History of India-Russia Relations
The historical ties between India and Russia trace back to ancient times, as evidenced by archaeological findings from sites like Pazyryk. These artifacts indicate that nomadic communities engaged in trade with Indian civilizations as far back as the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE. This early interaction laid the groundwork for a long-standing relationship built on cultural and economic exchanges. Fast forward to the 15th century, where the Russian traveler Afanasy Nikitin notably journeyed to India between 1468 and 1472. His extensive travels, which also included Persia and the Ottoman Empire, were documented in his work, "The Journey Beyond Three Seas" (Khozheniye za tri morya). This book not only highlights the personal experiences of an early Russian visitor to India but also serves as an important historical account of the cross-cultural exchanges of that era.
In the 18th century, an increase in trade activities saw Indian merchants frequently visit key Russian cities, including Astrakhan, Moscow, and St. Petersburg. The Russian leadership recognized the potential benefits of trade with India, especially after Peter the Great reached out to Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in 1696 to establish formal trade relations. This relationship flourished, leading to privileges granted by the Russian Czar to Indian traders, symbolizing an open channel for commerce. For instance, an Indian trading company led by Anbu-Ram Mulin was empowered to resolve property disputes in Astrakhan, thus facilitating the import of various Indian textiles like linen fabrics, silks, and cottons, as well as Persian and Uzbek materials. The Russian authorities ensured a hospitable environment for Indian merchants, who enjoyed exemptions from taxes and minimal shop rents in the Indian Trading Compound. This conducive trading climate is reflected in the statistics from 1724, which showed that exports from Astrakhan contributed significantly—over 104,000 rubles—to local trade before the British occupation curtailed Indian independent trade with Russia.
The geopolitical aspirations of Russia in relation to British India were notable during the early 19th century. In 1801, Tsar Paul planned an ambitious military venture involving 22,000 Cossacks to invade British-controlled India. However, these plans were abandoned due to inadequate preparations, and subsequent political upheaval following the Tsar's assassination led to their complete cancellation by his successor, Alexander I. Despite the abrupt halt of these aggressive ambitions, such events illustrate the interest Russia had in enhancing its influence in South Asia, particularly in alliance with France against British interests.
The establishment of diplomatic missions solidified the relationship further in the 19th century. The Embassy of India in Moscow was constructed in 1821, remodeled in 1896, and handed over to the Indian government in 1952. The embassy complex, showcasing varied architectural styles, serves as a testament to the long-standing diplomatic presence between the two nations. Complementing this presence is the Embassy of Russia in New Delhi, which has roots dating back to a consulate established in Mumbai in 1900. The subsequent migration to Kolkata and later to the Chanakyapuri district in New Delhi reflects India's commitment to fostering diplomatic relations. This district has become a hub for foreign missions. Intriguingly, a 1985 declassified CIA report revealed that the Soviet Embassy in India had a KGB-operated press section that engaged in disinformation campaigns targeting the United States, highlighting the intricate and sometimes contentious nature of international relationships during the Cold War era.
These historical narratives weave a complex tapestry of India-Russia relations, showcasing an evolution from early trade interactions to high-level diplomatic engagements. As the two nations continue their partnership into the modern era, the foundations laid in centuries past serve as a crucial backdrop for contemporary collaboration in various fields, including defense, technology, and culture.
Early Diplomatic Relations
India's formal diplomatic engagement with the Soviet Union was established in April 1947, a decisive moment as India was on the brink of independence from British colonial rule. This development marked a strategic shift in India's foreign relations, particularly in its intention to maintain neutrality and foster strong partnerships outside the Western bloc. The official announcement regarding this diplomatic exchange was made jointly by the Indian Ambassador to China, K. P. S. Menon, and the Soviet Ambassador to China, Apollon Petrov, indicating a mutual commitment to enhancing friendly ties. This new diplomatic arrangement served as a crucial foundation for future cooperation across various sectors, particularly in defense, economic development, and technology.
Solidifying Alliances and Mutual Support
The relationship between India and the Soviet Union rapidly solidified post-1951 when the USSR exercised its veto power in support of India during the Kashmir dispute, thereby affirming its commitment to India's sovereignty. This bond was further reinforced when Joseph Stalin expressed a positive regard for Indian leaders Nehru and Radhakrishnan, underscoring a long-term vision of collaboration. The mid-1950s saw even greater activity in this area, notably with Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru's historic visit to the Soviet Union in 1955. During this period, the Soviet Union provided substantial economic and military assistance to India, which significantly enhanced India’s defense capabilities, especially in contrast to its relations with the People's Republic of China.
