= Ancient Relations =
The ancient relationship between India and Israel is marked by significant trade connections that date back to the mid-second millennium BCE. Excavations at Tel Megiddo, an archaeological site in northern Israel, have uncovered evidence of Indo-Mediterranean trade, revealing the presence of exotic goods such as turmeric, banana, and sesame— all of which are native to the Indian subcontinent. Historical geographical analysis posits that the authors of the Old Testament, particularly in the accounts involving King Solomon, were referring to trade routes that included India, where the exchange of animals like monkeys and peacocks occurred. Chaim Menachem Rabin highlights that these links were notably documented in I Kings 10.22, which references Solomon's maritime trade.
By the reign of King Solomon in the 10th century BCE, the established trade networks between India and the Levant were contributing to cultural and economic exchanges. Notably, historical texts such as the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea provide further insights into maritime trade, detailing routes and goods that linked these ancient civilizations. The connections were not merely economic; cultural communication flourished, evidenced by narratives involving the Queen of Sheba in the Hebrew Bible, who is often linked to these prosperous interactions. The Jewish community in Kochi, Kerala, known as Cochin Jews, proudly traces their origins to these early trading expeditions during the time of Solomon.
Beyond these accounts, the relationship is further enriched with the arrival of Paradesi Jews in Kochi during the 15th and 16th centuries, following their expulsion from Spain. This migration led to a blending of cultures and practices, which highlighted the long-standing relations between Jewish communities and Indian society. As trade flourished, connections between the Indus Valley Civilization and Babylonian culture also emerged, revealing that exchanges of goods, such as peacocks and monkeys, were culturally significant. Furthermore, historians document how the lexicons of the languages spoken in these regions began to exhibit notable similarities, reflecting this deep-seated connection.
During the period of Roman rule in Judea, while Judea played a somewhat minor role in the grand trade networks between the Roman Empire and India, it still served as an entry point for luxurious goods. The Temple in Jerusalem was known to house expensive garments that had been imported from India, often delivered through the bustling trading hub of Alexandria. This trade made a lasting impact on cultural practices in the region, ultimately laying the groundwork for a complex relationship between India and Israel that transcended mere economic transactions, fostering a deep cultural interconnection that has evolved through the centuries.
Non-recognition period (1948–1950)
The beginning of India's foreign policy towards Israel was shaped by numerous factors, particularly influenced by the tumultuous backdrop of India's own partition in 1947. The division based on religious lines rendered the political landscape sensitive to issues of nationalism and territorial rights. Mahatma Gandhi, a prominent figure in India’s struggle for independence, held a complex position regarding the establishment of the State of Israel. He recognized the legitimate grievances of the Jewish people and their historical claims to the land, yet he staunchly opposed the creation of Israel on religious or imposed grounds. Gandhi’s belief that the Arabs were the rightful occupants of Palestine led him to advocate for the return of Jews to their countries of origin, reflecting a perspective that emphasized coexistence and harmony over division.
In the lead-up to the establishment of Israel, influential figures like Albert Einstein sought to sway Indian leadership in favor of the Jewish cause. Einstein's earnest attempts to persuade Jawaharlal Nehru, articulated in a four-page letter dated June 13, 1947, underscored the moral imperative he saw for joint support of the Jewish homeland. However, Nehru’s political stance diverged from Einstein's vision, as he articulated the necessity for national leaders to maintain a pragmatic approach, often overshadowed by selfish interests. Consequently, India’s vote against the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine in 1947 and its opposition to Israel's admission to the UN in 1949 reflected a government policy that leaned towards a cautious and balanced view in a complex geopolitical landscape.
While the Indian government held a position of non-recognition, segments of Hindu nationalism displayed a more favorable view towards the establishment of Israel. Notably, leaders such as Veer Savarkar from the Hindu Mahasabha openly supported the Jewish state, framing their arguments within moral and political dimensions and condemning India's UN vote against Israel. This illustrates the intra-national discourse that was emerging during that period, which contrasted with the government’s stance. Similarly, Madhav Sadashiv Golwalkar, a leader of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, expressed admiration for Jewish nationalism, asserting that the Jewish people’s longing for a homeland in Palestine was a rightful aspiration, essential to their identity and nationhood.
