Historical Context
The island of Sri Lanka has a rich and complex history that reflects its evolution from ancient kingdoms to a modern independent state. Before succumbing to the influences of European colonial powers, Sri Lanka was characterized by its numerous kingdoms, primarily dominated by the Sinhalese and Tamils. These factions often vied for control, leading to incessant conflicts not only among themselves but also against South Indian invaders who sought to expand their territories.
Colonial Era
The arrival of European colonial powers, including the Portuguese, Dutch, and eventually the British, marked a significant turning point in Sri Lanka's history. The Portuguese were the first Europeans to establish a foothold in the early 1500s, primarily focusing on trade and converting the local population to Christianity. In the 17th century, the Dutch took control of coastal regions, only for the British to seize control in the late 18th century, ultimately making Sri Lanka a crown colony by 1815. This colonial rule significantly altered the socio-political landscape of the island, impacting its native governance structures and leading to significant economic and cultural changes.
Path to Independence
The struggle for independence began to gain momentum in the early 20th century, fueled by rising nationalism among the Sinhalese and Tamil populations. Key political figures emerged, advocating for greater autonomy and rights for the local populace. The demand for independence gained substantial support during World War II as local sentiments against colonial rule heightened. Finally, after years of negotiations and growing unrest, Sri Lanka, known as Ceylon at the time, achieved independence from British rule on February 4, 1948. This pivotal moment marked the beginning of a new era for Sri Lanka, allowing it to chart its own course as a sovereign nation while grappling with the legacies of its colonial past.
Modern Implications
Since independence, Sri Lanka has both celebrated and confronted the complexities of its history. The post-colonial period has been marked by significant challenges, including ethnic tensions and a brutal civil war that erupted in 1983 between the government and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). This conflict, which lasted over 25 years, deeply affected the nation's social fabric and international relations. Today, Sri Lanka continues to navigate its diverse cultural identity while fostering economic and diplomatic ties, including with neighboring India, which remains a crucial partner in various sectors, including trade, security, and cultural exchange. The historical backdrop of conflicts with South Indian dynasties adds layers to the intricate relationship between Sri Lanka and India, as both countries share cultural, linguistic, and historical bonds that continue to influence their bilateral relations in contemporary times.
Introduction of Buddhism to Sri Lanka
The historical connections between India and Sri Lanka date back to ancient times, with Buddhism being introduced to the island in the 4th century BCE. As per traditional Sri Lankan chronicles, notably the Dipavamsa, this significant cultural and religious transition occurred when Venerable Mahinda, the son of the Indian Emperor Ashoka, arrived in Sri Lanka during the reign of King Devanampiya Tissa. This pivotal moment in history was marked by the arrival of a sapling from the revered Bodhi Tree in Bodh Gaya, which is associated with the enlightenment of the Buddha. Subsequently, this led to the establishment of the first monasteries and Buddhist monuments on the island, such as the Isurumuni-vihaara and Vessagiri-vihaara, which remain vital centers of worship to this day. Mahinda’s contributions included not only these monuments but also various structures aimed at supporting the burgeoning Buddhist community, including the Pathamaka-cetiya and others.
Continuity of Buddhist Tradition
Sri Lanka boasts the longest uninterrupted history of Buddhism of any nation. This is largely attributed to the unbroken lineage of the Sangha since its introduction. Despite various challenges, including periods of decline and external influences, the Theravada Buddhist tradition has managed to persevere. The Sri Lankan monastic lineage was rejuvenated through collaborations with other Buddhist cultures such as Myanmar and Thailand, which provided necessary guidance and support during challenging times. Moreover, there were episodes of Mahayana influence and the neglect of Theravada institutions during colonial rule. Nevertheless, these difficulties were met with resilience, leading to numerous revivals, particularly in the 19th century, allowing Sri Lanka to maintain the Theravada heritage for over 2,600 years.
