Historical Context of India-Portugal Relations
Before India gained independence in 1947, the nature of relations between Portugal and the British Indian Empire was largely influenced by the longstanding alliance between Portugal and the United Kingdom. This connection was formalized through the Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1373, which is recognized as the oldest active treaty in existence today. This agreement between King Edward III of England and the ruling Portuguese monarchs, Ferdinand I and Queen Eleanor, had a significant impact on the diplomatic landscape, fostering a relationship characterized by "perpetual friendships, unions, and alliances." This foundational treaty not only established formal diplomatic ties but also facilitated an atmosphere of cooperation that was crucial for both nations, particularly in the context of trade and maritime navigation.
As a result of this historic alliance, commercial ties flourished, especially between British colonies and Portuguese possessions in India. The Portuguese established their presence in various coastal regions, most notably in Goa, Daman, and Diu, where they engaged in extensive trade activities. This included not only spices, which were highly sought after throughout Europe, but also textiles, precious stones, and other valuable commodities. The bustling trade routes between the British and Portuguese colonies allowed for the exchange of cultural and economic benefits, with the Portuguese playing a pivotal role in the maritime trade networks of the time.
Even in the face of evolving geopolitical landscapes, the Anglo-Portuguese relationship remained a constant factor in the interactions between Britain and Portugal in their respective territories in India. The treaty allowed both nations to maintain a degree of cooperation, fostering a sense of stability in a region marked by competition and colonial ambitions from various European powers. This historical connection between India and Portugal laid the groundwork for future diplomatic relations and cultural exchanges, which continue to evolve even in contemporary times, underscoring a legacy that reaches back over six centuries. The historical ties, while complicated by colonial legacies, serve as a reminder of shared interests that can transcend differences, inviting ongoing dialogue and cooperation in the present era.
Beginning of Diplomatic Relations
The relationship between Portugal and the Indian Union saw its foundations laid soon after the latter's independence in 1947. This period was marked by a spirit of cooperation, as Portugal expressed a willingness to modernize its diplomatic engagement with India. A significant step in this direction was Portugal's decision to terminate the longstanding Padroado treaty with the Holy See. This treaty had historically conferred 'patriarchal' authority to the Archbishop of Goa over various other regions in India, signaling a shift towards recognizing India's sovereignty in religious and administrative matters.
Following these developments, on 12 August 1948, India and Portugal took a pivotal step by exchanging diplomatic missions, formalizing their relations at a governmental level. This exchange was indicative of mutual recognition and respect, as both nations explored avenues for collaboration that extended beyond historical grievances. It set the stage for future interactions, as the diplomatic channels opened opportunities for dialogue on multiple fronts such as culture, trade, and technology.
The cordiality in relations during this brief period was crucial as both nations sought to navigate the complexities of post-colonial realities. While the Indian government was focused on consolidating its territorial integrity and independence, Portugal, which still held territories in India, such as Goa, Damão, and Diu, was looking to restructure its imperial influence in alignment with contemporary geopolitical dynamics. This unique inflection point in the 1940s laid the groundwork for future negotiations and debates surrounding the status of Portuguese territories in India, which would ultimately shape the trajectory of their bilateral relationship in the years to come.
Goa Dispute: 1950–61
Following the establishment of the Republic of India in January 1950, Portugal retained control over several territories on the Indian subcontinent, which included the districts of Goa, Daman and Diu, as well as Dadra and Nagar Haveli. Together, these regions were referred to as the Estado da Índia and covered approximately 4,000 square kilometers (1,540 square miles). At that time, the population was around 637,591, reflecting a diverse cultural and religious landscape. The Goan diaspora was significant, with an estimated 175,000 individuals, approximately 100,000 of whom resided within the Indian Union. The demographic breakdown of Goa indicated a religious predominance of Hindus at 61%, followed by Christians at 36.7%—mostly Roman Catholics—and Muslims at 2.2%.
The economy of Goa during this period was largely agricultural, providing sustenance for the local population. However, the late 1940s and early 1950s marked a transformative phase for Goa as the region experienced an economic boom primarily driven by the mining industry, especially in iron ore and some manganese reserves. This economic activity not only increased the region’s wealth but also attracted workers and investment, contributing to a growing middle class that began questioning colonial rule and advocating for integration with India.