This intersection of nationalism and international relations during the early years of Israel’s formation laid the groundwork for a complicated relationship between India and Israel that would evolve in the subsequent decades. As both countries navigated their unique struggles for identity and recognition on the international stage, their respective narratives began to intertwine, leading to shifts in diplomatic strategies and alignments in later years. The initial non-recognition period, thus, was not just an era of denial but also a vital chapter in understanding the evolving dynamics of India-Israel relations in the broader context of post-colonial politics and identity.
Informal Recognition and Early Relations
India’s historical recognition of Israel occurred on September 17, 1950, marking the beginning of a complex relationship that would evolve over the decades. Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru noted that while India recognized Israel as a sovereign state due to its existence as "a fact," the hesitation to formalize diplomatic ties was influenced largely by geopolitical sensitivities. His administration was mindful of the sentiments of Arab nations, which were crucial allies due to shared interests, particularly in the context of India's significant Muslim population and diplomatic commitments to the Non-Aligned Movement.
Throughout the 1950s, the relationship remained largely informal despite Israel's establishment of a consulate in Bombay in 1953. The 1971 Indo-Pakistani War exemplified the discreet support Israel offered to India, as it provided critical military and intelligence assistance during that conflict. However, domestic political considerations played a crucial role in India’s reluctance to fully normalise its diplomatic relationship with Israel. The fear of alienating the sizable Muslim electorate, alongside the need to preserve economic ties with the Arab states, presented continuous hurdles. The substantial number of Indian workers in the Gulf states, whose remittances were vital for India’s foreign-exchange reserves, further complicated India's stance.
Broader Geopolitical Context
India's foreign policy during the Cold War also influenced its relationship with Israel. It maintained a close alignment with the Soviet Union and supported the Palestinian cause, primarily through its backing of the Palestine Liberation Organization. This ideological alignment with Arab nations was crucial as India sought to counter Pakistan's influence in the Middle East, particularly in light of the historical tensions between India and Pakistan. The Indian National Congress, the predominant political party of the time, viewed Israel through the lens of religion, drawing parallels to Pakistan as a state established on religious grounds, which further fueled opposition to official diplomatic ties.
Despite the lack of formal relations, informal exchanges continued between the two nations. High-profile visits, such as those involving Israeli Defense Minister Moshe Dayan, fostered an undercurrent of cooperation, particularly in military and intelligence matters. This cooperation was discreet, as India remained adamant about not inciting backlash from its Arab allies. The intelligence provided by Israel during various conflicts was pivotal in bolstering India’s defense strategy.
Transition Towards Formal Relations
As the geopolitical landscape shifted in the late 1980s and early 1990s, so too did India's approach towards Israel. The dissolution of the Soviet Union and the shifting dynamics in the Middle East, alongside changes in Indian domestic politics, played essential roles in paving the way for a formal diplomatic relationship. The end of the Cold War prompted India to reassess its foreign alliances, and by 1992, India established full diplomatic ties with Israel, marking a significant turning point in their bilateral relations. This shift not only highlighted India's changing foreign policy but also underlined the importance of strategic relationships in an increasingly multipolar world.
Full Recognition and Evolving Ties
India formally established diplomatic relations with Israel in January 1992, ending decades of a non-aligned and pro-Arab foreign policy. The opening of the Indian embassy in Tel Aviv marked a significant shift in India's international relations, primarily driven by mutual strategic interests and shared security concerns, especially regarding the threats posed by Islamic terrorism. This burgeoning relationship was notably solidified during the Kargil War in 1999, as Israel provided crucial military aid, including arms and ammunition, to India. Factors contributing to this diplomatic transformation included the formation of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), which was perceived as dismissive of Indian Muslim sentiments, and Pakistan's resistance to India's entry into the OIC. Despite India's vocal criticisms of Israeli military actions in Palestinian territories, analysts suggest these positions were influenced by domestic political considerations aimed at appeasing Muslim constituents, especially during the tenure of the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government.