Tamil Influence and Hinduism
In parallel to the flourishing Buddhist tradition, the Tamils in Sri Lanka established strong links with Hinduism and the Tamil language, distinguishing their cultural identity. Temples such as the Nainativu Nagapooshani Amman Temple are noted as one of the Shakthi Peethams, revered in Hindu belief. Additionally, sites such as Koneswaram and Ketheeswaram are recognized as Paadal Petra Sthalangal, signifying their importance in the Hindu faith. This confluence of Buddhism and Hinduism has contributed to a rich cultural tapestry in Sri Lanka. The interaction between these two major religions has facilitated a shared heritage that continues to influence the social and cultural dynamics of the island today.
This intertwining of religious traditions highlights not just the historical connections between India and Sri Lanka but also showcases how these links have evolved over centuries into the vibrant and complex multi-religious society present in Sri Lanka today.
Background of Indian Intervention
The Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan civil war of the 1980s was a complex response to various geopolitical and humanitarian factors. Initially, during the 1970s and 1980s, private entities and certain elements within India's Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), along with Maharashtra's Tamil Nadu government, were reportedly involved in supporting the insurgent group Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). As the conflict escalated, the influx of Tamil refugees into India and the discontent among India's Tamil population necessitated a direct response from the Indian state. In 1987, after the Sri Lankan government adopted an aggressive military strategy in the northern Jaffna region, India intervened by providing essential food and medical supplies, marking its first direct involvement in the conflict.
As diplomatic efforts unfolded, India and Sri Lanka reached the Indo-Sri Lankan Accord, also known as the 13th Amendment, which aimed to establish a form of regional autonomy for Tamil areas. The agreement resulted in the formation of a regional council for the Tamil-dominated regions, with the Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front (EPRLF) appointed to manage the council. A critical component of the arrangement involved the disarmament of Tamil militant groups. India committed to deploying a peacekeeping force, the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF), to oversee this disarmament and maintain order. The accord, however, was not embraced by all factions within Sri Lanka, with the LTTE openly rejecting it due to their opposition to the EPRLF's control over key administrative positions.
Threats Perceived by India
According to renowned scholar Rejaul Karim Laskar, Indian intervention became crucial as the Sri Lankan civil war posed a dual threat to India's national integrity. Firstly, the possibility that external powers could capitalize on the conflict to establish military bases in Sri Lanka presented a national security concern. Secondly, the LTTE's ambition to create a sovereign Tamil Eelam, potentially encompassing Tamil-inhabited regions across both Sri Lanka and India, posed a significant challenge to India's territorial integrity. As the situation degenerated, the apprehension within the Indian administration heightened, prompting decisive action in the form of the IPKF's deployment.
While the Sri Lankan government and India entered into the peace accord, the absence of LTTE approval led to continued hostilities. The LTTE, disputing the appointment of replacement candidates by the Indian authorities, maintained a firm stance against disarmament. The rejection of LTTE proposals for leadership roles instigated an armed conflict, culminating in violent encounters between the LTTE and Indian forces. The situation escalated dramatically with the LTTE's attack on an Indian Army rations truck in October 1987, resulting in the deaths of Indian soldiers and signaling a shift toward military engagement.
Military Engagement and Consequences
The conflict rapidly intensified as the Indian Army undertook various operations against the LTTE, most notably Operation Pawan, which aimed to reclaim the Jaffna peninsula from the insurgents. During the escalation of hostilities, the Sri Lankan President, Ranasinghe Premadasa, began to covertly support the LTTE, further complicating the dynamics of the conflict. Allegations of human rights violations against the IPKF arose, particularly surrounding incidents such as the Jaffna teaching hospital massacre, wherein numerous civilians lost their lives. These actions significantly tarnished the image of the IPKF and resulted in widespread resentment among Sri Lankans, particularly within the Tamil community, leading to a growing perception of India as an aggressor rather than a peacekeeper.
The presence of the IPKF in Sri Lanka became increasingly unpopular, further fueled by rising nationalism among the Sri Lankans. As public protests erupted, the newly elected President Premadasa insisted on the withdrawal of Indian troops, a demand that materialized by March 1990. The assassination of Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi by the LTTE in May 1991 marked a dramatic collapse in relations between India and the Tamil insurgents. Following this event, India officially designated the LTTE as a terrorist organization in 1992, and the trajectory of bilateral relations shifted noticeably towards cautious engagement in the following years.