Despite the socio-economic developments and growing nationalist sentiments among the Goans, Portugal was resolute in refusing to cede these territories, leading to a steady decline in diplomatic relations with India. The situation became increasingly contentious as Indian leaders, inspired by the ethos of self-determination and anti-colonialism, viewed the retention of Goa by Portugal as an extension of colonialism that needed to be addressed. Diplomatic efforts failed to yield any progress, resulting in heightened tensions that ultimately culminated in armed conflict in December 1961. The Indian military launched a brief but decisive campaign, leading to the integration of Goa into India, reshaping the geopolitical landscape in the region and marking the end of Portuguese colonial rule in India.
Opening of Negotiations Over Goa
On February 27, 1950, the Government of India initiated a significant diplomatic move by requesting the Portuguese government to commence negotiations regarding the future of its territories in India, primarily focusing on Goa. This initiative was spurred by Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru's declaration that "Goa is part of the Indian Union and it shall return." The statement reflected India's commitment to reclaiming territories that it viewed as integral to its national identity and sovereignty. However, the Portuguese government responded on July 15, 1950, by firmly rejecting India's stance, asserting that the question of Goa's status was not open for discussion. They positioned their territories as integral parts of metropolitan Portugal, emphasizing their belief that India had no legal claims over Goa due to historical precedents dating back to when Portuguese rule was established prior to India's own independence.
Portugal's position was further solidified by an amendment to its constitution in 1951, which specifically classified its overseas territories in India and Africa as "Overseas Colonies." This designation reinforced the Portuguese government's perspective that negotiations regarding territorial transfers were non-negotiable. A clear assertion was made that the diplomatic and military defense of sovereignty was crucial for the state. Simultaneously, in January 1953, India sought to reaffirm its stance through an aide memoire to the Portuguese with the aim of bridging historical political barriers. The Indian government articulated its intent to respect the rights of the local population in Goa, promising to preserve their culture, language, and customs, while emphasizing that any changes would only occur with the consent of the inhabitants.
Despite these diplomatic attempts, the lack of response from the Portuguese government led India to withdraw its diplomatic mission from Lisbon on June 11, 1953. This withdrawal underscored the growing frustration in India over Portugal's unwillingness to engage in meaningful dialogue. In 1954, the situation further complicated when the Portuguese government sought intervention from Great Britain, anticipating support based on their historical alliance. However, British Foreign Secretary Alec Douglas-Home clarified that the NATO alliance did not cover Portugal’s overseas territories, indicating that British involvement would be limited to mediation rather than direct support.
India sought to utilize its position in the emerging Non-Aligned Movement to muster international support for its demands over Goa, seeking to present its case on a global platform. Portugal, being a founding member of NATO, attempted to garner backing from Western nations, as well as from India’s neighboring rivals, Pakistan and China. This period marked a significant phase of geopolitical maneuvering, highlighting the complexities of colonial legacies and the struggle for territorial sovereignty in the post-colonial landscape. The tension surrounding the Goa issue symbolized broader themes of national identity, colonial resistance, and international diplomacy during the mid-20th century.
Estrangement
By 1954, relations between India and Portugal had reached a particularly strained point, especially concerning the status of Goa and other Portuguese territories in India. In a significant move, the Indian government instituted strict visa restrictions on travel from Goa to India. This policy effectively paralyzed the movement between Goa and other Portuguese exclaves, leading to growing tensions. Simultaneously, the Indian union of dock workers intensified its stance by instituting a boycott on all shipping to Portuguese India, further exacerbating the deteriorating relations.
During this period of escalating tensions, a series of armed actions took place. From 22 July to 2 August 1954, a group of armed activists, often identified as members of the United Front of Goans and led by Mr. Francis Mascarenhas, launched a concerted attack against the Portuguese forces stationed in the enclaves of Dadra and Nagar Haveli. This operation was notable not only for its audacity but also for the support it received from Indian regular troops and reserve police forces. Anticipating the need to counter any Portuguese military response, India sealed its borders on 28 June 1954, thereby hindering any attempts by Portugal to reinforce its territory from coastal Damman.
