Diplomatic Relations
Mauritania's diplomatic relationship with India has evolved through various phases since its inception. Originally, Mauritania was served by the Indian Embassy in Dakar, Senegal, which represented Indian interests in the region. Following the opening of the Indian Embassy in Bamako, Mali, in May 2009, the accreditation for Mauritania was transferred there, allowing for closer diplomatic engagement with the West African country. Additionally, India maintains an Honorary Consulate General in Nouakchott, the capital of Mauritania, to facilitate diplomatic activities. However, it is noteworthy that Mauritania does not have an embassy or any diplomatic mission in India, highlighting the need for enhanced diplomatic ties.
High-Level Visits and Collaborations
Significant milestones in India-Mauritania relations were marked by high-level visits from both nations intended to bolster economic and developmental cooperation. In 2009, Mauritania's Minister for Economy and Development, Didi ould Tah, participated in the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) Africa Conclave, emphasizing India's role in African development. This engagement continued in March 2013, when Mauritanian Ministers visited New Delhi for the 9th CII EXIM-Bank Conclave. Such forums represent critical platforms for exchanging ideas and promoting trade and investment opportunities between India and Mauritania.
Moreover, the attendance of Mauritania’s President Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz at the second India–Africa Forum Summit (IAFS) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in May 2011 was a significant event in this relationship. During that summit, President Aziz engaged in bilateral discussions with Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, focusing on development cooperation and regional issues.
Strengthening Agreements
The turning point in the relationship occurred during President Aziz’s visit to India in October 2015, a historic first for a Mauritanian head of state. Invited by Prime Minister Narendra Modi to attend the third India-Africa Forum Summit in New Delhi, President Aziz led a high-level delegation that included Cabinet Ministers and senior officials. Their meeting on October 29 underscored the mutual interest in strengthening bilateral ties. During the conversation, Prime Minister Modi extended an invitation for Mauritania to join the International Solar Alliance, an initiative aimed at addressing global energy challenges through solar energy cooperation.
President Aziz’s commitment to enhancing bilateral relations was further solidified by his announcement to establish a Mauritanian embassy in New Delhi. This pivotal step reflects a shared understanding of the importance of diplomatic presence and is expected to facilitate deeper economic ties, cultural exchanges, and collaborative efforts in various sectors, including renewable energy and technology. As both nations look forward to consolidating their relationship, these developments mark a promising trajectory for future cooperation between India and Mauritania.
Trade Dynamics
The trade relationship between India and Mauritania has seen significant fluctuations since the late 1990s. Bilateral trade surged from a modest US$2.24 million in 1996-97 to an impressive US$102.4 million by 2014-15, indicating a strong growth trajectory bolstered by India’s expanding market presence in Africa. However, the following year saw a noticeable decline, dropping to $76.91 million in 2015-16. This period saw India exporting goods worth $58.35 million to Mauritania, while imports amounted to $18.56 million. The principal exports from India to Mauritania primarily include various cereals, tanning and dyeing extracts, plastic products, cotton, ceramic items, iron and steel products, as well as key machinery such as nuclear reactors and boilers. On the other hand, Mauritania’s exports to India predominantly consist of iron and steel, various ores, chemical slag, cotton, copper products, aluminum, and electrical machinery.
Investment Landscape
Despite the healthy trade exchanges, Mauritania has not made any investments in India. However, Indian firms have established a notable presence in Mauritania, particularly in sectors such as mining, power generation, and oil exploration. These companies are often involved in executing significant projects financed through lines of credit extended by the Indian Government, aimed at enhancing bilateral cooperation and economic development in Mauritania. One of the flagship achievements of Indian business ventures in Mauritania is the Archean Group's entry into the phosphate mining sector; it became the first Indian enterprise to commence commercial phosphate extraction in November 2010. Archean operates through a strategic joint venture with the Government of Mauritania, known as Bofal Indo Mining Company S.A., which showcases the potential for fruitful collaboration in the natural resources sector.
Broader Cooperation
The economic partnership between the two countries is not limited solely to trade and investment but encompasses broader cooperation in various sectors. India has been increasingly involved in capacity building and technical assistance in Mauritania, providing expertise in areas such as agriculture, health care, and education. This multifaceted approach underlines India's commitment to fostering sustainable development in Mauritania, leveraging Indian technological advancements and skills to benefit local communities. As both nations look to enhance their economic ties, there remains vast potential for further collaboration, particularly in renewable energy, infrastructure development, and technology transfer, which could drive mutual growth and benefit both economies in the long run.
