= Early Historical Relations =
The history of Indian influence in the Philippines dates back to the 10th century, a time when the region was deeply interconnected with the advancements and cross-cultural exchanges fostered by the Srivijaya and Majapahit empires. Indian traders, scholars, and migrants played pivotal roles in introducing various elements of Indian culture, religion, and art to the archipelago. Scholars from this period referred to the Philippines as Panyupayana, a name rooted in Indian cosmology and geography, which reflects how deeply intertwined the two regions were, both culturally and economically.
This early contact with Indian civilization profoundly shaped indigenous cultures, leading to the assimilation of Indian epics, including the Ramayana and Mahabharata, into local narratives. One notable adaptation is the Maharadia Lawana, a folk epic among the Maranao people, which contains themes and characters reminiscent of its Indian counterparts. The influence of Indian culture is not only evident in literature but also in artifacts discovered across various islands in the Philippines, such as the golden image of a female Bodhisattva found in Agusan, which marks the spread of Buddhism in the region during the late 13th and 14th centuries.
Linguistically, the traces of Indian influence persist in the modern languages of the Philippines, with a considerable number of Sanskrit-derived words still in use. The presence of Indian-derived terms can be seen as a testament to the enduring cultural legacy that India has imprinted on the Philippines through trade and migration. Additionally, historic records refer to the establishment of rajanates in Cebu, Butuan, and Sanmalan, underscoring the sociopolitical structures that bore Indian characteristics. Notably, the founder of Cebu, Sri Lumay, is noted to be of mixed Indian and Malay descent. Meanwhile, Rajah Kiling of Butuan is posited by researchers to have an Indian name, which is consistent with references to Keling, used in nearby Malaysia to denote Indian immigrants.
The spread of Hinduism also had profound impacts, especially in central and southern parts of the Philippines. The consequences of these exchanges were not only cultural but also genetic, as modern studies reveal a significant presence of South Asian ancestry among some ethnic groups, particularly the Sama-Bajau. This intricate web of interaction signifies a long, rich history between India and the Philippines, characterized by exchange, adaptation, and mutual influence that laid the groundwork for future relationships between these two nations.
Colonial Era
The colonial era was marked by significant interactions between India and the Philippines, particularly in the context of the labor force and trade relations. During this period, there was an escalated demand in the Philippines for labor, particularly for South Asian slaves who were predominantly captured from the Dravidian-speaking regions of South India and the Indo-European speaking Bengal Coast. This demand illustrates the ways in which colonialism reshaped both societal structures and economic transactions in the Philippines, highlighting the broader patterns of global exploitation and the passage of peoples across borders.
Between 1762 and 1764, a notable episode occurred during the Anglo-Spanish wars, when around 600 Sepoy, or native Indian troops, were deployed to the Philippines as part of a military expedition organized by the East India Company. This contingent comprised members who, after the British forces withdrew, chose to remain in the Philippines rather than return to their homeland. Their decision to settle in what is now known as Cainta, Rizal, established one of the earliest Indian enclaves in the country. Today, Cainta still harbors a community with deep roots connected to these Sepoy descendants, reflecting the long-standing historical ties between the two nations.
Moreover, the 18th century witnessed a flourishing trade relationship between the Philippines and India, particularly with regions like the Coromandel Coast in Bengal. This trade involved significant Philippine exports, including valuable commodities such as tobacco, silk, cotton, indigo, sugar cane, and coffee. The exchange of these goods not only enriched both economies but also fostered cultural exchanges, leading to a blending of traditions, cuisines, and social practices. Such interactions during the colonial era laid the groundwork for future bilateral relations, establishing linkages that resonate even in contemporary times. The historical interplay of trade and migration continues to be a point of interest for both nations, underlining the enduring connections stemming from their shared colonial past.
Post World War II, the Philippines made significant strides in establishing international relationships, including with India. Diplomatic relations were officially established on 26 November 1949, marking the beginning of a journey toward closer collaboration. Narciso Ramos, who served as the Foreign Secretary, was the first envoy from the Philippines to India, indicating the importance placed on this bilateral relationship right from the onset.
Building upon their shared desire for friendship and cooperation, the two countries signed a Treaty of Friendship in Manila on 11 July 1952. This treaty was designed to bolster the existing amicable ties between the nations, paving the way for enhanced diplomatic and economic engagement. The establishment of the Philippine Legation in New Delhi—later upgraded to an embassy—served as a significant milestone in formalizing relations. However, the onset of the Cold War and the resulting bipolar alliance structure hindered the full development of these bilateral relations during the ensuing decades, as geopolitical alignments took precedence over economic and social partnerships.