Strained Bilateral Relations
In the aftermath of the civil war, India adopted a cautious stance, supporting efforts for peace in Sri Lanka while resisting renewed military involvement. The conflict prompted a recalibration of India's foreign policy approach, particularly with regard to Sri Lanka. Concurrently, India expressed concern over Pakistan's military involvement in the Sri Lankan conflict, alleging that it supplied fundamental weaponry to the Sri Lankan government, thereby escalating the violence rather than promoting reconciliation. As the 1990s progressed, India prioritized diplomatic channels and developmental support to foster stability in Sri Lanka, marking a transition away from direct military engagement. The complex history of Indian involvement in the Sri Lankan civil war remains a significant chapter in the annals of South Asian geopolitics, shaping the dynamics between India, Sri Lanka, and the broader regional actors involved.
Support during COVID-19 and Sri Lankan Economic Crisis
In response to the severe financial and economic turmoil facing Sri Lanka, India has stepped in with significant support amounting to USD 3.8 billion. This aid aligns with India's 'neighbourhood first' policy, which prioritizes the welfare and stability of its neighboring countries. As part of this assistance, India entered into an agreement to deliver USD 700 million worth of petroleum through a designated Line of Credit, which aims to address the immediate energy needs of the island nation. Additionally, the EXIM Bank and State Bank of India have facilitated export credit worth USD 1.5 billion for the importation of essential commodities, ensuring that Sri Lanka can sustain its population during this crisis. Furthermore, India has signed a crucial agreement for USD 400 million to bolster Sri Lanka’s foreign exchange reserves, reflecting a commitment to economic stability in the region. To improve public transport infrastructure, India also provided 500 buses, thereby enhancing connectivity within the country.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, India's support was instrumental in combating the health crisis in Sri Lanka. India donated 500,000 doses of vaccines under grant assistance, helping to protect the population from the virus. In a concerted effort to strengthen healthcare facilities, India also dispatched 150 tonnes of oxygen to Sri Lanka, especially during the peak of the third wave of infections. This humanitarian gesture not only showcased India’s commitment to its regional partners but also highlighted the solidarity shared between the two nations during challenging times.
The collaborative spirit continued with the meeting in July 2023 between Sri Lankan President Ranil Wickremesinghe and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi. This meeting underscored their mutual vision for enhancing an economic partnership through stronger maritime, air, and energy networks. They agreed to expedite cooperation in critical sectors such as tourism, power, trade, higher education, and skill development. Notably, discussions included plans to interconnect their electricity grids and explore the feasibility of a petroleum pipeline and a land bridge, initiatives that could significantly enhance bilateral trade and transportation. Additionally, the leaders expressed their intent to revisit negotiations for a more expansive Economic and Technological Trade Agreement, aiming to provide a structured framework for continued economic interaction. India's endorsement of Sri Lanka's debt restructuring proposal to international lenders is also noteworthy, reflecting India’s investment in the long-term economic health of its neighbor, especially considering Sri Lanka's debt to India amounts to around USD 1 billion.
In a more recent development in September 2023, Sri Lanka's Foreign Minister Ali Sabry voiced his support for India amidst its rising diplomatic tensions with Canada. By accusing Canada of serving as a "safe haven for terrorists," Sabry emphasized the importance of respecting the sovereignty of nations, advising Prime Minister Justin Trudeau against interfering in India's internal affairs. This statement not only strengthens the bilateral relationship between India and Sri Lanka but also highlights Sri Lanka's increasing alignment with India on regional and international issues, striking a balance in its foreign relations.
Cultural Connections
India and Sri Lanka enjoy deep-rooted cultural connections that stem from shared racial and historical ties. The Sinhalese, who represent about 75% of Sri Lanka's population, trace their ancestry to Indo-Aryan settlers from Northern India. These settlers are believed to have begun migrating to the island around 543 BCE to 243 BCE, bringing with them their languages, traditions, and religious practices. Over centuries, the Sinhalese have cultivated a rich cultural tapestry that includes elements of Buddhism, which became the dominant religion in the country.
