Historical Diplomatic Relations
India established its diplomatic presence in Somalia by opening an embassy in Mogadishu in 1961, marking the beginning of formal bilateral relations between the two nations. However, the embassy was closed in 1991 due to the outbreak of the Somali Civil War, a conflict that led to instability and chaos in the country. As a result, India has been represented in Somalia through its High Commission in Nairobi, Kenya, which is jointly accredited to Somalia. This arrangement allows for continued diplomatic engagement despite the geographical distance and political turmoil in Somalia. Additionally, Somalia has maintained its own embassy in New Delhi, highlighting the ongoing commitment of both nations to preserve diplomatic ties.
High-Level Visits and Engagements
Significant high-level exchanges have taken place between India and Somalia over the years, reflecting a robust diplomatic relationship. Notably, Somali Prime Minister Abdirashid Ali Shermarke visited India in 1963, and he returned as president in 1968, marking important moments in the bilateral engagement. More recently, in October 2015, President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud's visit to New Delhi for the 3rd India Africa Forum Summit underscored the enduring partnership between the two nations. During this visit, President Mohamud was honored with an Honorary Doctorate from Barkatullah University, emphasizing India's acknowledgment of Somalia's leadership. Additionally, numerous high-level Somali officials have made trips to India, reinforcing their commitment to fostering cooperation across various sectors. In contrast, high-level visits from India to Somalia have primarily been at the minister of state level, indicating a different dynamic in the engagement strategy.
Security and Multilateral Cooperation
India's involvement in Somalia extends beyond bilateral relations and includes active participation in international forums. Notably, during its term as a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) from 2011 to 2012, India played a crucial role by chairing the Somalia-Eritrea Sanctions Committee. This position allowed India to influence discussions regarding security and sanctions, highlighting its commitment to addressing the challenges facing Somalia and the broader Horn of Africa region. By taking on such responsibilities, India has demonstrated its long-standing dedication to promoting peace, stability, and development in Somalia, showcasing its rising role in international diplomacy and multilateral cooperation.
Trade History
Trade relations between India and the Horn of Africa have historical roots that stretch back to ancient times, reflecting a long-standing mutual interest in commerce and cultural exchange. The Horn of Africa, an essential gateway between the Middle East and East Africa, has been a significant focal point for Indian traders for centuries. Indian merchants were known to have established trade links with local populations, exchanging goods such as textiles, spices, and other commodities that played a vital role in the regional economy.
Recent Trade Developments
In the fiscal year 2014–15, bilateral trade between India and Somalia reached an impressive total of US$391.05 million, marking a substantial 51% increase from the previous year. This surge was primarily driven by India's exports, which amounted to $352.81 million, indicating India's commitment to strengthening trade ties with Somalia. On the other hand, imports from Somalia were valued at $38.25 million, demonstrating a growing economic partnership that benefits both parties. The major Indian exports included pharmaceuticals, machinery, and food products, while Somalia primarily exported livestock and agricultural products.
Trade Preferences
Since 2008, India has extended unilateral duty-free tariff preferential market access to Somalia for the export of goods and services. This initiative aims to enhance Somalia's economic development by allowing its goods to enter the Indian market without the burden of tariffs, thus promoting trade diversification and boosting local industries. By providing this preferential treatment, India seeks to foster economic growth in Somalia and strengthen bilateral economic ties, paving the way for greater collaboration in other sectors such as education, technology, and infrastructure development.
Looking Ahead
With the growing trade relations, both India and Somalia have significant potential to explore new avenues for collaboration. Initiatives such as the Africa-India partnership and the establishment of various bilateral agreements could lead to increased investments, technology transfer, and infrastructure projects. Additionally, as regional and global dynamics evolve, both nations can work together to address challenges such as food security, climate change, and sustainable development, further contributing to stability and prosperity in the Horn of Africa.
Foreign Aid Initiatives by India in Somalia
India has a long-standing history of providing humanitarian assistance to Somalia, aimed at addressing various social and economic challenges faced by the nation. This relationship began prominently in 1961 when India contributed a significant amount of medicines and clothing to support the Somali people. In 1992, during a time of humanitarian crisis, India once again stepped in to assist by providing relief supplies valued at ₹20 lakh, equivalent to ₹1.5 crore or approximately US$180,000 in today's currency. Such contributions highlight India’s commitment to aid in times of need, showcasing a dedication to fostering goodwill and cooperation.