Cultural Ties and Indian Influence
The cultural relations between India and Mauritania showcase a vibrant exchange enriched by various facets of Indian heritage. Goods of Indian origin have found their way into the local markets of Mauritania, indicating the acceptance and integration of Indian products within Mauritanian society. Particularly noteworthy is the Indian fabric, which is not only popular among retailers but also plays a crucial role in the traditional attire of Mauritanian women. This fabric forms the basis of dresses that are culturally significant, demonstrating the weaving together of Indian artistry with Mauritanian customs. Additionally, North Indian clothing styles have garnered a significant following, reflecting the impact of India's fashion sensibilities on Mauritian preferences.
Entertainment and Community Presence
In the realm of entertainment, dubbed Indian films and television shows enjoy immense popularity amongst Mauritanians, signifying a strong cultural resonance. This fascination with Indian cinema highlights the shared appreciation for storytelling that transcends linguistic barriers. Such cultural products serve as a conduit for deeper understanding and regard between the two countries. Furthermore, the presence of approximately 200-250 Indians residing in Mauritania reinforces the principle of cultural exchange. This community is predominantly engaged in key sectors such as mining, pharmaceuticals, oil and gas exploration, power generation, construction, and agro-industry, contributing significantly to Mauritania's economic development.
Service and Integration
In a more humanitarian vein, the contributions of Indian nationals extend beyond commercial activities. A notable group consists of about 40 Indian workers, primarily employed as laborers in construction projects, reflecting India's involvement in Mauritania's infrastructure development. Moreover, a small yet impactful presence of Catholic nuns from the Mangaluru-based Bethany Sisters adds another layer to the Indian contribution in Mauritania. These nuns play a significant role in community service by running a school and a hospital, effectively integrating into local society while providing essential services. This blend of economic involvement and social service underlines the multifaceted relationship between India and Mauritania, where cultural, economic, and humanitarian threads intertwine to foster a closer bilateral connection.
Developmental Assistance
India plays a significant role in supporting Mauritania’s growth through various forms of foreign aid, focusing on developmental, human resource enhancement, and infrastructural projects. This assistance is provided through direct bilateral contributions, initiatives under the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD), and the Indian African Forum Summit (IAFS). A notable landmark in this cooperation is the implementation of the Pan-African e-Network project in Mauritania, initially proposed at the first IAFS held in 2008. This project aims to enhance connectivity and provide easier access to vital information and resources, thereby fostering growth in various sectors.
Further proposals under the IAFS reflect India's commitment to Mauritania's developmental objectives. One such initiative is the establishment of a Farm Science Centre, which aims to improve agricultural practices and productivity. Additionally, in September 2011, India offered to set up a Centre for English Language Training, recognizing the importance of language skills in facilitating international communication and opportunities. Mauritania was also selected as one of just five African nations to host a Human Settlement Centre, reflecting the increasing bilateral focus on sustainable urban planning and development.
Financial Contributions
India's financial assistance to Mauritania is significant and covers a diverse range of essential services. In January 2010, India extended two lines of credit—$15 million aimed at developing agro-industries and another $6.8 million designated for a drinking water project. A portion of these funds facilitated the Government of Mauritania's acquisition of crucial agricultural machinery, including harvesters, which contributes to improving the agricultural economy. In addition, India allocated a $65.68 million line of credit specifically for a solar-diesel hybrid rural electrification project. This investment not only enhances energy access but also promotes renewable energy usage, which is vital for sustainable development in Mauritania.
Educational and Cultural Exchange
Beyond financial assistance, India also offers educational opportunities for Mauritanian citizens through various scholarship programs. Citizens are eligible for scholarships under the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme (ITEC), the Special Commonwealth Assistance for Africa Programme (SCAAP), and the Indian Council for Cultural Relations. There are also dedicated scholarships for agriculture that are administered through the African Union, allowing Mauritanian students to gain expertise that will contribute to the country's agricultural sector. These scholarships play a critical role in human resource development and strengthen the cultural ties between India and Mauritania, fostering mutual understanding and collaborative growth.
In conclusion, India's robust support for Mauritania encompasses a diverse array of initiatives designed to promote economic development, improve infrastructure, and foster a knowledgeable workforce. The ongoing cooperation between the two nations continues to grow, laying a strong foundation for future partnerships that can further enhance the socio-economic landscape of Mauritania.