On 30 November 1954, Portuguese Prime Minister António Salazar addressed the Portuguese parliament, articulating his government’s stance on Goa. In his speech, he dismissed India's claims over Goa as mere 'fantasy' and commended the Goan population for their loyalty to Portugal amidst what he characterized as 'Indian provocations.' This rhetoric further entrenched Portugal's position and illustrated the disconnect between the Portuguese narrative and the aspirations of many Goans who sought a resolution that favored Indian sovereignty. The situation set the stage for future confrontations and laid the groundwork for significant geopolitical changes in the region.
As the conflict continued, it became evident that the struggle for Goa was about more than just territorial claims; it was also a reflection of national identity, colonial legacies, and the push for independence in a post-colonial world. The actions taken by Indian activists and the broader Indian government underscored a growing sentiment against colonial rule, positioning Goa at the forefront of India's broader struggle for liberation from European colonial powers. This period was a crucial chapter in the history of India-Portugal relations, highlighting the complexities of colonial legacy and nationalist aspirations in the mid-20th century.
Satyagraha Movement and Negotiations Breakdown
The conflict between India and Portugal over the territory of Goa reached a critical point in the mid-1950s, particularly marked by violent confrontations and a breakdown in negotiations. On 15 August 1954, a group of 49 non-violent Satyagrahi activists attempted to breach Portuguese defenses and hoist the Indian flag at Tiracol Fort, but they were met with fierce resistance from Portuguese forces. This encounter resulted in casualties among the activists, highlighting the severity of the conflict.
The situation escalated dramatically in the following year, on 15 August 1955, when thousands of unarmed Indian activists made parallel attempts to enter Goa from multiple points. The Portuguese police reacted violently, leading to the deaths of between 21 and 30 activists. A particularly harrowing incident at Banda involved Portuguese and Goan policemen, alongside soldiers from Mozambique, using firearms against a small group of Satyagrahis. This brutal action drew international attention, with journalists intervening to help the wounded activists. The global media coverage of these events swayed public opinion in India against Portuguese colonial rule; protests erupted across the country, with Communist parties rallying support for an armed response.
Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru condemned the violent Portuguese response, describing it as "brutal and uncivilized," yet he also urged caution, stating that India would not be "forced or hustled" into aggressive military action. This measured approach, however, attracted criticism from various Indian media outlets. The Times of India accused Nehru of indecision, while the Bombay Free Press Journal felt he was sending mixed messages that might embolden the Satyagrahi movement. Political tensions continued to rise, leading to the Indian government formally requesting the closure of Portuguese offices in New Delhi on 25 July 1955.
In response to the deteriorating situation, the Government of India began imposing restrictions on Satyagrahis attempting to travel to Goa. Notably, on 1 September 1955, India shut down its consulate in Goa, indicating the growing estrangement between the two nations. Meanwhile, Portuguese Prime Minister António de Oliveira Salazar made it clear that there would be no peaceful transfer of sovereignty over Goa. Nehru, on 17 September, reiterated his belief in the necessity of peaceful negotiations, insisting this was the only sound approach.
The Portuguese government’s calls for a referendum in Goa during 1956 and 1957, proposed by ambassador Marcello Mathias and supported by Salazar, failed to gain consensus among key ministers. Amidst the rising tensions, the Indian army undertook a strategic posture by deploying anti-aircraft missiles near the Daman and Diu airfields, indicating an escalating military readiness to protect Indian airspace. In response to the growing unrest and the Portuguese stance, on 3 April 1958, the Indian government partially lifted previous restrictions, allowing Indian nationals access to Goa, Daman, and Diu, marking a significant shift in the ongoing conflict and highlighting the deepening complexities of India’s struggle to reclaim its territories from Portuguese colonial rule.