A Diplomatic Balancing Act
However, the deepening ties between India and the Soviet Union had far-reaching implications, notably affecting Sino-Soviet and Sino-Indian relations. The Soviet Union’s declared neutrality during conflicts such as the 1959 border dispute and the Sino-Indian War in 1962 was a notable stance, even as tensions mounted with China. The United States and China observed with concern as Soviet military aid surged, marking a turning point in the regional power dynamics. The agreement for technology transfer for co-producing the MiG-21 fighter jet further highlighted the growing military collaboration and the strategic importance of India to Soviet interests in South Asia.
Regional Conflict and Strategic Partnerships
The significance of India-Soviet relations was most pronounced during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 and again in 1971 during the Bangladesh Liberation War. The Soviet Union played a crucial mediating role in the 1965 war, helping to broker peace between India and Pakistan. In 1971, the partnership strengthened even further with the signing of the Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation, which, among other things, aligned both nations geopolitically and militarily. The Soviet Union's support was pivotal in helping India manage regional instability while countering American influence, particularly during the rise of tensions over East Pakistan’s independence.
Continuity in Strategic Relations amidst Change
Even during shifts in India's domestic politics, such as the Janata Party's coming to power in the late 1970s, relations with the Soviet Union remained largely intact. The USSR sought to maintain its influence in India despite New Delhi's attempts to diversify its foreign relations by cultivating ties with Western nations. In the 1980s, following the assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi reaffirmed India's commitment to Soviet relations during his visits, which marked a continuance of diplomatic engagement. His discussions with General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev hinted at a deeper strategic partnership even as global dynamics evolved, particularly with changing relations between China and the Soviet Union.
Through this complex weave of diplomatic, military, and economic ties, India's relationship with the Soviet Union emerged as a cornerstone of its foreign policy strategy throughout the mid-20th century, with effects that shaped the geopolitical landscape of South Asia.
Strategic Partnership Evolution
The political relationship between India and Russia has undergone a significant transformation since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, fundamentally characterized by the establishment of a Strategic Partnership in October 2000. This partnership was heralded as a historic achievement by both nations, marking a new era of collaboration that President Vladimir Putin described in an article for The Hindu. The sentiment was echoed by former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, who recognized Putin as a pivotal figure in crafting this relationship. The partnership has since evolved, characterized by collaborative efforts in various global forums including the United Nations, BRICS, G20, and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO). Notably, Russia's support for India's bid for a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council underscores the depth of this alliance.
Moreover, Russia's commitment to India extends beyond mere diplomacy; it has actively supported India's membership in significant international forums such as the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). Notably, Russia has also shown interest in joining the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) as an observer. The Indo-Russian Inter-Governmental Commission (IRIGC) exemplifies the extensive institutional frameworks that cement this partnership, involving multiple governmental departments from both countries in an ongoing dialogue about defense and other strategic areas.
Enduring Friendship and Defense Partnership
Historically, the relationship between India and Russia has been built on mutual trust and empathy, with both nations expressing a deep-seated commitment to this partnership. Russian leaders have consistently emphasized the strength of these ties, which have endured without being marred by significant conflicts. In an era of evolving global dynamics, the Indian-Russian partnership remains steadfast, serving as a crucial source of support for India during challenging times, particularly in defense and energy security. This bond is highlighted by India's recognition of Russia as its most critical defense partner, essential for both nuclear energy development and hydrocarbon supplies.
Recent geopolitical events have tested the waters of international alliances. As Russia grapples with the consequences of its invasion of Ukraine and subsequent Western sanctions, India’s trade with Russia flourished, particularly through increased imports of oil and chemical fertilizers. This surge in trade exemplifies a shift from approximately $13 billion in 2021-2022 to a projected $30 billion by 2023, solidifying Russia's status as a vital supplier for India. The refusal of India to accept the imposed price cap on Russian crude oil demonstrates a distinct willingness to maintain its ties despite external pressures.
Navigating New Geopolitical Landscapes
As Russia redefines its foreign policy in the context of its ongoing challenges, there is a pronounced inclination to deepen relations with both India and China. This is viewed as a strategic maneuver to counterbalance Western influence. However, the dynamics between China and India have shifted, leading to a reconfiguration of the traditional balance within the China-Russia alliance, which tends to favour Beijing. Experts indicate that this shift could potentially downgrade the India-Russia relationship from a valued strategic partnership to a more transactional one, especially given India's proactive "Multi-Alignment Strategy" aimed at addressing the implications of strengthened ties between Russia and China.