The 1980s marked another vital period of assistance when India donated 100,000 tonnes of wheat to Somalia, as well as to neighboring countries Kenya and Djibouti in 1985. This grain aid was crucial in combating food insecurity that stemmed from droughts and other adversities affecting the region. By providing essential staple food items, India played a significant role in alleviating hunger and supporting the livelihoods of affected communities.
One of the hallmark initiatives of India's foreign aid in Africa is the Pan African e-Network project, which was inaugurated on 16 August 2010 in Somalia. This project aims to enhance technology and telecommunications infrastructure across African nations, emphasizing education and healthcare through tele-education and telemedicine services. The initiative serves as a vital platform for capacity building and knowledge sharing, fostering sustainable development in the region.
In addition to infrastructural support, India has made substantial financial contributions to stabilize Somalia. In May 2011, India donated $2 million to the African Union Mission for Somalia (AMISOM), which plays a critical role in peacekeeping and restoring order in the country. This commitment was further exemplified in March 2012, when an additional $1 million donation was provided. Furthermore, in September 2011, India allocated $8 million specifically for Somalia, Kenya, and Djibouti through the World Food Programme (WFP), underscoring its ongoing support for humanitarian efforts.
Educational development is also a focal point of India's assistance, with Somali citizens eligible for scholarships under programs such as the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme and the Indian Council for Cultural Relations. These initiatives not only provide significant opportunities for skill development and education but also promote cultural exchanges and relations between India and Somalia, paving the way for lasting ties built on mutual respect and collaboration.
Anti-Piracy Operations in India
India has been actively involved in international efforts to combat piracy, particularly as a member of the United Nations Contact Group on Piracy off the coast of Somalia. Since 2008, the Indian Navy has significantly strengthened its presence in the Gulf of Aden through comprehensive anti-piracy patrols. This proactive engagement marked a pivotal change in Indian maritime operations, as the government, for the very first time, empowered the Navy to conduct operations independently without needing prior approval from New Delhi. This level of autonomy has allowed the Indian Navy to respond swiftly to emerging threats, enhancing maritime security in a region plagued by piracy.
One notable incident occurred on 26 November 2008 when an Indian warship was attacked by a pirate "mother ship." In a decisive counteraction, the Indian vessel retaliated, successfully sinking the pirate ship. Just days earlier, the INS Tabar had thwarted an attempted hijacking of an Indian cargo ship off the coast of Somalia. Commissioned to safeguard maritime traffic in the politically unstable region, INS Tabar was deployed in October 2008 and managed to escort over 35 Indian and foreign-owned vessels by the end of November. This aggressive stance showcased India's commitment to ensuring the safety of maritime trade corridors vital for economic stability, demonstrating an effective military response to piracy.
In a significant diplomatic move, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi met with Somali President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud in October 2015 to discuss enhanced cooperation in maritime security and anti-piracy operations. This alignment not only highlighted the importance of collaborative efforts to address piracy but also underscored India's role as a strategic partner in regional security.
Further illustrating the ongoing threats in the area, the Indian-flagged cargo vessel MV Al Kausar was hijacked by Somali pirates on 1 April 2017 near the island of Socotra. This dhow, laden with wheat and sugar and en route from Dubai to Bosasso, Somalia, had a crew of 11 Indian nationals, all of whom became hostages after the pirates took the vessel into the Galmudug state of Somalia. Somali security forces eventually mounted a rescue operation that resulted in the capture of nine pirates and the liberation of most of the crew members. During the operations, two crew members were discovered abandoned by the pirates amidst the chaos of the raid but were ultimately rescued.
The successful recovery of the MV Al Kausar is a testament to the effectiveness of coordinated security efforts in the region. After the hijacking incident, on 13 April 2017, the Indian Navy took command of the dhow, ensuring the crew's well-being through thorough medical checks and resupply efforts before escorting them to their destination. The incident illustrates the complexities of maritime security in the Indian Ocean and emphasizes the ongoing commitment of the Indian Navy to combat piracy and safeguard its maritime interests.
Somalis in India
The Somali Civil War, which erupted in 1991, led to widespread displacement and chaos within the country. As a result, many individuals sought refuge in various parts of the world, including India. This influx of Somali refugees has significantly shaped the Somali community in India, particularly in urban centers where resources and opportunities are available. The refugee population comprises the majority of Somali immigrants in the country, and as of 2007, the estimated number of Somalis residing in India is around 600. It is notable that a large portion, approximately 80-90%, of this population is concentrated in the city of Hyderabad. The presence of Somalis in India underscores the longstanding connection between the two regions, which can be traced back to historical trade routes and cultural exchanges.