UN Involvement in the Goa Crisis
The crisis surrounding Goa in 1961 sparked significant international attention, particularly from the United Nations. On 14 December 1960, the UN General Assembly adopted Resolution 1514 (XV), which urged all member states to take necessary actions to accelerate the decolonization process and promote self-determination for countries and territories that remained under colonial rule. This resolution was pivotal as it highlighted the global consensus on the need for nations to unravel their colonial legacies and empower indigenous populations to reclaim their sovereignty.
Portugal, however, rejected the applicability of this resolution to its colonial territories, arguing that its overseas provinces were integral parts of the nation and thus should not be classified as colonies. This position was rooted in Portugal's long-held belief in its governance of these territories as extensions of Portuguese territory rather than colonies. On 15 December 1960, the UN General Assembly further advanced the debate by passing Resolution 1541, which outlined 12 criteria to assess which territories qualified as non-self-governing. This resolution was crucial in establishing a framework for the international community to evaluate and act upon issues of colonialism and self-determination.
In a significant development, the UN followed up with Resolution 1542, which explicitly declared that nine of Portugal’s overseas territories met the criteria for being designated as “non-self-governing.” This declaration imposed a moral obligation on the international community, holding Portugal accountable for its colonial policies even if these were not recognized under Portuguese law. These resolutions not only intensified the pressure on Portugal but also garnered support for India's claim over Goa, a region marked by colonial rule and sought for liberation. As a result, the UN's involvement marked a critical juncture in the Goa crisis, signaling an evolving international perspective on colonialism and influencing the course of decolonization in the mid-20th century.
This series of resolutions can be seen as part of a broader movement during the 1960s when many countries were striving for independence from colonial powers. The situation in Goa, particularly in light of the UN's resolutions, highlighted the complexities of decolonization, national identity, and international law. It underscored the importance of international forums in mediating disputes over colonial legacies and set the stage for a more stringent global framework regarding the rights of nations to self-determination.
Indian support to partisan movements in Goa
During the period leading to Goa's liberation from Portuguese colonial rule, various forms of resistance emerged, including both non-violent protests and armed insurgency. Notably, armed groups such as the Azad Gomantak Dal, often referred to as the Free Goa Party, and the United Front of Goans began to undertake violent operations aimed at diminishing Portuguese control in the region. The Indian government provided substantial backing to these armed movements through financial aid, logistical support, and armament supplies. Notably, these insurgent groups operated from bases established on Indian territory, often shielded by Indian police forces, which indicates a complex interplay between nationalist sentiments and military strategy.
In executing their operations against Portuguese forces, the armed groups targeted critical economic infrastructure. They orchestrated attacks against telecommunication systems, transport links including roads and railways, and various economic facilities, with the goal of disrupting economic activity in Goa. This calculated approach was designed not only to weaken the colonial administration's grip but also to create an environment conducive for a widespread uprising against Portuguese rule. The intensity and strategic nature of these attacks reflect the level of organization and resolve within these guerrilla movements.
Captain Carlos Azaredo, a Portuguese army officer stationed in Goa, provided insight into the challenges faced by Portuguese forces during this tumultuous period. In a reflection published in the Portuguese newspaper O Expresso, he asserted that the guerrilla warfare tactics employed by these groups in Goa were more sophisticated than those he had encountered in other colonial conflicts, such as in Angola and Guinea. He noted that in just one year, 1961, around 80 members of the police force were killed as a result of these confrontations. Furthermore, he pointed out that the composition of the Azad Gomantak Dal included many fighters who were not natives of Goa but rather seasoned troops who had previously served in the British Army during World War II. This diverse background contributed to the effectiveness of the resistance and underscored the broader implications of anti-colonial sentiment in post-war contexts.
The dynamics of Indian support for these movements highlighted a significant aspect of the broader struggle against colonial rule, showcasing a blend of nationalist ambitions and strategic militarization. The Indian government actively engaged in fostering such armed groups, positioning itself as a key player in the regional liberation movement. This involvement ultimately demonstrated India's commitment to ending colonial rule in Goa and reshaping its own geopolitical landscape in South Asia. The struggle for liberation in Goa serves as an important chapter in both Indian history and the broader narrative of decolonization efforts across the globe.