Cultural exchanges, such as the "Namaste Moscow" event organized by India's embassy in Moscow in June 2023, and celebrations marking India's independence, further illustrate the mutual appreciation and cultural ties that enhance the relationship. Minister S. Jaishankar's meetings with Russian officials in December 2023 reaffirmed the vitality of this partnership, with a focus on fostering sustainable trade practices and securing fair market access.
Prime Minister Modi's visit to Moscow in July 2024 marks another milestone in this ongoing relationship. The discussions between Modi and Putin about potential economic collaborations in multiple strategic areas, including nuclear energy and medicine, highlight a shared ambition to significantly scale up bilateral trade by 2030. Despite ongoing geopolitical complexities, the enduring connection between India and Russia showcases a resilient partnership fortified by shared history, culture, and strategic interests.
IRIGC Overview
The Indo-Russian Inter-Governmental Commission (IRIGC) serves as the primary platform for fostering bilateral relations between India and Russia at the governmental level. Often regarded as the steering committee of Indo-Russian affairs, the IRIGC plays a pivotal role in overseeing various dimensions of their partnership. The commission is structured into two significant branches. The first focuses on Trade, Economic, Scientific, Technological, and Cultural Cooperation, usually co-chaired by the Russian Deputy Prime Minister and the Indian External Affairs Minister. The second branch, dealing with Military Technical Cooperation, is jointly led by the Defence Ministers of both nations. The IRIGC convenes annually to review progress and propel initiatives that strengthen the relationship.
In addition to the IRIGC, several other entities facilitate economic interactions between India and Russia. Prominent among these are the Indo-Russian Forum on Trade and Investment and the India-Russia Business Council. These organizations work collaboratively to promote trade dynamics and investment opportunities, addressing various sectors such as technology, energy, and manufacturing. Additionally, the India-Russia Trade, Investment, and Technology Promotion Council and the India-Russia Chamber of Commerce serve as platforms that further enhance business relations. These councils provide a network for private enterprises to engage in cooperative ventures, thereby bolstering economic ties and fostering innovation.
Historical Context and Significance
The partnership between India and Russia dates back to the establishment of diplomatic relations on April 13, 1947. The history is marked by significant socio-economic and strategic alignments that have evolved over the decades. An article authored by Russian President Vladimir Putin, published in The Times of India on May 30, 2017, commemorates the 70th anniversary of this relationship. Putin’s remarks underscore the enduring nature of Indo-Russian ties, which have been characterized by mutual trust and support across various international platforms. This long-standing partnership has not only been crucial for both nations but also represents a significant axis in global geopolitics, especially in counterbalancing Western influences.
The collaborative efforts between India and Russia extend beyond economic and military domains. Cultural exchanges, joint scientific endeavors, and technological collaborations have flourished, reflecting a deep-rooted connection between the two countries. As both nations navigate the complexities of the contemporary world, the IRIGC and other related organizations ensure that the cooperation remains vibrant and responsive to the evolving geopolitical landscape.
Military Cooperation
The military relationship between India and Russia has a long and storied history, dating back to the Soviet Union, which played a significant role as a supplier of defense equipment for India over several decades. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation has continued this legacy. Between 2012 and 2016, Russia accounted for a staggering 68% of India's defense imports, reinforcing the robust military partnership the two nations share. Recent years have seen an expansion in defense manufacturing cooperation under India's "Make in India" initiative. Key agreements in this sphere have focused on joint projects, including the production of naval frigates, the KA-226T twin-engine utility helicopters, and the BrahMos cruise missile, a joint venture where India holds a 50.5% stake and Russia 49.5%. Despite its dominance, Russia's share in India’s arms imports saw a decline from 64% to 45% from 2013–2017 and 2018–2022, with France emerging as a significant competitor.
The military collaboration is governed by a framework established in 1997, with a ten-year agreement aimed at military-technical cooperation covering a broad spectrum of activities. These include the procurement of completed weaponry, joint development and production, and joint marketing of military technologies. This relationship extends beyond mere transaction dynamics; it encompasses joint research and development, training, service-to-service contacts, and joint military exercises—an illustrative example being the naval exercises held in the Sea of Japan in April 2007. Furthermore, the Inter-Governmental Commission on military-technical cooperation, co-chaired by the two countries' defense ministers, underscores the structured approach to this partnership.