In addition to refugees, many Somalis visit India for educational purposes. India's educational institutions have become increasingly attractive to international students, offering programs in diverse fields. The Somali diaspora often seeks to take advantage of India’s relatively affordable tuition costs and quality of education. Medical tourism is another driving factor for the Somali community in India. Many seek out the country's advanced healthcare facilities, particularly in cities like Hyderabad, where there are specialized hospitals and medical centers. The convergence of education and healthcare has played a significant role in fostering connections between the Somali community and India.
Prominent figures from Somalia have also made their mark in India. For instance, notable Somali President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud studied in India during the 1980s, illustrating the historical ties that go beyond mere asylum. His academic journey reflects broader trends of professional development and cultural exchange that have benefitted many individuals from Somalia. The Somali presence in India continues to evolve, as new immigrants arrive for various reasons, thus enriching the multicultural fabric of Indian society while also maintaining links to their Somali heritage.
Indians in Somalia
The historical connection between Indian traders and the Somali people dates back to ancient times, highlighting a longstanding relationship that has shaped trade dynamics in the region. Renowned Arab traveler Ibn Battuta observed Indian merchants in the Horn of Africa as early as 1331. His writings illustrated that these traders had established their homes in simple one or two-story buildings, indicating a level of permanence and cultural integration within Somali society. The trade routes that connected India and the Somali coast became vital for the exchange of goods, culture, and ideas, making it a key area for commerce.
By the 19th century, the role of Indian traders in Somalia became even more significant as they began exporting essential commodities such as livestock, meat, skins, and various agricultural products. The Indian involvement in trade catalyzed economic development in regions like southern Somalia, contributing to the local economy and the livelihoods of many Somali people. As the demand for agricultural products grew, Indian traders adapted to the needs of the market, establishing a blend of local and international trade practices.
In the 1940s and 50s, the arrival of Italian plantation owners marked a new chapter for Indian workers in Somalia. These plantation owners employed Indians primarily in agricultural projects, especially in areas like Qoryoley. The influx of Indian labor contributed to the agricultural sector, introducing techniques and practices that benefitted local farming. Concurrently, Indian entrepreneurs initiated a variety of businesses, further solidifying their presence in the Somali economy. It is estimated that around 200 Indian families were living in Somalia, with a significant number engaged in cloth dyeing in urban centers such as Mogadishu and Merka.
The Indian community in Somalia primarily settled in cities, creating their own social structures that included schools, places of worship, and cultural centers. This community coexistence occurred during a time when the Somali population largely consisted of nomads who roamed the countryside. However, the early 1980s saw a shift as many Indian families from Kismayo migrated to Mogadishu, looking for better opportunities. Unfortunately, the outbreak of the Somali Civil War in 1991 led to a dramatic exodus of the Indian community. Most Indian families relocated to Mombasa, Kenya, where they found a more stable environment. Following the civil war, the situation for Indians who remained in Somalia deteriorated rapidly, with armed militias seizing Indian-owned properties and businesses, marking a somber end to a rich historical presence that had thrived for centuries in the region.
Indian Peacekeepers in Somalia
During the United Nations Operation in Somalia II (UNOSOM II) from 1993 to 1994, approximately 4,600 Indian troops played a pivotal role in peacekeeping efforts aimed at stabilizing the war-torn nation. The Indian contingent was under the command of Brigadier M P Bhagat and was distinguished by its comprehensive approach, which included not only military engagement but also humanitarian assistance. The deployment was strategically based in Baidoa, a region that required significant intervention due to widespread violence and human suffering.
The Indian forces brought a diverse array of resources to the mission, including armoured vehicles, helicopters, and naval support from the Indian Navy. These assets were crucial for both combat operations and logistical support throughout the mission. However, the realities of the environment were perilous. Tragically, twelve Indian soldiers lost their lives while carrying out these operations, underscoring the risks involved in peacekeeping missions in unstable regions.
In addition to their primary responsibility of maintaining peace and security, Indian troops were actively involved in humanitarian initiatives and reconstruction efforts. They were instrumental in delivering essential aid to the local population, which included distributing medicines and agricultural seeds. The total value of this assistance reached an impressive ₹10 lakh, equivalent to ₹72 lakh or approximately US$87,000 in 2023. This dual focus on both military and humanitarian efforts highlights India's commitment to not just peacekeeping but also to rebuilding communities in crisis, reflecting a multifaceted approach to international interventions during times of conflict.