With the advent of Prime Minister Narendra Modi's government in 2014, India's foreign policy towards Israel has undergone further refinement, embracing a strategy of de-hyphenation. This approach allows India to engage independently with both Israel and Palestine without compromising its relations with either side. During the 2014 hostilities between Israel and Hamas, India adopted a balanced viewpoint, calling for an end to violence while urging Israel to refrain from excessive use of force in Gaza. Sushma Swaraj, the External Affairs Minister at the time, emphasized that India's longstanding support for the Palestinian cause persisted alongside its growing ties with Israel. Although some interpret this stance as a form of cautious neutrality, it reflects a continuity in Indian foreign policy observed since the formal establishment of ties in 1992. During a contentious period in 2014, Swaraj successfully blocked demands from the opposition for a formal condemnation of Israel by asserting the need to preserve India's friendly relations with both parties. Later on, India did align with other BRICS nations in supporting a UN probe into alleged human rights violations in Gaza, acknowledging the complexity of its diplomatic balancing act. When the UN Human Rights Council report on Israel's actions was submitted for a vote, India chose to abstain, signaling its careful positioning in international discourse.
Under Modi's leadership, the relationship between India and Israel has grown significantly closer. In 2017, Modi made history by becoming the first Indian Prime Minister to visit Israel, solidifying bilateral cooperation in various fields, notably defense, where India had emerged as Israel's largest arms customer by that year. India's support extended to international forums, as demonstrated in June 2019 when it voted in favor of a resolution to deny observer status to the Palestinian non-governmental organization Shahed at the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). In a further display of the warm bilateral ties, Israeli President Isaac Herzog attended India's 75th Independence Day celebrations at the Indian Embassy in Tel Aviv in August 2022. In his address, Herzog acknowledged India's ascent as both a regional and global force, and he reaffirmed the bond shared between the two nations, rooted in shared democratic values, innovation, and mutual respect for diverse cultures and traditions. During a meeting with Indian External Affairs Minister Subrahmanyam Jaishankar, Herzog reiterated his commitment to fortifying the India-Israel relationship, underscoring the importance of collaboration in addressing global challenges. The trajectory of India-Israel relations indicates a partnership that is likely to deepen, as both countries continue to navigate their respective roles on the international stage while leveraging their strategic collaboration for mutual benefit.
In 1997, Ezer Weizman made history by becoming the first Israeli President to visit India, marking a significant moment in the diplomatic relations between the two countries. This visit was instrumental in laying the groundwork for a stronger bilateral relationship, which had been evolving since India formally recognized Israel in 1950. The meeting served as a symbol of growing cooperation in various fields, including defense, agriculture, and technology.
Weizman's trip was not just a ceremonial visit; it also involved discussions that focused on enhancing trade ties and fostering closer political relationships. The two nations expressed mutual interests in combating terrorism, enhancing security measures, and sharing intelligence. The visit paved the way for increased military collaboration, where India sought to learn from Israel's advances in counter-terrorism and border security, reflecting a shared concern over regional security dynamics.
The significance of Weizman's visit extended beyond politics and defense; it also highlighted cultural and people-to-people exchanges. India and Israel began to explore collaborations in areas such as science and technology, agriculture, and education, which have since become pillars of their partnership. The successful foundation laid during this visit would later lead to various agreements and partnerships, enhancing the technical and scientific collaborations that benefit both nations today.
Overall, Ezer Weizman's visit in 1997 not only marked a turning point in India-Israel relations but also foreshadowed the robust partnership that would continue to flourish in the years that followed, characterized by mutual respect and shared objectives. This visit showcased the potential for cooperation between two countries with rich historical and cultural heritages, united in their pursuit of growth and stability in an increasingly complex global landscape.
Early Diplomatic Engagements
In the year 2000, significant diplomatic strides were made in the relationship between India and Israel, marked by important visits from Indian officials. L.K Advani made history by becoming the first Indian minister to visit Israel, signifying a step forward in high-level engagements between the two nations. This visit laid the groundwork for more formal interactions and opened channels for dialogue on various fronts, particularly in areas of mutual concern such as security and technology.