The joint military ventures have produced significant projects over the years, such as the BrahMos cruise missile program and the Sukhoi Su-30MKI program, where Hindustan Aeronautics is set to build over 230 aircraft. A notable milestone was the signing of a defense deal worth $2.9 billion in 2012 during President Vladimir Putin's official visit to India, facilitating the production of 42 new Sukhoi fighter jets. However, complexities arose when India withdrew from the joint stealth fighter project with Russia’s Sukhoi in 2018 due to shifting defense priorities. A pivotal moment in recent military transactions occurred in October 2018 when India signed an agreement valued at $5.43 billion for five S-400 Triumf surface-to-air missile defense systems, a decision that drew warning from the United States under the CAATSA sanctions but demonstrated India's commitment to its defense strategy.
Over the years, India has acquired a wide array of military hardware from Russia, demonstrating the multifaceted nature of this relationship. Prominent acquisitions include the S-400 air defense system, Kamov Ka-226 helicopters, the T-90S Bhishma tanks, and the Akula-II nuclear submarines. The significant upgrade of MiG-29 fighters and the ongoing construction of the INS Vikramaditya aircraft carrier further illustrate the deep-seated military ties. Despite challenges posed by current geopolitical tensions, particularly due to the ongoing conflict in Ukraine, Russia has maintained its commitment to fulfilling its contractual obligations with India, ensuring timely delivery of defense systems.
Looking ahead, the military cooperation seems poised for further development. Russian officials have expressed readiness for ongoing collaboration, presenting proposals for advanced military projects ranging from future battle tanks to fifth-generation aircraft and diesel-electric submarines. Joint exercises are being planned for 2023 under the Indra military project, which has seen annual implementations since 2003. The development of the BrahMos NG missile is also on the horizon, with tests slated for 2024. Additionally, India is set to receive the frigates "Tushil" and "Tamala" in 2023, originally intended for the Russian Navy, signifying the adaptive nature of their military partnership. These successive engagements form a critical pillar of India-Russia relations, highlighting their commitment to strengthening defense collaboration against the backdrop of shifting global dynamics.
Economic Relations
The economic relationship between India and Russia is multifaceted and strategic, encompassing a diverse range of sectors pivotal to both countries. Key areas of collaboration include machinery, electronics, aerospace, automobiles, commercial shipping, and pharmaceuticals, as well as critical resources such as petroleum, coal, high-end agricultural products like tea and coffee, and precious stones. Historically, bilateral trade has shown remarkable growth; from $1.5 billion in 2002, it surged over sevenfold to reach $11 billion by 2012. Both governments have set ambitious targets, with a goal to achieve $30 billion in trade by 2025. This growing economic partnership is facilitated through various bilateral bodies such as the Indo-Russian Forum on Trade and Investment and the India-Russia Business Council, among others.
To further enhance bilateral trade, both countries have created a comprehensive economic strategy, which includes developing a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between India and the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU). Additionally, this strategy encompasses the establishment of a bilateral treaty to promote and protect investments, streamlining customs procedures, and advancing long-term agreements that focus on energy trade, particularly in nuclear and fossil fuels. This collaborative approach intends for companies like Rosneft and Gazprom to solidify their roles as long-term suppliers in essential sectors such as oil, gas, and diamonds.
One of the key aspects of India-Russia cooperation lies in technology and infrastructure. Russia has pledged to support India's "Make in India" initiative by engaging in the development of smart cities and enhancing manufacturing capabilities, especially in the aerospace and commercial nuclear sectors. An essential project, the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC), which is estimated to surpass $100 billion, aims to establish a world-class infrastructure connecting key economic zones with railways, highways, and smart cities. The involvement of Russian conglomerates like AFK Sistema, which has prior experience in smart city developments, signals a commitment to these initiatives.
Aerospace collaboration is another pivotal area where both nations aim to co-develop and co-produce aircraft. Examples include the Sukhoi Superjet 100 and the FGFA, with plans to market some co-developed aircraft internationally. Russian companies project significant sales, with officials indicating a target of about 100 passenger aircraft sold to India by 2030, which would constitute an approximate 10% share of the Indian airliner market.
In the diamonds sector, India stands as the world's significant center for diamond cutting and polishing. In line with this, Indian Prime Minister Modi has proposed strategies to streamline bilateral trade through regulatory reductions, encouraging direct long-term contracts with companies like Alrosa. This initiative aims to boost trade efficiency between the two nations, which is expected to lead to a significant increase in the volume of transactions involving rough diamonds and their polished counterparts.
India and Russia are also moving forward with ambitious plans regarding nuclear energy, with Russia committing to the construction of over 20 nuclear reactors in India over the next two decades. This cooperation extends to joint ventures in third-country markets, uranium extraction, nuclear fuel production, and waste management. In the realm of natural gas, the partnership between India's GAIL and Gazprom for LNG shipments reflects the strengthening energy ties, with plans for substantial annual shipments.