On the other hand, the Tamil ethnic group, comprising approximately 26% of the population, has its own unique origins and cultural heritage. The majority of Tamils in Sri Lanka can be categorized as either Indian Tamils or Sri Lankan Moors, both of which have distinct histories but share Dravidian roots. The migration of Dravidian groups to Sri Lanka is believed to have occurred around 300 BCE. Their cultural practices, languages, and religious beliefs are deeply intertwined with those of South India, where Tamil Nadu serves as a significant cultural and linguistic counterpart.
The intermingling of these two major ethnic groups has further enriched Sri Lanka's cultural landscape. Festivals, music, dance, and culinary traditions are a blend of Sinhalese and Tamil influences, creating a vibrant cultural milieu. This shared heritage is evident in national celebrations, art forms, and day-to-day life, where both Sinhalese and Tamil languages coexist and are often utilized in various domains, including education and governance.
Additionally, the historical ties between India and Sri Lanka extend beyond mere demographics. For centuries, both countries have engaged in cultural exchange through trade, art, and religious influences, with Buddhism from India playing a crucial role in shaping Sri Lanka's identity. The relationship between these two nations continues to evolve, with cultural diplomacy enhancing mutual understanding and fostering stronger bilateral ties in contemporary times.
Commercial Relationships
India and Sri Lanka share a robust commercial relationship, facilitated by their membership in various regional and multilateral organizations such as the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC). These platforms aim to enhance cultural understanding and commercial ties among member nations. The bilateral free trade agreement established in 2000 has been a significant catalyst for this growth, leading to a remarkable 128% increase in trade by 2004 and a quadrupling by 2006, with total trade eventually reaching US$2.6 billion.
From 2000 to 2004, the trade figures further demonstrated India’s dominance in the market, with Indian exports to Sri Lanka jumping from US$618 million to US$1.3 billion—a 113% increase. Conversely, Sri Lankan exports to India skyrocketed by 342%, growing from US$44 million to $194 million during the same period. Currently, Indian exports comprise about 14% of Sri Lanka's global imports, making India the fifth largest destination for Sri Lankan goods, with exports to India accounting for 3.6% of the country's total exports. Furthermore, both nations are also signatories to the South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA), promoting trade liberalization among South Asian countries.
Efforts to strengthen these commercial ties are ongoing, with negotiations aimed at expanding their free trade agreement to promote greater corporate investment and joint ventures across diverse industries. The year 2010 has been forecasted as a potential landmark year for these bilateral trade relations, as Sri Lanka’s exports to India witnessed a significant increase of 45% within the first seven months alone.
Infrastructure projects have also played a key role in bolstering economic ties. The National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) of India is set to construct a 500 MW thermal power plant in Sampoor, which is expected to elevate the Indo-Sri Lankan relationship to new heights. This initiative not only underscores India’s pivotal role as Sri Lanka's primary trading partner but also highlights the reciprocal growth of trade. Additionally, the acceptance of the Indian Rupee for trade settlement is providing further momentum to Sri Lanka's economy, contributing to its recovery and overall development. These ongoing initiatives are crucial for fostering long-term economic collaboration between the two nations.
Fishing Disputes
The fishing disputes between India and Sri Lanka have led to significant tensions over the years, primarily centered around the Palk Strait, a narrow body of water that separates the two countries by just 12 nautical miles (approximately 22 kilometers). Allegations have surfaced regarding incidents where Sri Lankan Navy personnel have fired upon Indian fishermen, bringing attention to the plight of local fishermen on both sides. Indian fishermen, utilizing mechanized trawlers, have been accused of depriving Sri Lankan fishermen, particularly those from the Tamil community, of their catch while also causing damage to their fishing vessels. The Sri Lankan government has expressed a strong desire for India to impose a ban on the use of these trawlers in the region, although discussions have primarily revolved around regulations rather than outright prohibitions.