International efforts at reconciliation during the India-Portugal conflict in the early 1960s were marked by a mix of diplomatic maneuvers and heightened tension. Portugal’s Prime Minister Salazar, concerned about India’s threats of military action towards Goa, first approached the United Kingdom to act as a mediator. As the situation escalated, he sought the support of Brazil to relay his protests, ultimately escalating the matter to the United Nations Security Council in hopes of international intervention. At the same time, Mexico extended its willingness to leverage its influence across Latin America to apply pressure on Portugal, emphasizing the potential international scope of the crisis.
In this context, India’s Defence Minister, V. K. Krishna Menon, made it clear that the use of force against Goa had not been ruled out, paralleling the situation in Angola where he condemned Portugal’s colonial policies. This era saw Indian forces engaged in a United Nations operation in the Congo, further emphasizing India's capabilities and willingness to act militarily if necessary. The United States found itself in a delicate position, attempting to mediate the unfolding conflict while maintaining its NATO alliance with Portugal, thereby balancing diplomatic interests without appearing to be under Portuguese influence. They hesitated to fully endorse the principle of self-determination for the people of Goa, fearing that such a precedent could similarly affect other Portuguese colonies and strained US-Portugal relations.
Amid these tensions, U.S. Ambassador to India John Kenneth Galbraith persistently encouraged the Indian government to pursue a peaceful resolution rather than escalating military action. Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, while considering diplomatic channels, made it clear that India sought a guarantee of Portugal's withdrawal from Goa as a precondition for negotiations, a request Portugal rejected as incompatible with the negotiation spirit. President John F. Kennedy cautioned Nehru that any military action in Goa, combined with India’s engagement in the Congo, would tarnish the image of a nation that had traditionally embodied non-violence and peace, drawing concerns over India's global reputation.
On 8 December, India's delegate at the UN Security Council, C. S. Jha, bolstered India’s position by declaring that the liberation of Goa was integral to India's commitment to eradicate colonial remnants. He emphasized that, regardless of international pressure, India regarded its actions as a matter of national faith. This commitment attracted the attention of the UN, with Acting Secretary-General U Thant appealing to both nations to avoid an escalation to conflict and urging dialogue. Despite these diplomatic overtures, the situation reached a critical point when, shortly before the planned military action, Nehru declared the continuation of Portuguese governance in Goa as untenable. In response to India's anticipated military intervention, the U.S. warned that such actions would not find favor with American representatives at the United Nations, setting the stage for the eventual military operation that would alter the status of Goa permanently.
Incident Overview
On 24 November 1961, the Sabarmati, a passenger vessel navigating between the Portuguese-controlled island of Angediva and the Indian port city of Kochi, became the focal point of a significant international incident when it was fired upon by Portuguese ground forces. This aggressive action resulted in the injury of the boat's chief engineer and led to the tragic death of a passenger on board. The Portuguese government justified their aggressive maneuvering by expressing concerns that the Sabarmati was secretly transporting a military unit intending to invade Angediva, which was a contested territory at the time.
Prelude to the Attack
Prior to the well-documented incident on 24 November, an earlier confrontation had occurred just a week prior. The Sabarmati had inadvertently entered waters that the Portuguese laid claim to, resulting in gunfire directed at the vessel. This incident was part of a broader context where territorial tensions were escalating during a period when nationalist sentiments were growing in India regarding Portuguese colonial rule in Goa and other territories. The repeated aggression from Portuguese forces not only heightened military tensions but also galvanized public opinion in India towards supporting potential retaliatory measures.
Escalation of Tensions
The attack on the Sabarmati served as a catalyst for increased calls within India for a military response to Portuguese colonial actions, which were largely viewed as provocative and indicative of the broader struggle for independence from colonial rule. Many Indians perceived the actions of the Portuguese military as not just an affront to a civilian vessel but also to India's sovereignty as a nation. Such sentiments helped in unifying public support for the Indian government to take military action, which ultimately led to the annexation of Goa, Daman, and Diu in December 1961.