As both countries enhance their economic relationship, they also explore potential synergies between their IT industries. With India’s burgeoning IT sector recognized for its prowess, Russian officials have indicated a desire for collaborative projects and exchanges between Indian and Russian tech firms. Furthermore, the simplification of visa regulations has led to a noticeable increase in Russian tourism to India, reflecting burgeoning people-to-people connections that complement economic ties.
By 2018, India and Russia reached their preliminary investment target of $30 billion ahead of schedule, leading to a revised goal of $50 billion by 2025. India has also made a significant commitment to Russia, offering a USD 1 billion line of credit for the development of its Far East region.
Recent geopolitical developments, particularly the economic sanctions imposed on Russia amidst the Ukraine crisis, have prompted both nations to seek alternative payment systems to facilitate trade. Engaging in the rupee-ruble exchange system aims to ensure smooth financial transactions, thus maintaining the flow of goods such as sunflower oil and petroleum products.
The increased trade dynamics are evident in the statistics: within five months of 2022, bilateral trade reached an unprecedented $18.229 billion. Such developments underscore Russia's elevation to India's seventh-largest trading partner, highlighting a significant shift from its previous ranking. Furthermore, the banking collaboration is also gaining momentum, exemplified by Sberbank’s expanding presence in India, signaling robust economic interdependence that both countries aim to sustain and enhance in the years to come.
Free Trade Agreement
India and Russia have long recognized that their bilateral trade levels fall significantly below their optimal potential. One of the most effective solutions proposed to address this issue is the establishment of a Free Trade Agreement (FTA). Both governments have initiated discussions by forming a Joint Study Group (JSG), charged with examining the specifications and parameters necessary for a comprehensive agreement. This FTA is intended to be associated with the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), of which Russia is a key member. The EAEU also includes other nations such as Kazakhstan, Armenia, Kyrgyzstan, and Belarus. As a result, the Indo-Russian FTA is not just a bilateral endeavor; it has the potential to evolve into a much larger multilateral trade agreement that encompasses several key economies in the region.
The prospects of implementing the FTA are promising, as it is expected that trade volumes could increase drastically once all parameters are agreed upon and a final agreement is signed. Economists predict that the FTA will act as a catalyst for various sectors in both countries, expanding their economies and fostering deeper ties based on mutual benefit. By reducing tariffs and simplifying trade regulations, both India and the EAEU member countries would stand to generate increased economic activity, benefiting industries such as agriculture, energy, and manufacturing. This enhanced trade landscape could transform the economic dimension into a cornerstone of India-Russia relations, offering myriad opportunities for collaboration and investment.
Moreover, as the Indo-Russian FTA moves toward realization, it signifies a broader strategic partnership that aligns with India's "Act East" policy and Russia's efforts to deepen economic relations in Eurasia. The agreement could also bolster regional stability and economic resilience, making the involved countries more competitive on a global scale. As trade between these nations expands, the implications for jobs and technology transfer are substantial, which could ultimately lead to advances in innovation and capacity as both economies work closely together. Overall, the establishment of a Free Trade Agreement will not only enhance bilateral trade but also signify a commitment to a more integrated economic future among India, Russia, and their respective partners within the EAEU.
Co-operation in the Energy Sector
The energy sector has long been a cornerstone of the bilateral relationship between India and Russia, showcasing significant collaboration in oil, gas, and nuclear energy. One of the early milestones in this partnership was in 2001, when ONGC-Videsh, a subsidiary of the Oil and Natural Gas Corporation of India, acquired a 20% stake in the Sakhalin-I oil and gas project located in Russia. This venture not only involved an investment of approximately US$1.7 billion but also provided India with a strategic foothold in a crucial energy market. Complementing this investment, Gazprom, the largest producer of natural gas in the world, and India’s Gas Authority have worked closely in developing joint projects, particularly in the Bay of Bengal.
The Kudankulam Nuclear Power Project serves as a prime example of Indo-Russian collaboration in the nuclear energy sector, featuring two operational units of 1000 MW each. In December 2008, during a visit from the Russian president to New Delhi, India and Russia signed a landmark agreement to advance civilian nuclear reactor development in India. This partnership has enabled India to diversify its energy sources, enhancing energy security and positioning the country as a pivotal player in the global nuclear landscape. Both nations have expressed a keen interest in further expanding their cooperation, potentially exploring renewable energy and advanced technology in the energy domain.