Negotiations concerning this matter have been ongoing, yet no definitive agreement has emerged. The Sri Lankan government’s apprehensions extend beyond economic impacts; they are also rooted in environmental concerns. The mechanized trawling method is perceived as ecologically damaging, which has fueled frustrations among local fishermen who rely on traditional fishing methods for their livelihoods. In an effort to address the multifaceted nature of this issue, a Joint Working Group (JWG) has been established to specifically tackle challenges associated with Indian fishermen straying into Sri Lankan waters, focusing on preventing the use of force against them, facilitating the return of confiscated boats, and exploring bilateral arrangements for licensed fishing.
The situation escalated on several occasions, with India officially protesting against the actions of the Sri Lankan Navy in January 2011. That year marked a particularly tragic chapter, with reports indicating that over 730 Indian fishermen had lost their lives due to violence linked to the Sri Lankan Navy over the past 30 years. This persistent violence has been met with growing criticism from Tamil Nadu politicians and activists who have condemned the Indian government for what they perceive as a lack of adequate response and protection for Tamil fishermen. The contentious feelings stem further from the broader political context where certain leaders have openly criticized the federal government's strategy of providing training and strategic cooperation to the Sri Lankan Navy, which some constituents believe contributes to the ongoing violence.
Compounding the tensions, in 2014, Sri Lanka announced capital punishment for Indian fishermen suspected of engaging in smuggling or drug-related activities. This move drew widespread condemnation and calls for the revocation of such harsh penalties from activists and concerned citizens from both nations, advocating instead for stronger regional cooperation and humane practices concerning criminal justice. In March 2015, Sri Lankan Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe made controversial remarks suggesting that Indian fishermen violating maritime boundaries could be shot, inciting outrage among civil rights activists and further straining diplomatic relations. The Indian External Affairs Minister subsequently raised this issue with her Sri Lankan counterpart, while public appeals emphasized the urgent need for both governments to resolve the issue amicably and avoid incendiary rhetoric.
In a notable development during October 2021, Sri Lankan fishermen, alongside Tamil political entities, organized a protest at sea, expressing frustration over the government’s inability to curb poaching by Indian fishermen. This event highlighted the ongoing struggle faced by Sri Lankan fishermen in protecting their maritime rights and underscored the complex interplay of local grievances, international relations, and environmental considerations that define the challenges associated with this critical issue. As both nations continue to navigate these turbulent waters, the path forward remains fraught with the necessity for diplomatic engagement and mutual understanding.
Development Co-operation in India-Sri Lanka Relations
India plays a pivotal role in the development cooperation with Sri Lanka, actively engaging in various sectors aimed at enhancing economic and social welfare in the island nation. Approximately one-sixth of the total development credit provided by India is allocated specifically to Sri Lanka, indicating a strong commitment to fostering bilateral relations through developmental initiatives. In recent years, India has extended several significant lines of credit to Sri Lanka, including US$100 million designated for capital goods, consumer durables, consultancy services, and food items. Additionally, a US$31 million line was provided for the supply of 300,000 MT of wheat, alongside a US$150 million credit for the purchase of petroleum products. All these credits have been fully utilized, and a new line of credit amounting to US$100 million is currently being made available for the rehabilitation of the crucial Colombo-Matara railway.
Under the Aid to Sri Lanka funds, numerous development projects are implemented, with a notable budget allocation of Rs 28.2 crores in the 2006-07 fiscal year. A memorandum of understanding has been established to promote cooperation in small development projects, which currently include initiatives such as supplying fishing equipment to fishermen in Eastern Sri Lanka and integrating solar energy into computer education for 25 rural schools in the region. In addition to these efforts, India has also provided critical medical support, supplying advanced medical equipment to hospitals in Hambantota and Point Pedro. This assistance has extended to providing four state-of-the-art ambulances to the Central Province and implementing a cataract eye surgery program that benefited 1,500 individuals.
Further health-related projects are in the pipeline, including plans for constructing a 150-bed hospital in Dickoya, upgrading the Trincomalee hospital, and allocating a grant of US$7.5 million to establish a cancer hospital in Colombo. Additionally, India's support to the Ceylon Workers Education Trust exemplifies its commitment to the welfare of workers' families, offering scholarships for the children of estate workers. Beyond health and education, India has also invested in capacity building for Sri Lankan law enforcement, with a training program initiated for 465 Sri Lankan police officers in December 2005, which also encompasses a course for maintaining public order for another 400 personnel.
