal-fired thermal power project. The company continued to expand its footprint in Vietnam with another project awarded in 2017, featuring a $54 million investment to develop a 49 MW plant in the Loc Tan commune. Additionally, firms such as Adani Green Energy and Suzlon Energy have emerged as potential investors, actively exploring opportunities to tap into Vietnam's renewable energy sector.
In a bid to foster further collaboration, the Vietnamese Embassy organized a trade and investment promotion event in Hyderabad in July 2021. This initiative targeted the Indian pharmaceutical industry, aiming to facilitate the establishment of a $500 million pharmaceutical park in Vietnam. Such endeavors not only signify the mutual interest in enhancing trade and investment but also reflect the broader goal of strengthening economic ties between the two nations. This cooperation is crucial as both countries seek to leverage their respective strengths to foster growth and sustainability in an increasingly interconnected global economy.
Oil exploration in the South China Sea, particularly in the waters claimed by Vietnam, has been a significant aspect of India-Vietnam relations. ONGC Videsh, the international arm of India's state-owned Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), has been dedicated to oil exploration in Vietnam since 1988. The company's initial foray into Vietnam began with the acquisition of an exploration license for Block 6.1, encompassing a substantial 955 km² area in the Nam Con Son Basin. This block hosts two producing fields—Lan Tay and Lan Rosneft—where ONGC holds a 45% stake. The productive output from Block 6.1 was notable, with a reported 1.33 million tonnes of oil equivalent gas and condensate produced in the fiscal year 2020–21. The remaining stakes in the block are held by Russia’s Rosneft and Petrovietnam, demonstrating a collaborative venture across multiple nations.
ONGC's ambitions extended to other exploratory blocks as well, including Block-127 and Block-128 obtained in 2006. While ONGC relinquished its rights to Block-127 due to unfavorable geological assessments, it persisted with drilling activities in Block-128, a considerably larger deepwater area of 7,058 km² located in the Phu Khanh basin. In March 2008, Essar Exploration & Production also entered the scene with a stake in Block 114, spanning 5,925 km² in the Song Hong basin. Interestingly, during the award of these blocks, China did not raise any objections, indicating a potential underestimation of regional dynamics at that time.
However, the geopolitical landscape shifted dramatically when, in September 2011, China issued a stark warning to India regarding its cooperation with Vietnam in oil exploration, labeling such activities as "illegal and invalid." This stance was publicly articulated by the Chinese Foreign Ministry, emphasizing China's claim to "indisputable sovereignty" over the South China Sea. The confrontational rhetoric was further amplified by articles from China's state-run media, accusing India of adopting an "aggressive" posture in the region. In response, Indian officials firmly rejected China's claims, asserting that India's actions were compliant with international law and underscoring the importance of freedom of navigation in the contested waters.
Despite the threats from China, ONGC Videsh secured a three-year partnership with Petrovietnam in October 2011 to enhance cooperation within the oil sector, laying the foundation for new investments and establishing a comprehensive operational presence both in Vietnam and other regions. India's commitment to affirming Vietnam's sovereignty over its maritime claims was echoed by Indian officials, as they navigated the complexities of regional politics with a focus on strategic alliances. The fruitful collaboration resurfaced in July 2019, when Essar and Eni announced promising discoveries of natural gas and condensate in Block 114.
Vietnam's ongoing interest in strengthening its ties with India is reflected in ambassadorial statements about increasing investments, such as the anticipated scaling up of Essar's investment project to $11 billion. This potential investment would mark a significant milestone, allowing the project to become the largest single investment by an Indian entity in Vietnam. Although ONGC Videsh has yet to discover oil in Block-128, its persistence in seeking license extensions, the most recent being in September 2021, underscores India’s strategic interest in maneuvering within the South China Sea amid increasing Chinese assertiveness. Vietnam, recognizing the importance of maintaining an Indian presence in the region as a counterbalance to Chinese dominance, continues to facilitate these extensions, thereby enhancing their cooperative dynamic amid a complex geopolitical scenario.