The geopolitical landscape shifted significantly during Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, prompting India to reassess its energy imports. As global markets faced uncertainty, India seized the opportunity to import a substantial amount of discounted Russian oil. By May 2022, Russia became India's second-largest oil supplier, surpassing Saudi Arabia and trailing only Iraq, which remained the top supplier. Data from various trade sources indicated that Russian oil accounted for about 18% of India's total crude imports. The momentum did not decrease, as during the initial months of 2022, India’s reliance on Russian energy surged, with imports of crude oil, liquid gas, and coal escalating almost threefold to nearly US$5 billion.
Following the turn of 2023, Russia further solidified its position as India’s premier oil supplier, overtaking Iraq for the first time. In November 2022, India's oil imports from Russia marked their fifth consecutive month of growth, accounting for an impressive 23% of India’s overall imports of 4 million barrels per day (bpd). This figure represented a notable increase from the previous month, illustrating the deepening energy ties between the two nations amidst a changing global landscape. Such developments underscore the strategic importance of the Indo-Russian energy partnership, particularly in the face of geopolitical challenges and evolving market dynamics.
North–South Transport Corridor Overview
The North–South Transport Corridor (NSTC) is a strategically significant multimodal transport route that connects India, Russia, Iran, and extends to Europe and Central Asia. This corridor incorporates a combination of shipping, rail, and road transport to facilitate the movement of freight effectively. By integrating these transportation modes, the NSTC aims to enhance trade connectivity between major urban centers, including Mumbai, Moscow, Tehran, Baku, Bandar Abbas, Astrakhan, and Bandar Anzali, thereby creating a streamlined logistics network that optimizes trade flows.
The inception of the NSTC has its roots in efforts to reduce the time and cost associated with moving goods between these regions. In 2014, significant preliminary steps were taken with the completion of dry runs on two specific routes. The first route connected Mumbai to Baku via Bandar Abbas, while the second established a link from Mumbai to Astrakhan, passing through Bandar Abbas, Tehran, and Bandar Anzali. These trials were crucial for identifying and addressing logistical challenges, with the initial findings indicating that the corridor could save approximately $2,500 for the transport of 15 tons of cargo. Such savings represent a substantial benefit for traders and businesses engaged in international commerce along these routes.
The NSTC not only aims to facilitate trade but also aspires to foster regional cooperation and enhance geopolitical ties between the participating nations. As such, alternatives and extensions of the corridor are under consideration, including potential routes through Armenia, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan. These expansions would not only increase the corridor's capacity but also create more trade opportunities with neighboring countries, ultimately strengthening the economic landscape of the involved regions.
The successful implementation of the North–South Transport Corridor carries profound implications for India's international trade strategy, particularly in diversifying its economic partnerships and improving its access to European markets. Furthermore, the corridor represents a pivotal step in establishing a more connected and integrated Eurasian transport network, which could set the stage for future collaborative initiatives among regional powers. Overall, the NSTC stands as a testament to the potential of enhanced transportation links in promoting robust economic growth and fostering greater international cooperation amongst its stakeholders.
Collaboration in Science and Technology
The collaboration between India and Russia in the field of science and technology is encapsulated under the Integrated Long-Term Programme of Co-operation (ILTP), which stands as the largest initiative of its kind for both nations. Spearheaded by the Department of Science and Technology from India, along with various bodies in Russia such as the Academy of Sciences, the Ministry of Science and Education, and the Ministry of Industry and Trade, the ILTP aims to foster advancements across a variety of domains. This alliance is not merely a formal engagement but represents a strategic partnership that has been pivotal in advancing research and innovation in both countries.
Key focus areas under the ILTP include the development of cutting-edge projects like the SARAS Duet aircraft, which signifies India's strides towards self-sufficiency in aviation. Additionally, cooperation extends to the creation of semiconductor products and supercomputers, essential for modern computing and information processing. Other significant research areas include poly-vaccines, laser science, seismology, and the development of high-purity materials—elements crucial for industries ranging from healthcare to construction. The collaboration also emphasizes software and IT advancements and promotes the traditional Indian medicine system of Ayurveda, showcasing a blend of modern technology with traditional knowledge.
To advance this collaboration, eight joint Indo-Russian research and development centers have been instituted, marking a significant commitment to joint scientific inquiry. Recently, further endeavors include the establishment of additional Joint Centres focusing on Non-ferrous Metals, and Accelerators and Lasers, which will solidify research foundations in specialized sectors. Moreover, a Joint Technology Centre based in Moscow is in the pipeline, designed to facilitate the commercialization of cutting-edge technologies, thereby accelerating industrial application and benefit.