Historical Context and Impact
The firing upon the Sabarmati was emblematic of the fraught relations between India and Portugal during a time when many nations were reevaluating colonial rule and the principles of self-determination. The incident not only highlighted the tensions in the Indian subcontinent but also marked an important chapter in the decline of European colonial empires in Asia. The Portuguese colonial holdings in India would soon come to an end as India launched Operation Vijay to liberate Goa, further underscoring the intensifying struggle against colonialism. The aftermath of this operation transformed Indo-Portuguese relations and marked a new chapter in the relationship between the two nations, shaped by a shared history of colonial resistance and the enduring legacies of their intertwined fates.
Indian annexation of Goa
The annexation of Goa, Daman, and Diu in 1961 marked a significant turning point in the post-colonial narrative of India. The covert diplomatic efforts between India and Portugal to resolve the territorial dispute failed, leading to heightened tensions that culminated in military action. On 18 December 1961, India launched an armed invasion known as Operation Vijay. This operation was not merely a land assault but a carefully orchestrated offensive that employed coordinated efforts from the Indian Army, Air Force, and Navy, showcasing India's strategic military capabilities.
The operation lasted for approximately 36 hours and entailed extensive aerial bombardment, naval blockades, and land assaults designed to overwhelm Portuguese defenses. The Portuguese colonial administration, which had maintained a presence in Goa since 1510, faced a rapidly deteriorating situation. The decisive military campaign forced the Portuguese to surrender, effectively ending more than 450 years of colonial rule in the region. This military intervention significantly shaped contemporary Indian nationalism, as it was seen as a restoration of Indian sovereignty over territories that were emblematic of colonial exploitation.
The aftermath of the annexation was complex, as Portuguese holdouts began to navigate their new realities in a post-colonial India. Integration of Goa into the Indian Union was officially completed, and by 1962, Goa, along with Daman and Diu, was included as a Union Territory of India. The event also sparked discussions on colonial history, nationalism, and identity in the region. Furthermore, the annexation led to a re-evaluation of India's foreign policy and its stance against colonialism worldwide, influencing India's relationships with other nations undergoing similar struggles for independence. The legacy of this military action continues to resonate, as efforts to reconcile historical grievances and promote cultural ties between India and Portugal persist in the modern era.
Aftermath
The liberation of Goa in December 1961 marked a significant moment in India's history, stirring a wide range of international reactions. While many nations applauded India's actions to integrate Goa, a territory that had been under Portuguese colonial rule for over four centuries, others expressed concerns regarding sovereignty and territorial integrity. Following this turbulent period, Portugal remained resistant to recognizing India's authority over Goa, a sentiment that reflected the lingering colonial mindset of the Portuguese regime at the time. The passing of Portuguese dictator António de Oliveira Salazar in 1970 brought about a shift in the political landscape of Portugal, paving the way for a democratic transition.
By 1974, a new democratic government emerged in Portugal, which soon acknowledged India's sovereignty over Goa. This development was formalized with the signing of a treaty in New Delhi on December 31, 1974, effectively re-establishing diplomatic relations between the two nations. The reopening of embassies became a symbol of renewed friendship; the Indian Embassy in Lisbon was reopened in June 1975, followed by the Portuguese Embassy in New Delhi in July of the same year. This diplomatic thaw marked a turning point in India-Portugal relations, although the Portuguese government faced instability in the years that followed.
It wasn't until 1987 that the Social Democratic Party (PSD) secured an absolute majority in Portugal, ushering in a period of greater political stability. However, this stability also led to a downturn in bilateral interactions between India and Portugal, limiting opportunities for deeper cooperation. Despite this, some notable steps were taken to foster economic ties; in 1977, India and Portugal signed a Bilateral Agreement on Trade, Economic, Industrial, and Technical Cooperation. The establishment of a Joint Committee under this Agreement in November 1981 served to facilitate ongoing discussions, although the enthusiasm for engagement would remain constrained due to political and economic challenges in Portugal.
As the years progressed, India and Portugal continued to seek avenues to enhance bilateral cooperation, although considerable gaps remained in trade and cultural exchanges. The historical linkage, stemming from Portugal's colonial past in India, particularly in Goa, has played a role in fostering a unique relationship characterized by shared history, cultural ties, and people-to-people connections. This undercurrent of mutual influence, though strained in the political aftermath of Goa's liberation, continues to evolve as both nations work to strengthen their partnership in the modern context.