Strategic Cooperation
India and Vietnam have fostered a robust partnership characterized by strategic cooperation, especially in the context of recent challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. The 17th Joint Commission Meeting, which took place virtually on 25 August 2020, exemplifies the adaptability of both nations in maintaining diplomatic engagements despite the global health crisis. Established in 2012, the India-Vietnam Joint Working Group on Educational Exchange aims to bolster educational ties, while the India-Vietnam Joint Sub-Commission on Trade, which was formed in November 2013, focuses on enhancing trade relations at a high level through the involvement of the Commerce Secretary. These initiatives are part of a broader commitment to deepening bilateral relations.
Furthermore, both India and Vietnam conduct an annual Security Dialogue at the Defence Secretary Level, highlighting their mutual interest in defense and security collaboration. In addition, the Joint Committee on Science and Technology serves as a platform for periodic exchanges to stimulate innovation and research collaborations between the two countries. The strategic dimension of their relationship is also reflected in their joint initiatives under the Mekong-Ganga Cooperation framework, which was established to enhance connectivity and relationships between India and Southeast Asian nations, further reinforcing regional solidarity.
Vietnam's endorsement of India's aspiration to secure a permanent seat on the U.N. Security Council and to participate in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) underscores a shared vision for a multipolar world order where both nations play pivotal roles. The 2003 joint declaration envisioned an "Arc of Advantage and Prosperity" in Southeast Asia, aiming to bolster economic growth and stability in the region. This relationship has been instrumental in fostering deeper engagement between India and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), with Vietnam supporting negotiations for an Indo-ASEAN free trade agreement to enhance economic ties further.
In terms of strategic partnerships, India and Vietnam have committed to extensive cooperation in several critical areas, including the development of nuclear power, which is vital for energy security and sustainable development. They have also collaboratively addressed regional security challenges, focusing on counter-terrorism, the prevention of transnational crime, and combating drug trafficking. Such cooperation not only strengthens bilateral relations but also contributes to broader regional stability, reflecting a shared commitment to peace and security in the Indo-Pacific region. As these two nations continue to work together, they are likely to play a crucial role in shaping the geopolitical landscape in Southeast Asia and beyond.
Strengthening Defence Ties
Since the turn of the millennium, India and Vietnam have established a solid foundation of defence cooperation, underscoring Vietnam's pivotal role as India's trusted ally in Southeast Asia. The call for a renewed political relationship by then Indian Defence Minister George Fernandes in January 2000 set the tone for a collaborative partnership that prioritizes maritime security in the South China Sea. With Vietnam’s strategic location, India has aimed to develop a naval presence in the region, leveraging access to vital naval facilities like the Cam Ranh Bay. This partnership has seen the Indian Navy actively engaging with its Vietnamese counterparts, fostering closer military relations and enhancing capabilities through joint exercises and training initiatives.
A significant facet of this relationship is India's commitment to support Vietnam’s defense modernization. The Indian Navy has trained over 550 Vietnamese submariners at INS Satavahana base for the operation of Kilo-class submarines, which Vietnam acquired from Russia. The strategic importance of sharing knowledge in submarine operations is paramount, given the growing maritime complexities in the region. Furthermore, India's provision of a $100 million line of credit in September 2014 facilitated Vietnam's acquisition of offshore patrol vessels, a crucial addition to its naval capabilities. Recent advancements include an offer from Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi of a new $500 million line of credit to bolster Vietnam's defense procurement, reflecting India's ongoing commitment to enhancing Vietnam's defense capabilities.
Strategic Initiatives and Technological Collaborations
Complementing traditional military cooperation, India and Vietnam have also ventured into advanced technological collaborations. In January 2016, India announced the establishment of a satellite tracking and imaging center near Ho Chi Minh City, an initiative funded by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). This $23 million facility bolsters Vietnam's intelligence gathering capabilities, providing access to real-time data from Indian satellites. The surveillance capabilities offered through this partnership are particularly relevant given the ongoing territorial disputes in the South China Sea, enhancing Vietnam's capacity to monitor developments in the region.