The momentum shifted in 1976 when Aditya Vikram Birla, a prominent Indian industrialist, engaged with then Philippine President Ferdinand E. Marcos. This meeting led to the establishment of Indo-Philippine Textile Mills, Inc. (Indo-Phil), which marked a significant Indian investment in the Philippines. The Indo-Phil venture not only contributed to economic progress by providing jobs to around 2,000 Filipino workers but also positioned itself as a key player in the local textile industry by supplying 40% of the domestic demand for yarn. This partnership exemplified the potential for economic collaboration between the two nations.
Further initiatives in the late 1970s reinforced this growing commercial relationship. The Trade Agreement signed on 29 May 1979 served as a framework for facilitating trade between the Philippines and India. By 1995, a heightened interest in trade relations prompted the Philippines to undertake its first Trade Mission to India, resulting in the formation of a Joint Working Group and a Joint Business Council. These entities were tasked with assessing trade potentials and exploring new areas for collaboration, which led to regular bilateral meetings aimed at fostering economic ties. Overall, the evolution of India-Philippines relations since World War II demonstrates a gradual but steady commitment to strengthening diplomatic and economic partnerships, paving the way for a more integrated future.
21st Century Relations
The relationship between India and the Philippines has evolved significantly in the 21st century, marked by increased dialogue and cooperation on various fronts. The Policy Consultation Talks were initiated in 2000 as a formal channel for dialogue, occurring annually between senior officials from both nations' foreign ministries. These talks focus on bilateral relations, along with discussing regional and international issues of mutual interest, demonstrating a commitment to enhancing diplomatic engagement and understanding.
A notable milestone in this relationship was the signing of a Joint Declaration for Co-operation to Combat International Terrorism, complementing the ASEAN-India Joint Declaration adopted in Bali, Indonesia, in 2003. This agreement emphasizes the necessity of enhancing intelligence and information sharing, bolstering capacity-building initiatives through training and education, and improving readiness against terrorism, including cyber crimes. The commitment to combat the terrorist misuse of cyberspace showcases the adaptability of both nations in addressing contemporary security challenges through collaborative frameworks.
In a further strengthening of ties, the inaugural Philippines-India Security Dialogue took place in Manila on March 12, 2004. This dialogue was established to create a policy forum that fosters a mutual exchange of security assessments and reviews bilateral and regional security and defense cooperations. The establishment of this dialogue underscores the shared strategic interests and the commitment to address common security threats faced by both nations.
Additionally, the celebration of the 60th anniversary of diplomatic relations in 2009 highlighted the growing friendship between the two countries. Then-President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo declared November as Philippines-India Friendship Month through Presidential Proclamation 1924, marking a month dedicated to enhancing cultural exchanges and goodwill between the nations.
The ASEAN-India Free Trade Area agreement signed in 2009 further cements the economic connection between India and the Philippines, allowing for lower tariffs and increased trade opportunities. This agreement included the Philippines as a key signatory, reflecting a broader strategy for economic collaboration within the ASEAN framework and emphasizing the importance of trade relations in solidifying diplomatic ties. Overall, these developments illustrate a dynamic partnership evolving through active engagement across various sectors.
Joint Commission on Bilateral Co-operation
The formation of the Joint Commission on Bilateral Co-operation between India and the Philippines represented a significant step in enhancing mutual relations. This agreement was formalized during the State Visit of President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo to India on October 5, 2007. The primary objective of this commission is to bolster collaborations across various sectors, including trade, economic development, science, and technology, among others. To ensure continuity and effectiveness, meetings of the Joint Commission are scheduled to be co-chaired by the Foreign Affairs Ministers of both nations every two years, fostering a platform for dialogue and assessment of ongoing initiatives.
The inaugural session of this Joint Commission took place on March 15, 2011, in New Delhi, co-chaired by Foreign Affairs Secretary Albert F. Del Rosario. This initial meeting set the stage for intensified collaboration, as representatives from both nations agreed on a set of cooperative initiatives that would encompass trade, agriculture, and defense. This was a pivotal moment in Philippine-India relations, outlining a roadmap for strategic partnerships that were to follow in subsequent years.