Increasing diplomatic contacts between India and Portugal have marked a significant evolution in their bilateral relations over the years. Historical ties, often rooted in colonial legacies and cultural exchanges, have gradually transitioned into a more formal diplomatic partnership. Notably, the late 20th century saw key visits that laid the groundwork for improved relations. Mario Soares, as the Prime Minister, attended the funeral of India's former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1984, which symbolized a gesture of respect and solidarity. His later visit as President during the Republic Day celebrations in 1992 further cemented this growing relationship.
The early 2000s marked a pivotal period for India-Portugal relations with significant state visits. In addition to the visits by Indian Presidents Venkataraman in 1990 and KR Narayanan in 1998, the first India-Portugal Summit in June 2000, attended by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee, set a framework for high-level discussions on issues of mutual interest. Portuguese President Aníbal Cavaco Silva's state visit in January 2007 introduced new avenues for collaboration, followed by Prime Minister José Sócrates's visit in December 2007, which further enriched diplomatic dialogue. Prime Minister António Costa’s visit in January 2017 indicated a consistent commitment to fostering bilateral ties.
Parliamentary exchanges have also contributed significantly to building relationships, starting in 1999 when a delegation of nine Portuguese ministers, led by Dr. Antonio de Almeida Santos, visited India. This was followed by varied delegations, including the attendance of Dr. João Bosco Mota Amaral at the Golden Jubilee celebrations of the Indian Parliament in January 2003. India's reciprocal efforts were evident when a 12-member delegation, led by Manohar Joshi, Speaker of the Lok Sabha, visited Portugal in May 2003, emphasizing the intent to enhance inter-parliamentary cooperation.
Ministerial visits further established a robust framework for dialogue, with notable figures like Dr. João Cravinho and Anand Sharma playing pivotal roles in diplomatic engagement. Their meetings paved the way for discussions on trade, investment, and cultural exchanges. Across these years, the dialogue has been warm and inclusive, highlighting mutual interests and historical bonds. The visit planned by Portuguese President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa in 2020 or 2021 is anticipated to be crucial, as it marks the first presidential visit since 2007, highlighting the ongoing commitment to strengthening ties in the current geopolitical landscape. Overall, India and Portugal have nurtured a multi-faceted relationship characterized by mutual respect and shared interests, advocating for closer collaboration into the future.
= Treaties and Agreements =
In 1997, India and Portugal took a significant step in enhancing their bilateral relations by splitting the original 1977 agreement into two distinct segments. One segment focused on economic and industrial cooperation, which was formalized with a new agreement signed in Lisbon in April 2000. The other segment emphasized collaboration in science and technology, culminating in an agreement signed in December 1998. Both of these agreements have since entered into force following the completion of the necessary ratification procedures. Furthermore, to improve fiscal relations, an agreement aimed at avoiding double taxation was established in September 1998, a critical step for facilitating smoother trade and investment flows between the two nations.
The relationship between India and Portugal has been bolstered through various cooperation agreements initiated in the early 1990s. Notably, a Cooperation Agreement was signed in January 1992 between the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) and the Portuguese Institute for Foreign Trade and Investment (ICEP). This paved the way for the establishment of a Joint Business Council, which convened in 1993, 1995, and 1997, fostering dialogue and collaboration between the business communities of both nations. Further strengthening economic ties, a Cooperation Agreement was inked between the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) and the Portuguese Association of Industries (AIP) in July 1995. Additionally, the Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement (BIPPA) established in June 2000 and an agreement to form a Joint Working Group in Information Technology underscored the commitment of both countries to create a conducive environment for investment.