In addition, India and Vietnam's collaboration extends into peacekeeping and multinational stability operations, embodied by the agreement signed in 2016 to enhance cooperation in United Nations peacekeeping missions. The Indian Armed Forces have also sent training teams to Vietnam, strengthening military ties and enhancing skills necessary for contemporary defense operations. High-level diplomatic discussions, highlighted by meetings between officials from both sides, further exemplify the commitment to maintain open channels for strategic dialogue concerning regional security.
Maritime Exercises and Regional Cooperation
The Indian Navy's operational deployments in the South China Sea have showcased India's proactive approach to fostering maritime stability in collaboration with Vietnam. In August 2021, a task force from India's Eastern Fleet conducted extensive exercises with the Vietnamese Navy, marking an important milestone in naval interoperability. These exercises, which included surface warfare drills and weapon firing tests, are vital for enhancing mutual trust and operational readiness amid an evolving security landscape.
Moreover, increasing regional initiatives involving the Indian Navy and other Southeast Asian nations, including collaborative exercises with the Philippines, Singapore, and Indonesia, accentuate the importance of multilateral security frameworks in the Indo-Pacific. Both India and Vietnam are united in their opposition to unilateral actions in the contested waters of the South China Sea, recognizing the necessity for a coordinated approach to ensure peace and stability in a region that remains sensitive to geopolitical tensions.
In summary, India-Vietnam defence relations have evolved into a robust partnership characterized by strategic alignment, technological collaboration, and strong diplomatic ties. With both countries focused on regional security, their cooperation is poised to play a crucial role in addressing the challenges posed by changing dynamics in the South China Sea and beyond.
Development Assistance Overview
India's commitment to assisting Vietnam's development has been a cornerstone of their bilateral relations since 1976. Through the provision of lines of credit (LoC) on concessional terms, India has facilitated various development projects aimed at bolstering Vietnam's infrastructure and capabilities. Over a span of four decades, specifically between 1976 and 2016, the Indian government extended a total of 18 lines of credit, amounting to an impressive $364.5 million. This substantial financial support underscores India’s strategic partnership with Vietnam and its focus on fostering economic growth and cooperation.
Recent Lines of Credit
Among the notable projects funded through these lines of credit is the 16th LoC, which allocated $45 million for the Nam Chien hydropower project. This initiative, completed by Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) in January 2013, is a testimony to India's expertise in renewable energy and its commitment to sustainable development. Following this, the 17th LoC of $19.5 million was directed towards the construction of the Nam Trai-IV Hydropower project and the Binh Bo pumping station, with the contract signed on 11 July 2013. Although the Binh Bo project was successfully completed by Kirloskar, the Nam Trai-IV project faced challenges, experiencing a lack of bidders despite the funding.
Strengthening Defence Ties
In addition to the focus on infrastructural development, India has also recognized the importance of lending support for defense procurement in Vietnam. The 18th LoC, worth $100 million and announced on 15 September 2014, was specifically aimed at enhancing Vietnam's defense capabilities. This funding enabled the Vietnam Border Guard to acquire 12 offshore patrol vessels manufactured by Larsen & Toubro (L&T). Such initiatives not only aim to bolster Vietnam's maritime security but also reflect India's role in promoting the strategic interests of its partners in the Indo-Pacific region.
Broader Implications
The economic and defense cooperation encapsulated in these lines of credit signifies a deeper, multifaceted relationship between India and Vietnam. As both nations navigate an increasingly complex geopolitical landscape, particularly with the influence of regional powers in mind, their partnership is poised to grow in importance. India's development assistance embodies its long-term commitment to supporting Vietnam’s aspirations, contributing not only to local economic development but also to regional stability and security in Southeast Asia. This evolving friendship between the two nations highlights the potential for enhanced collaboration in various sectors, further strengthening their bond in the years to come.
Humanitarian aid and other assistance represent a vital aspect of India-Vietnam relations, marked by cooperation across multiple frameworks including ASEAN and the Mekong Ganga Cooperation (MGC). As part of its commitment to MGC, India has pledged to contribute $1 million annually to a Revolving Fund dedicated to financing Quick Impact Projects (QIPs) in Vietnam. These QIPs, each typically valued at around $50,000, focus on swiftly enhancing community infrastructure, thus providing immediate benefits to local populations. Since 2017, India has successfully completed 18 of these projects across 17 provinces in Vietnam, with an additional eight projects in the pipeline during the 2020-21 fiscal year.