Later in the same year, Jaswant Singh, who was then the Indian Foreign Minister, followed in Advani's footsteps and became the first Indian Foreign Minister to visit Israel. His visit was pivotal in reinforcing diplomatic ties and demonstrating India's intent to deepen its relationship with Israel. The discussions during these visits focused not only on strengthening bilateral relations but also emphasized the urgency of cooperation in combating terrorism, an issue of critical importance to both countries due to their unique security challenges.
Joint Initiatives and Areas of Cooperation
The culmination of these high-profile visits resulted in the establishment of a joint anti-terror commission, one of the first of its kind between India and Israel. This initiative aimed to enhance intelligence-sharing and promote collaborative strategies to counter terrorism, reflecting a shared commitment to regional security and stability. Both countries recognized that their historical experiences with terrorism required a unified approach to effectively address the threats they faced.
In addition to counter-terrorism efforts, the discussions between the foreign ministers highlighted a broad spectrum of collaborative potentials, particularly in information technology. Israel, known for its advanced tech industry and innovation, offered a wealth of expertise that India sought to tap into, especially in the realm of cybersecurity and development of technological solutions to various challenges. This growing cooperation laid the foundation for future partnerships that would expand to other sectors such as agriculture, defense, and trade.
Overall, the year 2000 represented a significant turning point in India-Israel relations, characterized by an emphasis on strategic cooperation and mutual interests. These early engagements set the stage for a burgeoning relationship that would see further consolidation in the years to come, fostering ties that have become increasingly crucial in the context of global and regional geopolitics.
In 2003, Ariel Sharon made history as the first Israeli Prime Minister to visit India, marking a significant milestone in the diplomatic relations between the two countries. His visit was met with a warm welcome by India’s Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)-led National Democratic Alliance coalition government, highlighting the positive momentum in bilateral ties that had been developing since diplomatic relations were established in 1992. The Indian Prime Minister, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, anticipated that Sharon's visit would serve as a catalyst for deepening the friendship and cooperation between their nations. Many newspapers heralded the visit, underscoring the growing significance of India-Israel relations in a rapidly changing geopolitical landscape.
However, Ariel Sharon's visit was not without controversy. It garnered substantial condemnation from various leftist and Muslim groups within India. Protests erupted, particularly from supporters of India’s communist parties who rallied against what they saw as an endorsement of Israeli policies in Palestine. In Mumbai, nearly 100 individuals were arrested during protests organized by Muslim groups, while students from Aligarh Muslim University called for a severing of ties with Israel and an increased alignment with Palestine. The sentiment among these groups mirrored broader concerns about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and its implications for peace and stability in the region.
Despite the protests, key figures within Indian politics, particularly those aligned with the Hindu nationalist Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), defended the visit and the resultant strengthening of ties. The Navbharat Times, a leading Hindi-language daily, considered Sharon as an important ally for India, framing the relationship as mutually beneficial. Throughout the discussions, Sharon expressed contentment with the dialogues held with Indian leadership, ultimately inviting Vajpayee to visit Israel. This invitation indicated an eagerness on both sides to enhance communication and cooperation in various sectors, including defense, technology, and agriculture.
Vajpayee acknowledged the significance of Sharon's visit, expressing hope that it would lead to further engagements and deepen the bilateral relationship. Sharon’s statement emphasizing that Israelis regard India as one of the most important countries in the world echoed a sentiment of shared values and interests between the two nations. As both leaders recognized the global challenges at play, including regional security issues and the fight against terrorism, it became evident that their partnership would be critical for addressing contemporary international concerns, laying the groundwork for continued collaboration in the years to come.
In early 2006, the Indian government witnessed a series of significant visits aimed at strengthening India-Israel relations. Key ministers, including Sharad Pawar, the Minister of Agriculture, Kapil Sibal, the Minister of Science and Technology, and Kamal Nath, the Minister of Commerce and Industry, embarked on a diplomatic mission to Israel to explore avenues for collaboration in various sectors. These visits underscored India's growing interest in engaging with Israel, particularly in fields such as agriculture, technology, defense, and trade.