The progress of the ILTP is overseen by the ILTP Joint Council, which convened in Moscow in October 2007 to assess the ongoing collaboration and outline future directions. In a move to institutionalize their partnership, an important Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed in August 2007 between the Indian Department of Science and Technology and the Russian Foundation of Basic Research, aimed at laying the groundwork for sustained scientific cooperation. Additionally, the establishment of the Russian-Indian Science and Technology Center (RI STC) in Moscow in June 2010 is crucial as it serves as a pivotal structure for innovative interaction, ensuring that the outcomes of joint scientific and technical endeavors are effectively commercialized. The official opening of the Delhi branch of the RI STC in April 2012 marks another milestone in this collaborative journey, reinforcing the commitment of both nations to leverage science and technology for mutual development and global competitiveness.
Historical Context of Space Cooperation
The collaboration between India and Russia in space exploration can be traced back to the era of the Soviet Union. The launch of Aryabhata, India's first satellite, signifies a pivotal moment in this partnership. Launched on April 19, 1975, from Kapustin Yar using a Kosmos-3M vehicle, Aryabhata was named after the ancient Indian mathematician and astronomer. This initiative marked the inception of a series of cooperative space endeavors between the two nations. Rakesh Sharma, the only Indian citizen to journey into space, also participated in a mission facilitated by the Soviet Union under the Interkosmos program, further highlighting the deep-rooted ties in space exploration.
During President Vladimir Putin's state visit to India in December 2004, the countries signed pivotal agreements aimed at enhancing space cooperation. Notably, the Intergovernmental Umbrella Agreement on cooperation in outer space for peaceful purposes and the Inter Space Agency Agreement for collaboration on the Russian satellite navigation system, GLONASS, were established. These agreements laid the groundwork for subsequent partnerships, including several agreements on GLONASS aimed at improving satellite navigation capabilities for both nations. A landmark development occurred in November 2007 when India and Russia signed an agreement focused on joint lunar exploration.
Joint Missions and Developments
The ambitious Chandrayaan-2 mission was a notable joint venture between the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and the Russian Federal Space Agency (RKA), with an estimated budget of ₹4.25 billion (approximately $90 million). Initially scheduled for launch in 2017 aboard a Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV), the mission aimed to deploy an Indian-made lunar orbiter and rover, with a lander constructed by Russia. However, delays in collaboration prompted India to shift strategies, leading to the development of its own lander named Vikram. Ultimately, ISRO successfully launched the Chandrayaan-2 mission on July 22, 2019, from Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh.
In December 2021, India and Russia further solidified their space cooperation by signing an agreement aimed at protecting sensitive technologies in the space sector. This agreement showcased their intent to enhance collaboration between Roscosmos and ISRO, particularly in crewed space missions and satellite navigation. Additionally, discussions began around mutual interests in the development of launch vehicles and planetary exploration, indicating a commitment to expanding the scope of their partnership.
Training and Future Prospects
On February 10, 2020, Glavkosmos JSC and ISRO's Manned Space Flight Center initiated a significant training program for Indian Air Force pilots as part of their agreement focusing on astronaut preparation. This training encompassed physical and medical assessments, as well as instruction in the Russian language and systems of the Soyuz crewed transport spacecraft. By March 22, 2021, Roscosmos confirmed the successful completion of the cosmonaut training program for Indian astronaut candidates, marking a significant milestone in India-Russia space collaboration.
In October 2022, Glavkosmos JSC advanced this partnership by providing essential systems and equipment for India's Gaganyaan crewed transport spacecraft, which is poised to be India's first crewed space mission. Equipment supplied included spacesuits and specialized seats manufactured by the Russian JSC Zvezda Scientific and Production Enterprise, reflecting the depth of technical support essential for the success of India's aspirations in crewed spaceflight. The continuous exchange of knowledge and resources signifies a robust future for India-Russia relations in space exploration, heralding new quests and discoveries at the frontier of science and technology.
= Overview of India-Russia Nuclear Cooperation =
India's nuclear collaboration with Russia has become a cornerstone of their strategic partnership, fundamentally enhancing the energy security of both nations. The bilateral nuclear agreements commenced with a pivotal deal signed on 7 November 2009, which outlined frameworks beyond previous engagements. These agreements include plans for the construction of additional nuclear power units at the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant, where two reactors are already operational. These developments underscore a long-term commitment to developing nuclear energy, which is seen as a sustainable solution to meet increasing energy demands.