In its quest to enhance educational collaboration, India has made significant investments in various training centers and institutes in Vietnam. Notably, the India-Vietnam Centre for English Language & IT Training was established at the Technical University in Nha Trang, while the Vietnam-India Entrepreneurship Development Centre began operations in Hanoi in 2006. Furthermore, the Vietnam-India Center for English Language Training opened in Danang in 2007. To further bolster technological expertise, India established the Advanced Resource Centre in Information and Communications Technology (ARC-ICT) in Hanoi, an initiative that cost $2 million and is managed by the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (CDAC). This center plays a crucial role in training students and government officials in various technical fields, including e-governance, web design, and GIS applications. Adding to its technological contributions, India gifted Vietnam a PARAM supercomputer in November 2013, installed at the Hanoi University of Science and Technology, demonstrating India's commitment to enhancing Vietnam's technological landscape.
Beyond education and technology, India has also collaborated with the IBSA (India, Brazil, South Africa) grouping to fund valuable projects in Vietnam, such as a rice seed improvement initiative in Danang, completed in 2014, and a medical training program at Haiphong Medical University inaugurated in 2015. Moreover, through the Initiative for ASEAN Integration, the Indian government has sponsored the construction of multiple primary and kindergarten schools as well as hostels aimed at supporting children in remote Vietnamese areas. Humanitarian efforts also extend to healthcare, where the Embassy of India implemented artificial limb fitment camps across four provinces, assisting approximately 1,000 Vietnamese individuals in 2018-19. The Indian Navy has been proactive in providing humanitarian aid as well, exemplified by the arrival of INS Kiltan in Ho Chi Minh City in December 2020, delivering 15 tonnes of relief supplies to flood-affected areas in central Vietnam.
The bond between the two nations has been particularly evident during the COVID-19 pandemic. In May 2021, Vietnam extended its support to India by sending $1.5 million worth of medical supplies, including ventilators and oxygen generators, amidst India's dire need for assistance. The first shipment, comprised of 109 ventilators and 50 oxygen generators, was delivered to Indira Gandhi International Airport, while a second shipment included a substantial quantity of ventilators, oxygen generators, cylinders, and protective masks, facilitated by the Indian Navy. Additionally, the Buddhist Sangha of Vietnam played a commendable role in fundraising, contributing medical supplies valued at approximately $695,335. The Indian Navy's INS Airavat further exemplified this cooperative spirit when it reached Ho Chi Minh City in August 2021, delivering 100 metric tons of liquid medical oxygen and 300 oxygen concentrators to support Vietnam's fight against COVID-19, showcasing the deepening humanitarian ties between the two nations during challenging times.
Cultural Relations
India and Vietnam have long enjoyed a rich tapestry of cultural relations, which formally began with the signing of a cultural agreement in 1976. This agreement marked the beginning of a collaborative effort to foster mutual understanding and appreciation of each other's cultures. The establishment of the Swami Vivekananda Indian Cultural Centre in Hanoi in September 2016 is one such significant endeavor. This center was formally inaugurated on April 20, 2017, by Indian Minister of State for External Affairs V.K. Singh and Vietnam's Deputy Minister of Culture, Sports and Tourism. It serves as a platform for promoting Indian culture and heritage while fostering educational and cultural exchanges between the two nations.
In addition to the cultural center, several institutes dedicated to Indian studies have been established in Vietnam. The Institute of Indian and South-West Asian Studies, inaugurated on January 7, 2012, under the Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences, is a key institution for academic research. Furthermore, the Centre for Indian Studies launched at the Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics in September 2014, following an inauguration by Indian President Pranab Mukherjee, is instrumental in enhancing the study of Indian political and cultural dynamics in Vietnam. Notably, the Department of Southeast Asian Studies at the University of Social Sciences and Humanities includes a section on Indian Studies, reflecting the interest in Indian philosophy and culture among Vietnamese scholars.