Later in the year, in October 2006, then-Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi made headlines by visiting Israel. This visit was particularly notable as it came at a time when both nations were looking to enhance their bilateral ties. Modi's discussions during this trip revolved around areas such as irrigation technology, agriculture, and business cooperation, reflecting a mutual interest in leveraging each other’s strengths for economic and social development.
These visits set the stage for a series of cooperative agreements that would emerge in subsequent years. India's engagement with Israel was not only a diplomatic endeavor but also aimed at harnessing Israel's advanced technologies and innovations in various sectors. As both nations continued to deepen their ties, areas like security cooperation and economic trade began to flourish, laying the groundwork for a robust partnership that would evolve over the years. The momentum generated by these visits highlighted a shared commitment to fostering a strategic alliance that could yield benefits for both countries in multiple domains.
In 2012, India's Foreign Minister SM Krishna undertook a significant two-day visit to Israel, which marked a pivotal moment in the diplomatic relationship between India and Israel. While India has long maintained its position of "unwavering support for the Palestinian cause," this trip symbolized a nuanced approach to foreign relations, balancing longstanding commitments with the need for engagement with Israel. Krishna's visit was not merely a symbolic gesture; it was hailed by Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu as a historic step forward, indicating mutual interest in fostering closer ties between the two nations.
The visit can be viewed against the backdrop of India's growing emphasis on strategic partnerships and its need to address emerging global challenges. Over the years, India has observed Israel as a valuable ally, especially in the realms of defense, agriculture, and technology. The collaboration between the two countries has increased significantly, with investments in various sectors that leverage Israel's advanced technology and India's vast market potential. This growing economic interdependence has been complemented by high-level dialogues and exchanges aimed at enhancing understanding and cooperation.
In the years following this visit, India and Israel continued to strengthen their bilateral relations, even as India's traditional support for the Palestinian cause remained a critical aspect of its foreign policy. India has consistently advocated for a peaceful resolution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, emphasizing dialogue and diplomacy. This delicate balancing act reflects India's broader foreign policy objectives, which aim to cultivate robust relations with multiple stakeholders in a complex geopolitical environment.
Overall, Krishna's visit in 2012 not only underscored a more pragmatic approach by India towards Israel but also illustrated the evolution of international relations where nations strive to maintain their core values while engaging constructively with other countries. As India navigates its role on the global stage, its relationship with Israel continues to signify an important aspect of its foreign diplomacy, demonstrating how nations can pursue diverse interests while still adhering to foundational principles.
In 2014, the trajectory of India-Israel relations underwent a significant transformation, marked by diplomatic actions that underscored the strengthening ties between the two nations. Following the resounding victory of Narendra Modi in the Indian general elections, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu took the initiative to personally congratulate Modi. This gesture was emblematic of a new era in bilateral relations, as the leaders took the moment to engage diplomatically during Modi's visit to the United States for the UN General Assembly later that year. Their meeting in New York City represented the first direct interaction between the Prime Ministers of India and Israel in over a decade, signaling a reevaluation and revitalization of their partnership.
On social media, the connection between the two leaders was further cultivated when Modi extended his greetings on the occasion of the Jewish festival of Hanukkah, delivering his message in Hebrew. In a reciprocal gesture, Netanyahu responded in Hindi, showcasing cultural goodwill and mutual respect. Such exchanges not only reflect personal ties but also highlight the importance of soft diplomacy in enhancing bilateral relations.
Rajnath Singh, the Indian Home Minister, embarked on a notable visit to Israel in November 2014, primarily to study the country's border security arrangements. This trip was unprecedented as Singh became the first Indian minister to visit Israel without simultaneously visiting Palestine, a customary practice in the past. His engagement with Netanyahu during this trip reinforced India's growing interest in collaborating with Israel on security and defense matters, areas where Israel has notable expertise.