The collaboration extends beyond developmental aid to promoting tourism based on shared cultural and religious ties. Initiatives to enhance tourism have garnered attention, such as the plan articulated by Madhya Pradesh Chief Minister Shivraj Chauhan in June 2013 to construct a temple dedicated to the Hindu deity Sita in Nuwara Eliya, in cooperation with Sri Lankan authorities. Moreover, reflecting the strengthening bilateral ties, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced a significant investment of $400 million in infrastructure projects in Sri Lanka during a meeting with President Gotabaya Rajapaksa in November 2019. Despite the proximity of the two countries, the only land border shared by India and Sri Lanka is at Talaimannar, located on a sand dune of the mythologically significant Ram Sethu, underscoring both the geographical and cultural links that bind them.
Shared Tourism
The relationship between India and Sri Lanka has been significantly shaped by the tourism sector, which has shown both promise and challenges. Historically, ferry services designed to facilitate tourist transportation between the two nations have been introduced and subsequently suspended multiple times, primarily due to low passenger usage. This low patronage can be attributed in part to the high costs associated with past ferry services, which deterred potential travelers. Currently, air travel remains the sole means for tourists to journey from Sri Lanka to India, minimizing ease of access.
Recent initiatives indicate a renewed focus on reviving ferry services, which could enhance tourism flow between the two countries. In 2019, negotiations commenced regarding ferry operations connecting Colombo and Tuticorin, as well as Talaimannar and Rameshwaram. Additionally, there are plans to establish a cruise/ferry route linking Colombo with Kochi in Kerala. These developments highlight a cooperative effort between the Indian and Sri Lankan governments to bolster connectivity and encourage bilateral tourism.
The Sri Lankan Minister of Tourism Development, John Amaratunga, has articulated the potential benefits of a ferry service, underscoring that such a mode of transport could offer travelers a cost-effective alternative to air travel. This aligns with India’s broader strategic interests in increasing investments within Sri Lanka, particularly targeting key sectors such as energy, tourism, and infrastructure. By enhancing tourism-related infrastructure, both nations stand to gain economically, as well as cultivate goodwill and strengthen cultural ties, ultimately fostering a more interconnected relationship.
Overall, while past ferry services faced challenges, the renewed negotiations and proposed routes reflect a hopeful outlook for cross-border tourism. Improved transportation links could not only simplify access for travelers but also bolster local economies and promote cultural exchange. As both countries continue to collaborate on tourism initiatives, the potential for growth in this sector remains significant, paving the way for a more vibrant and lucrative tourism experience for visitors from both India and Sri Lanka.
Security Cooperation
In a significant development in India-Sri Lanka relations, the two countries signed an agreement to facilitate the transfer of criminals serving prison sentences in each other’s territories. This agreement allows individuals convicted in one country to be repatriated to serve the remainder of their sentences in their home country, thereby promoting judicial cooperation and reducing the burden on foreign prison systems. Since the implementation of this agreement, several sentenced individuals from the Indian states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu have successfully been transferred from Sri Lanka to India.
Despite the challenges posed by geopolitical and domestic factors, the relationship between India and Sri Lanka has maintained a foundation of friendly ties, significantly bolstered by people-to-people contacts. Cultural exchanges, educational collaborations, and mutual travel foster a deep-rooted connection between the citizens of the two nations. Notable figures, such as A. T. Ariyaratne, have played a considerable role in nurturing this bond, advocating non-violence and emphasizing community service based on Gandhian principles. His efforts have not only contributed to societal reform in Sri Lanka but have also reinforced the historical and cultural links that bind India and Sri Lanka together.
Beyond security and cultural cooperation, India has reiterated its commitment to support Sri Lanka in overcoming its current economic challenges. The Indian government has pledged financial assistance, technical expertise, and development projects aimed at stabilizing Sri Lanka's economy. This assistance reflects India's strategic interest in ensuring stability within the region while fostering a robust partnership that extends beyond mere diplomatic relations. The mutual goal of economic recovery and growth signifies a cooperative spirit and a long-term vision of collaboration between the two nations, which further enhances stability and prosperity in the South Asian region.