The discussions during Russian President Vladimir Putin’s visit to India for the 13th annual summit further solidified this partnership by establishing a cooperative civilian nuclear energy roadmap, extending to 2030. As per this roadmap, a significant increase in nuclear capacity is envisioned, with plans to construct sixteen to eighteen new reactors, each with an installed capacity of 1,000 MW. With the estimated cost of each reactor around $2.5 billion, the total deal could potentially reach an impressive $45 billion mark, representing a substantial investment in both nations’ energy futures.
In parallel, Russia has also expanded its nuclear cooperation initiatives beyond India. For instance, in November 2011, Russia and Bangladesh entered into an intergovernmental agreement focused on the construction of Bangladesh's first nuclear power plant, named "Ruppur." This plant will feature two VVER-type reactors, each with an electric capacity of 1200 MW. These reactors are designed for a life cycle of 60 years, with the possibility of extending their operational life by another 20 years. The actual contract for the construction was signed on 23 December 2015, during the visit of Rosatom CEO Sergey Kiriyenko.
An important financial aspect of the India-Russia nuclear partnership emerged in 2017 when Russia extended a loan of $11.38 billion to India to fund key phases of the nuclear power plant construction. With construction commencing in 2021, work is currently progressing on both the first and second power units of the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant. According to the latest timelines, the first unit is expected to commence operations by February 2024, with the second unit slated for activation by the end of that year. This ongoing collaboration not only strengthens the energy ties between India and Russia but also contributes to regional stability and energy security in South Asia.
Cooperation in the Cultural Sphere
The cultural ties between India and Russia have a rich historical backdrop that dates back centuries. The first significant Russian traveler to India, Afanasiy Nikitin, embarked on his notable journey from 1466 to 1472, where he traversed various regions of India and meticulously documented his experiences. His accounts addressed the diverse aspects of Indian life, including its people, culture, economy, and more, culminating in his documented work, "A Journey Beyond the Three Seas." The significance of Nikitin's journey continues to resonate as it underscores the cultural curiosity and engagement that has persisted through centuries. His adventures were historically revived in a 1950s Soviet film, portraying his experiences alongside prominent figures from Indian cinema, highlighting an early cinematic collaboration between the two nations.
The historical trading ties between Russia and India can be traced to Astrakhan, which became a hub for Indian merchants from the 16th century onwards. This interchange included a notable meeting in 1722 between Peter the Great and Anbu-Ram, a leader of Indian merchants, where discussions over free trade rights further solidified economic and cultural exchanges. The export of cultural materials also flourished, as evidenced by the first Russian translation of the Bhagavad Gita in 1788 initiated by Catherine the Great, fostering an early appreciation and understanding of Indian philosophy and literature in Russia.
In the 20th century, mutual appreciation for cinema blossomed into a prominent cultural exchange. Generations of audiences in both countries became enamored with each other's film industries. Iconic Indian films, such as "Awara" and "Bobby," found a niche in the Soviet market, while Bollywood’s magic captivated many Russians. Moreover, diplomatic efforts to bridge the cinematic divide have lingered, especially since recent initiatives by the Russian government to promote collaborative film ventures, which could utilize regions within Russia for filming Bollywood productions. Former Russian President Dmitry Medvedev’s visit to Yash Raj Studios illustrates the cultural interconnectedness and admiration for Indian cinema within Russia.
The growing interest in Indian traditions, such as yoga, has further strengthened cultural ties. Since the 1980s, yoga has gained popularity in major Russian urban centers due to its acknowledged health benefits, indicating a wider acceptance of Indian practices. The historical influence of Russian cultural figures like Constantin Stanislavski showcases the deep-rooted connections that have contributed to the resurgence of Indian philosophical teachings within Russia.
In a concerted effort to bolster cultural exchanges, Russia established the Rossotrudnichestvo Representative Office in 1965, which now operates Russian Centres of Science and Culture across India. This initiative aims to foster cultural and educational cooperation, which includes promoting language studies and encouraging Indian students to study in Russia. The presence of dedicated Hindi Departments and Chairs focused on Indology in esteemed Russian universities illustrates the commitment to cultural education and exchange.
Major cultural events, such as the "Days of Russian Culture" in India and the "Year of Russia in India," signify the ongoing endeavors to promote cultural understanding. Between 2018 and 2019, the collaboration between the Indian Council for Cultural Relations and the Russian organization ROSSCONCERT reinforced the framework for a reciprocal cultural exchange, with diverse Indian performance groups visiting Russia to showcase their art forms.
In summary, the culture-laden tapestry of Indo-Russian relations continues to evolve through historical interactions, cinematic ties, and educational initiatives. The ongoing commitment to cultural exchange highlights a unique partnership that enriches both nations and strengthens their bilateral relations through a shared appreciation of each other's heritage and creativity.