In the same year, former Israeli President Shimon Peres visited India, further solidifying the relationship between the two countries. The collaboration between India and Israel was further exemplified when a high-level Israeli delegation, led by Agriculture Minister Yair Shamir, participated in the Vibrant Gujarat Summit in 2015. This initiative promoted investment and cooperation in agriculture, technology, and other fields, demonstrating the diverse areas of partnership between India and Israel.
Moreover, the dynamics of India’s foreign policy began to shift, illustrated by a news article from The Hindu in December 2014. The piece indicated that India might consider reevaluating its long-standing support for Palestine in the United Nations, a move that would reflect the changing priorities and strategic interests of India under the Modi administration. This potential change signified a broader realignment in India's foreign relations, with increasing recognition of the importance of its partnership with Israel. The developments of 2014 thus served as a pivotal moment in ushering in a new chapter in India-Israel relations, characterized by increased political engagement and cooperation in various sectors.
2015 marked a significant year in the India-Israel relationship, showcasing deepening ties particularly in defense and political diplomacy. In February 2015, Israeli Defence Minister Moshe Ya'alon visited India, participating in the prominent Aero India exhibition. This event not only highlighted India's growing defense capabilities but also fostered opportunities for collaboration between the two nations in military technologies and aerospace.
Ya'alon's visit included important discussions with his Indian counterpart, further solidifying a defense partnership that had been developing over the years. The talks likely addressed joint military exercises, procurement of defense equipment, and technology transfers, underscoring a mutual interest in enhancing military readiness and capabilities. Such exchanges are critical, especially considering the shared security concerns both nations face, including regional instability in the Middle East and South Asia.
The year continued with another historic milestone when Pranab Mukherjee became the first Indian president to visit Israel from October 13 to 15, 2015. His visit was groundbreaking, as it represented a high-level engagement that had been anticipated for years. Mukherjee's address to the Knesset, Israel's parliament, was a significant diplomatic honor and reflected the importance of Israel in India's foreign policy framework. In his speech, he emphasized the strengthening of bilateral ties in trade, technology, and cultural exchanges, highlighting how both nations can benefit from each other's growth and development.
Overall, the developments in 2015 illustrated a turning point in India-Israel relations, characterized by high-level exchanges that went beyond traditional diplomatic engagements. These moments laid a sturdy foundation for further collaboration, focusing on various areas like agriculture, cybersecurity, and renewable energy, crucial for both nations as they navigate their respective challenges on the global stage.
In January 2016, India’s Foreign Minister Sushma Swaraj embarked on a significant diplomatic visit to Israel, marking a pivotal moment in India-Israel relations. During her trip, she visited the Yad Vashem Holocaust Memorial in Jerusalem, underscoring the historical and cultural ties between the two nations. Swaraj met with prominent Israeli leaders, including Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and President Reuven Rivlin, as well as various members of the Israeli cabinet. This visit also provided her the opportunity to engage with the Indian Jewish community residing in Israel, fostering cultural and social exchanges that are vital to building a deeper understanding between India and Israel.
The commitment to enhancing bilateral ties was evident later in 2016 when Indian Minister of Agriculture, Radha Mohan Singh, visited Israel in September. His trip underscored the focus on strengthening agricultural partnerships, an area where both nations hold significant potential for collaboration. Singh and his Israeli counterpart Uri Ariel discussed various opportunities and strategies to promote innovation in agriculture, including technology transfer and joint research initiatives. These discussions were indicative of the two countries’ shared interests in agricultural development, sustainability, and food security.
A highlight of India-Israel relations came in November 2016 with the week-long state visit of Israeli President Reuven Rivlin to India. As the second Israeli President to ever visit the nation, Rivlin's trip encompassed key locations such as New Delhi, Agra, Karnal, Chandigarh, and Mumbai. His visit had a strong symbolic significance, primarily aimed at reinforcing the strategic partnership between the two countries. Notably, Rivlin spent his last day in Mumbai, paying tributes to the victims of the 2008 Mumbai attacks. This act resonated deeply with the Indian populace and demonstrated a shared commitment to combating terrorism.