Youth exchanges are another cornerstone of India-Vietnam cultural relations. A Memorandum of Understanding for cooperation in youth affairs was signed between the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports of India and the Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Union of Vietnam in September 2014. This initiative has led to regular visits between youth delegations since 2017, fostering friendships and understanding between the younger generations of both countries. The first delegation of Vietnamese youth visited India from March 27 to April 5, 2017, shortly followed by an Indian youth group visiting Vietnam later that year.
The vibrant cultural exchanges also find expression through events like the "Festival of India," which took place across major Vietnamese cities in March 2014. This festival featured a mix of Indian classical dance, Buddhist celebrations, culinary showcases, and folk dances, greatly enriching the cultural landscape of Vietnam. An ongoing highlight has been the observance of the International Day of Yoga since June 21, 2015, which has drawn participation from thousands of Vietnamese citizens including government officials, showcasing the popularity of yoga as a crucial aspect of Indian culture.
The film industry has further strengthened ties with the first Indian film festival in Vietnam, held from December 12 to 23, 2015. This event, which showcased eight Hindi films subtitled in Vietnamese, attracted enthusiasm from local audiences and industry professionals. India’s involvement in the 2016 Hanoi International Film Festival underscored this cultural exchange, featuring discussions on Indian cinema with notable figures from both nations.
Overall, the deepening cultural relations between India and Vietnam are indicative of a growing partnership and mutual respect. With initiatives targeting educational collaboration and cultural promotion in place, and the fond admiration expressed by foreign dignitaries such as former Indian Defence Minister George Fernandes, who lauded the resilience and spirit of the Vietnamese people, the two nations continue to build a stronger, shared identity that transcends borders.
Tourism Growth and Exchanges
In 2019, tourism relations between India and Vietnam saw significant growth, with approximately 169,000 Indians visiting Vietnam while over 31,000 Vietnamese traveled to India. This marked an impressive increase of 28% for Indian tourists and 32% for Vietnamese visitors compared to the previous year. One of the prime attractions for Vietnamese tourists is India's spiritual heritage, particularly its renowned Buddhist sites. Notably, the Mahabodhi Temple in Bodh Gaya stands out as a pilgrimage destination, revered as the place where Lord Buddha attained enlightenment. Such historical and spiritual links play a vital role in fostering a robust tourism connection between the two nations.
To facilitate this growing interest in travel, the governments of India and Vietnam have made significant strides in easing visa processes and improving connectivity. India introduced an e-visa facility for Vietnamese nationals in November 2014, and Vietnam followed suit by offering e-visas to Indian citizens in December 2017. This reciprocal arrangement has greatly simplified the travel process, encouraging more tourists to explore each other's countries. Moreover, the launch of scheduled non-stop direct flights in October 2019 marked a pivotal moment for bilateral tourism. Indian low-cost airline IndiGo initiated daily services connecting Kolkata with both Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, while Vietjet Air commenced flights from both Vietnamese cities to New Delhi later that year. These direct flight options address previous barriers such as long travel times and high costs, making it easier for both Indian and Vietnamese travelers to explore each other's cultures and landscapes.
The ASEAN-India Year of Tourism in 2019 further underpinned the importance of tourism in strengthening bilateral ties. India’s Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Tourism, K. J. Alphonse, represented India at various tourism-focused events in Vietnam, including the 7th meeting of the ASEAN-India Tourism Ministers and the ASEAN Tourism Forum held in Ha Long City. To intensify tourism exchanges, the Indian Embassy in Vietnam organized two Tourism Roadshows in January and August of the same year, followed by a third roadshow held by the Consulate General of India in Ho Chi Minh City in November. These initiatives not only aimed to promote Indian tourism in Vietnam but also sought to highlight Vietnam’s diverse attractions, further enriching the cultural and tourist interplay between the two countries.
As both nations continue to enhance their tourism infrastructure and promote mutual interests, the outlook for future tourist exchanges remains positive. With both countries rich in cultural heritage and diverse landscapes, the potential for growth in tourism between India and Vietnam is substantial, aligning with broader regional efforts to encourage travel and tourism as pivotal components of economic development.