Fast forward to the 2018 ASEAN–India Commemorative Summit held in New Delhi, where the Delhi Declaration was signed. This summit underscored the importance of Philippines-India relations as one of the key areas of focus. During this event, India articulated a vision of substantial investments amounting to billions of dollars in the Philippine market. Sectors like pharmaceuticals, information technology, energy, and transportation were highlighted as primary areas for investment, anticipated to generate around 10,000 jobs, thereby enhancing economic ties and contributing to the socioeconomic landscape of both countries.
The discussions at the 5th Joint Commission, reflecting the ongoing cooperation, emphasized the importance of addressing disputes peacefully and adhering to international law, particularly in relation to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). This stance was further reinforced by the acknowledgment of the 2016 Arbitral Award concerning the South China Sea, showcasing both countries' commitment to uphold rules-based international order. This mutual understanding illustrates the depth and complexity of the relationship between India and the Philippines, which continues to evolve through trade, security cooperation, and shared diplomatic priorities.
Cultural Relations
The cultural ties between India and the Philippines can be traced back to ancient times, showcasing a profound influence that continues to resonate in various aspects of Filipino life today. One prominent example of this is the impact of Indian languages on Filipino vernaculars, particularly in Tagalog. Approximately 30 percent of the Tagalog language consists of loanwords derived from Sanskrit, underscoring the linguistic exchange that has occurred over centuries. These linguistic connections reflect not only trade relationships but also historical migrations and the blend of cultural narratives that arose from these interactions.
The influence of Indian culture in the Philippines extends beyond language to the domain of arts and crafts. Traditional Filipino decorative arts and metalworks exhibit notable techniques and styles that trace their origins back to Indian practices. Craftsmen historically utilized materials such as brass, bronze, copper, and tin, which were often employed in intricate designs and embellishments, revealing a shared heritage of craftsmanship. This artistic legacy is still visible in contemporary Philippine art forms that pay homage to traditional practices while incorporating modern elements.
Literature and folklore in the Philippines also bear the mark of Indian storytelling traditions. Early Filipino narratives, including the Maranao epic "Darangan" and the Ifugao tale "Balituk," echo themes and motifs commonly found in Indian epics and narratives, indicating a deep literary exchange. These stories not only serve as a form of entertainment but also convey cultural values and historical lessons, highlighting the interconnectedness of the Indian and Filipino identities.
Moreover, the belief systems prevalent in Filipino folklore further illustrate Indian influence. For example, the local folk belief concerning eclipses, where the phenomenon is attributed to a dragon named "laho" that bites the moon or sun, parallels the Indian myth of the demon Rahu. This correlation highlights how spiritual and mythological frameworks have merged across cultures through centuries of interaction, enriching the Philippine tapestry of beliefs and practices while resonating with Indian traditions. Overall, the cultural relations between India and the Philippines are characterized by a rich interplay of language, art, literature, and belief systems, signifying a lasting legacy of shared heritage.
Military Relations
India and the Philippines share a robust military relationship characterized by mutual support and cooperation in defense matters. A notable highlight of this cooperation came when the Philippines backed India’s candidacy for non-permanent membership in the United Nations Security Council for the term 2011-12. This endorsement has led to regular consultations between delegations of both nations in the UN and various multilateral platforms, fostering a collaborative approach to international security issues.
Training and exchange programs have become an integral part of the military relationship, with numerous Foreign Service officers from the Philippines participating in the ASEAN diplomats' course at India's Foreign Service Institute. Additionally, the interaction between naval forces is noteworthy; Indian Navy and Coast Guard vessels routinely visit the Philippines, engaging in strategic dialogues and goodwill missions. Notable visits include the tours of INS Satpura and INS Kadmatt to Manila in October 2017, as well as several other Indian ships over the years. Such initiatives not only strengthen military diplomacy but also enhance operational interoperability between the two nations' armed forces.
The participation of military personnel from both countries in specialized training courses has seen significant growth. The Philippines made its first-ever National Defence College (NDC) trip to India, and India reciprocated by sending delegations from its own defense management colleges, further solidifying defense ties. This exchange is aimed at building capacities and sharing best practices in modern warfare and strategic defense.
India has also demonstrated its humanitarian commitment towards the Philippines, especially in the aftermath of natural disasters. Following Super Typhoon Haiyan in November 2013, India dispatched an Indian Air Force flight carrying relief materials for the affected populations. Furthermore, after Typhoon Bopha and the Bohol earthquake in 2012 and 2013, respectively, India extended financial support totaling $300,000 to assist with relief efforts. The response to the siege of Marawi in 2017 further illustrated India's dedication to its partner, with a pledge of $500,000 to aid rehabilitation efforts in the city.