During his meetings with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, Rivlin articulated Israel’s concerns regarding Iran, identified as a key national security threat. This diplomatic dialogue was crucial, as Rivlin emphasized Israel's expectations that India, despite its diplomatic relations with Iran, would stand firm in its support for Israel when necessary. He conveyed this assurance to Israeli media after his return, highlighting the trust and collaborative spirit underpinning the growing economic partnership between India and Israel. Rivlin's comments reflected a profound understanding of the geopolitical landscape and the importance of strategic alliances in a rapidly changing world. The events of 2016 thus marked a significant chapter in the evolving narrative of India-Israel relations, characterized by mutual respect, collaboration, and a shared vision for stability and growth in the region.
Ministerial Engagement
In October 2021, S. Jaishankar, India's Minister of External Affairs, undertook a significant visit to Israel, marking his first trip to the country since assuming office. This visit was notable not only for its timeliness but also for its strategic significance as it reinforced the growing bilateral relations between India and Israel, which have seen a remarkable transformation over the past three decades. The meeting facilitated high-level discussions aimed at enhancing cooperation across various sectors, including defense, agriculture, technology, and security.
Strengthening Bonds
During the visit, Jaishankar engaged with senior Israeli leadership, including discussions with his counterpart, Yair Lapid. These dialogues emphasized the commitment of both nations to bolster their partnership, which has expanded significantly since the establishment of diplomatic ties in 1992. The two sides have been collaborating on multiple fronts, such as agricultural innovation, water management, and counter-terrorism strategies that are of mutual interest. The discussions also reflected a shared vision of maintaining regional stability and enhancing security cooperation amidst evolving geopolitical challenges.
Economic Cooperation
This visit also had economic implications, as it underscored the potential for increased trade and investment between the two nations. India has been seeking advanced technology and expertise from Israel to further its ambitious initiatives in areas such as defense production and cyber security. Both nations recognized the importance of fostering a robust economic partnership that could yield benefits for their respective economies, paving the way for joint ventures and collaborations in high-tech industries.
Future Prospects
Jaishankar's visit to Israel serves as a pivotal moment in the ongoing partnership between India and Israel. It is reflective of the broader geopolitical realignment in the region, with both countries seeking to address common challenges and leverage shared strengths. As India continues to enhance its engagement with Israel, observers anticipate further advancements in strategic collaboration, as well as growth in cultural and people-to-people ties. The evolving landscape hints at a promising future where both nations can work together to achieve not only mutual benefits but also contribute to regional stability and prosperity.
Support for Israel in India Post-2023
Following the tumultuous events surrounding the 2023 Hamas attack on Israel, there has been a notable surge in solidarity for Israel from Indian citizens. Israel's ambassador to India, Naor Gilon, expressed his astonishment at the level of support he witnessed from the Indian population. He shared that social media platforms of the Israeli Embassy were inundated with offers from Indians volunteering to fight for Israel, a sentiment that he described as unprecedented in his experience. This level of enthusiasm among Indians signals a deepening connection between the two nations, reflecting a rapport that goes beyond mere diplomatic ties.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi and his Bharatiya Janata Party have actively endorsed a pro-Israel stance, which appears to be driven by multiple factors. Primarily, this support aligns with political strategies aimed at consolidating Hindu voter bases, who historically have shared favorable views towards Israel. Furthermore, India's desire to strengthen cooperation with the United States, a country that maintains a strong alliance with Israel, cannot be overlooked. Additionally, India's own history with terrorism has fostered empathy towards Israel's persistent security challenges, resulting in a cultural and political climate that resonates with Israel's plight. Consequently, the narrative within India has evolved to portray a populace that is overwhelmingly supportive of Israel, while many Israelis have reciprocated this appreciation.