In more recent years, India and Portugal have continued to expand their cooperation through various agreements aimed at strengthening cultural, educational, and scientific ties. In January 2007, a series of agreements was signed, including a Cultural Exchange Programme set to run from 2007 to 2010. These agreements also addressed the exchange of knowledge and resources in education, language, science, technology, and higher education, aiming to foster collaboration across these vital sectors. The overarching agreement, which encompasses education, science, culture, sports, youth, and mass media, reflects the multifaceted approach both nations are taking toward deepening their partnership. This suite of agreements was complemented by an Extradition Treaty, which underscores the commitment both countries have made towards enhancing legal cooperation to combat transnational crime and bolster mutual security.
Overall, the evolving landscape of India-Portugal relations speaks to a rich history of diplomatic engagement and a shared vision for future cooperation, spanning across economic, cultural, technological, and legal domains. As both countries continue to engage actively on these fronts, there is potential for even greater collaboration to address global challenges and enhance the well-being of their citizens.
Trade and Economic Relations
The economic partnership between India and Portugal has shown significant growth, particularly in the realm of bilateral trade. From a modest trading volume of USD 69 million in 1991, the total trade escalated to USD 289.52 million by 2005, signifying a positive trajectory in their economic relations. During this period, India emerged as a prominent player in exports, accounting for over 70% of the trade turnover. It is evident that India's diverse range of products has made a remarkable impact on the trade landscape between the two nations.
Initially, Indian exports to Portugal were heavily concentrated on marine products, textiles (both cotton and synthetic), and essential commodities such as leather, footwear, and hides. Additionally, the trade included agricultural products like coffee, tea, and spices, which have long been staples in international markets. As the twenty-first century unfolded, there was a notable diversification in the range of products exported. India began to incorporate a wider array of goods, such as carpets, gems, and jewellery, expanding its reach into silk and silk products. This diversification is indicative of India’s evolving export capabilities, which now embrace other industrial goods, including electrical machinery and parts, iron and steel products, as well as organic chemicals.
On the other hand, Portuguese exports to India were primarily dominated by heavy machinery and equipment, constituting around 44% of total exports in 2006. This trend highlights Portugal's strengths in engineering and manufacturing sectors. The remaining exports consisted of cork and cork products, which reflect Portugal’s historical significance in cork production, as well as pulp and paper products, organic chemicals, and plastics. These trade patterns underscore the complementary nature of the economic interactions between the two countries, with each moving to leverage their respective strengths in various sectors.
Furthermore, both countries see potential for further economic collaboration. With India emerging as a hub for information technology and innovation, the technology sector presents an attractive prospect for investment and trade. On the other hand, Portugal, being strategically located and part of the European Union, offers India a gateway to the European market. This partnership not only enhances bilateral relations but also opens doors to collaborative ventures that can bolster economic growth and trade innovation for both nations.
Return of Gold Ornaments by Banco Nacional Ultramarino
In a significant gesture of reconciliation between India and Portugal, an agreement was reached regarding the return of gold ornaments that were taken from Goa by the Banco Nacional Ultramarino in 1961. This development stemmed from President Venkataraman's visit to Portugal in 1990, which served as a turning point in Indo-Portuguese relations. The ornaments in question had been deposited by the Goan populace during the period of Portuguese colonization, symbolizing a poignant aspect of Goa's history. Their return was not merely a logistical matter, but a meaningful step toward rectifying historical grievances and fostering goodwill between the two nations.
The actual repatriation of the gold ornaments took place in July 1991, during the visit of Indian Minister of State for External Affairs, Eduardo Faleiro. This event marked a significant milestone in bilateral relations, reflecting the commitment of both nations to address unresolved issues from their colonial past. The formal handover not only carried immense sentimental value for the people of Goa but also served as an emblem of collaboration between India and Portugal. Such gestures underscore the evolving narrative of friendship and mutual respect, paving the way for enhanced diplomatic, economic, and cultural ties in the years to follow.
Beyond the return of gold, the relations between India and Portugal have continued to develop, characterized by high-level visits, trade agreements, and cooperative ventures in various fields. Both countries have recognized the importance of their historical ties while focusing on contemporary challenges such as trade, education, technology, and tourism. The legacy of Portuguese rule in India, particularly in Goa, continues to influence cultural exchanges and bilateral dialogues, highlighting the depth of the relationship that evolves to meet modern demands while honoring shared histories.