The recent acquisition of the BrahMos shore-based anti-ship missile system by the Philippines underscores the evolving defense relationship, with the Philippines finalizing a deal valued at approximately $375 million in January 2022. This move not only enhances the Philippines' naval capabilities but also illustrates India's burgeoning role as a strategic defense partner in Southeast Asia, reinforcing military collaborations and ensuring regional stability. Through these endeavors, both nations are committed to deepening their military ties, ultimately fortifying defense cooperation in the broader context of security in the Indo-Pacific region.
Trade Relations
India-Philippines trade has seen a steady increase over the years, currently estimated at around $1.6 billion, according to India's Ministry of External Affairs. This growth is indicative of the strengthening economic ties between the two countries, which have progressively evolved through various mechanisms and bilateral engagements. In particular, the introduction of the India-ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (FTA) in goods has played a significant role, although the trade figures, particularly in the initial years, were slower to realize their full potential.
In the financial year 2016-17, total India-Philippines trade reached approximately $1.981 billion, with India's exports to the Philippines valued at about $1,487 million and imports from the Philippines amounting to $494 million. The trade volume continued to expand, with the total trade for 2018-19 rising to approximately $2.32 billion. During this period, India's exports to the Philippines were recorded at $1,743 million, while imports stood at $581 million. These figures reflect a growing appreciation of mutual trade, driven by enhanced economic collaboration and shared interests in strengthening bilateral ties.
Several factors are contributing to this upward trajectory of trade and investment between India and the Philippines. The recent conclusion of the India-ASEAN Trade in Services and Investment Agreements has further solidified the framework for bilateral economic integration, opening avenues for increased commerce and investment opportunities. Indian investments in the Philippines are notable in sectors such as textiles, garments, IT and IT-enabled services, steel, airports, chemicals, automobiles, and pharmaceuticals. This diversification of investment demonstrates India's commitment to not only expanding its trade footprint in the region but also fostering sustainable economic growth in the Philippines through technology transfer, job creation, and industry development.
Overall, the relationship between India and the Philippines is poised for continued growth, as both countries explore new avenues for collaboration and deepen their economic connections. With a shared vision for progress and development, the future of India-Philippines trade relations looks promising, bolstered by strategic partnerships and mutual interests in enhancing economic prosperity.
Indian Community in the Philippines
The Indian community in the Philippines has seen significant growth over the years, with the Bureau of Immigration estimating around 120,000 individuals of Indian origin currently residing in the country. A significant proportion of this community, approximately 5,000 members, have taken the step to acquire Filipino citizenship. Predominantly, the community comprises Punjabis and Sindhis, who have established a vibrant diaspora through their business ventures and cultural ties. Over the past decade, there has been an influx of Indian professionals, numbering around 1,500, who are contributing their skills across various sectors. This includes roles in prominent institutions such as the Asian Development Bank, the International Rice Research Institute, and multiple United Nations agencies, in addition to emerging opportunities within multinational corporations and business process outsourcing (BPO) firms, as well as Indian joint ventures operating in the Philippines.
In recent years, the Philippines has positioned itself as an attractive destination for Indian students, particularly those seeking medical education. Currently, there are over 10,000 Indian students enrolled in medical programs at various universities across the Philippines. The popularization of courses at prestigious institutions such as the Asian Institute of Management in Manila is notable, with nearly half of its student body being Indian nationals. This trend can be attributed to various factors, including the high quality of education, affordability, and the medium of instruction being English, which eliminates the barrier of having to learn the local language for international students, especially in disciplines like aviation, for which flying schools in the country are particularly appealing.
Furthermore, several esteemed universities in the Philippines have shown a commitment to fostering academic and cultural ties with India. Institutions such as the University of Santo Tomas, the University of the Philippines, the University of Northern Philippines, the University of the Visayas, Adamson University, and the University of Mindanao have established special ‘India chapters’ in their libraries. These chapters serve to enrich academic resources by housing a collection of books on Indian culture and history, which were donated through the Public Diplomacy division of India’s Ministry of External Affairs. Such initiatives not only celebrate the contributions of the Indian community but also foster mutual understanding and cultural exchange between the two nations. Additionally, the installation of a bust of Mother Teresa at the University of Santo Tomas, a gift from the Indian Council for Cultural Relations, further symbolizes the deepening ties and shared humanitarian values between India and the Philippines.