Allegations of RAW Interference
The relationship between India and Sri Lanka has often been marred by complex issues, including allegations of interference by India's Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), the country's external intelligence agency. A notable incident occurred in 2015 when the Sri Lankan Government took the controversial step of expelling an Indian RAW intelligence agent. This agent was reportedly involved in orchestrating a coalition of opposition parties ahead of the 2015 presidential election, which ultimately led to the defeat of former President Mahinda Rajapaksa. The expulsion highlighted growing tensions and mistrust between the two nations, with Sri Lanka becoming increasingly wary of perceived external meddling in its political affairs.
In October 2018, President Maithripala Sirisena escalated these accusations when he claimed in a cabinet meeting that RAW was plotting his assassination. This assertion came in the wake of the arrest of an Indian national by Sri Lanka’s Criminal Investigation Department. The arrested individual was suspected of involvement in a conspiracy to assassinate Sirisena and Gotabaya Rajapaksa, who served as the former Defence Secretary. Such grave allegations not only strained diplomatic relations but also fueled speculation and unrest within Sri Lanka about foreign influences in domestic matters.
The aftermath of President Sirisena's allegations saw active diplomatic engagements aimed at de-escalating tensions. Reports indicated that the Indian High Commissioner to Sri Lanka scheduled an urgent meeting with Sirisena, while Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi reached out to him via telephone. These discussions were critical in managing the fallout from the claims and aimed at reinforcing collaboration between the two countries. Despite the tensions, both nations recognized the importance of maintaining stable and fruitful ties, particularly due to shared interests in security, trade, and regional stability.
China's Growing Influence in Sri Lanka
In recent years, Sri Lanka has increasingly fostered a relationship with China, particularly through naval agreements and significant investments in infrastructure projects. The Chinese government's Belt and Road Initiative has played a central role in this engagement, leading to large-scale projects like the Hambantota Port, which has raised concerns about Sri Lanka's sovereign debt and its strategic implications in the Indian Ocean region. The shift towards China reflects Sri Lanka's desire for development and economic investment, but it may also complicate its relationships with neighboring nations, particularly India.
Strengthening Ties Between India and Sri Lanka
Despite the growing Chinese influence, Sri Lanka continues to maintain its ties with India. A landmark moment in this bilateral relationship occurred in February 2015 when India and Sri Lanka signed a nuclear energy agreement aimed at enhancing cooperation in the field of energy. This agreement is indicative of India’s commitment to support Sri Lanka’s development needs while ensuring energy security in the region. At a summit in the same year, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi reiterated the significance of the Indo-Sri Lankan relationship by declaring that "India is Sri Lanka's closest neighbour and friend." This statement underscores India's understanding of its geographical, cultural, and historical ties with Sri Lanka.
Shared Interests and Challenges
Both countries share common interests in various sectors such as trade, security, and combating maritime challenges, particularly given the strategic importance of the Indian Ocean. As a result, initiatives have been launched to enhance cooperation in defense and counter-terrorism, as both nations face challenges from extremist groups operating in the region. Moreover, India's role as a critical partner for Sri Lanka becomes vital in balancing its foreign relations, especially against the backdrop of China's assertive stance in South Asia.
Navigating Regional Dynamics
The evolving relationship between Sri Lanka and China poses a diplomatic challenge for India. New Delhi has been vigilant about maintaining its influence in Sri Lanka, given the historical and cultural linkages that bind the two nations. India recognizes that a stable Sri Lanka is crucial for regional security and economic prosperity. As both nations navigate their relationships with external powers, fostering mutual trust and collaboration will be essential in addressing common challenges and ensuring a peaceful and prosperous future.
In summary, while Sri Lanka's increasing ties with China present new economic opportunities, it also poses challenges to India-Sri Lanka relations. The historical connection between India and Sri Lanka continues to underpin their bilateral engagements, underscoring the importance of navigating regional dynamics with careful diplomacy and forward-thinking cooperation.