Anniversaries
The year 2012 was a significant milestone for India and Vietnam, as it marked the 40th anniversary of their diplomatic relations and the 20th anniversary of India's partnership with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). To celebrate this important occasion, both nations declared 2012 as the "Year of Friendship between India and Vietnam." A variety of events were organized to foster deeper cultural connections and enhance mutual understanding between the two countries. These events included seminars, business gatherings, performances by cultural troupes, a film festival, a culinary week featuring exquisite cuisine from both nations, and art exhibitions. An international conference on "Cham Civilisational Linkages between India and Vietnam" was held in June 2012 in Danang, sponsored by the Embassy of India in Hanoi and the Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR). Additionally, INS Sudarshini, an Indian naval ship, made a goodwill visit to Danang at the end of 2012, further enhancing the cultural and diplomatic ties between India and Vietnam.
On August 28, 2016, an exhibition titled "India & Vietnam for Peace and Development" was inaugurated at the War Remnant Museum in Ho Chi Minh City. This exhibition celebrated several historical milestones, including the 125th birth anniversary of Ho Chi Minh, the 40th anniversary of Vietnam's reunification, the 70th anniversary of Vietnam's Declaration of Independence, and the 43rd anniversary of full diplomatic relations between India and Vietnam. Such initiatives highlight the deep historical and cultural ties between the two nations.
In 2017, India and Vietnam commemorated the 45th anniversary of their diplomatic relations and the 10th anniversary of their Strategic Partnership by declaring the year as a "Year of Friendship." This occasion was marked by a wealth of cultural festivities, including food festivals, art exhibitions, and academic conferences aimed at further solidifying bilateral relations. Of particular note was the "Buddhist Festival - Days of India," which took place in Tay Thien, Tam Dao District, Vinh Phuc Province, organized by the Buddhist Sangha of Vietnam, the Vietnam-India Friendship Association (VIFA), and the Indian Embassy. This four-day celebration was inaugurated on March 16, 2017, by the Vietnamese Minister of Information and Communication, Ha Ngoc Chien. Notably, this event included a delegation of 200 monks and nuns from Ladakh and Darjeeling, led by Gyalwang Drukpa Jigme Pema Wangchen. The festival underscored the spiritual and cultural bonds between the two nations, showcasing how Buddhism serves as a bridge between their peoples.
Overall, the celebrations of these anniversaries underscore the enduring relationship between India and Vietnam, rooted in shared values and cultural heritage. The commitment of both countries to commemorate their history through varied cultural exchanges reflects their desire to further strengthen ties in the realms of politics, economics, and culture for the benefit of both nations.
Indians in Vietnam
As of June 2021, the Indian community in Vietnam is estimated to consist of around 5,500 individuals, showcasing a growing presence in the Southeast Asian country. The majority of this community is concentrated in Ho Chi Minh City, which serves as a vibrant hub for Indian expatriates. Here, many Indians have established themselves in various sectors, notably holding senior positions within multinational companies and international organizations, reflecting their skills and contributions to the local economy.
The Indian Business Chamber (INCHAM) plays a significant role in facilitating the interests of the Indian community in Vietnam. Established as an organization recognized by the Government of Vietnam, INCHAM not only serves to represent Indian business interests but also fosters collaboration between Indian and Vietnamese enterprises. Through its activities, INCHAM helps create opportunities for networking, investment, and trade, promoting a better understanding of both cultures.
In addition to business interests, Indians in Vietnam engage in various cultural and social activities, contributing to a rich tapestry of multiculturalism within the country. The presence of Indian restaurants, cultural festivals, and community events further exemplifies the integration of Indian culture into Vietnamese society. Educational exchanges and collaborations between India and Vietnam also contribute to strengthening ties, as both nations share a commitment to enhancing bilateral relations. The Indian diaspora's role in Vietnam underscores the significance of cross-cultural interactions in today's globalized world, highlighting the potential for deeper economic and social engagement between the two nations.