Moreover, the bond between the two countries has been further enhanced by a growing Indian diaspora in Israel. By 2024, Indian nationals made up the largest contingent of foreign students in Israeli universities, indicating an escalation in educational and cultural exchanges. This influx not only enriches the academic landscape in Israel but also helps foster deeper people-to-people connections that transcend governmental channels. Simultaneously, the Indian community in Israel has emerged as a significant labor force for various manual jobs, contributing to the economy while also intertwining the two nations more closely. This ongoing relationship continues to evolve, suggesting that the ties binding India and Israel are stronger than ever and poised for further development in the future.
Narendra Modi's visit to Israel in July 2017 marked a significant chapter in the diplomatic relations between India and Israel, as he became the first Indian prime minister to travel to the country. This groundbreaking visit was notable not only for its historical significance but also for deviating from a long-standing tradition. Unlike previous high-ranking Indian officials, including Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and President Pranab Mukherjee, Modi chose not to visit Palestine during this trip, an action interpreted by many as a move towards "dehyphenation" of India’s foreign policy towards Israel and Palestine. By focusing solely on Israel, this visit symbolized a strategic shift in India's diplomatic approach, emphasizing a stronger bond with Israel while potentially distancing itself from Palestinian issues.
As part of this landmark visit, India and Israel formalized their cooperation through the signing of seven Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs). These agreements spanned various sectors, reflecting the multifaceted nature of the bilateral relationship. The MoUs included initiatives for industrial research and development, water conservation, agricultural development cooperation for 2018-2020, and advancements in technological fields such as atomic clocks and electric propulsion systems for small satellites. Each MoU reinforced the commitment of both nations to collaborate in areas of mutual interest, underscoring the importance of innovation and sustainable development.
A significant highlight of Modi's visit was the establishment of a strategic partnership between India and Israel, enhancing the bilateral ties to new heights. This partnership aimed to foster deeper cooperation in defense, technology, agriculture, and various other sectors. Modi also engaged with the Indian diaspora in Israel in a widely publicized event in Tel Aviv, underscoring India's outreach to its citizens abroad. During this gathering, he announced the provision of Overseas Citizenship of India cards for Jews of Indian descent who had served in the Israel Defense Forces, thus acknowledging the unique historical connections between the two cultures. Furthermore, he revealed plans for the construction of a prominent Indian cultural center in Tel Aviv, enhancing cultural exchanges and promoting Indian heritage in Israel.
Modi's homage to the Indian soldiers who fought valiantly in the Battle of Haifa during World War I was another poignant aspect of his visit. In Haifa, he paid tribute to the heroes of the Indian Army who played a pivotal role in securing the city from Ottoman forces. The unveiling of a commemorative plaque honoring Major Dalpat Singh signified the enduring legacy of Indian contributions to the region, fostering goodwill and historical appreciation between the two nations. Modi's visit to Israel was not just a diplomatic engagement but a testament to the historical ties and shared values between India and Israel, enhancing the narrative of collaboration and mutual respect in contemporary international relations.
Benjamin Netanyahu's Visit to India (2018)
In January 2018, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu embarked on a highly publicized visit to India, marking the commemoration of 25 years of diplomatic relations between the two nations. This visit was significant as it was the first official visit by an Israeli Prime Minister since Ariel Sharon's trip in 2003. Netanyahu's delegation comprised 130 members, making it the largest ever to accompany a visiting Israeli leader. The primary aim of this visit was to enhance bilateral trade and increase Israeli exports to India by 25 percent over the next three years. In a strategic move to strengthen ties, Israel committed to investing $68.6 million in various sectors such as tourism, technology, agriculture, and innovation over a four-year span, signaling a robust partnership framework.
A poignant aspect of Netanyahu's visit was the official commemoration ceremony held to honor the Indian soldiers who lost their lives in the Battle of Haifa during World War I. During this ceremony, Teen Murti Chowk was renamed 'Teen Murti Haifa Chowk' to pay homage to the historical connection between India and the Israeli port city of Haifa. This act of remembrance underscored the deep-rooted ties shared by both nations, highlighting their mutual respect and shared history.
During the visit, Israel and India formalized their cooperation by signing nine Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs) across diverse fields, including cybersecurity, oil and gas production, air transport, homeopathic medicine, film production, and space technology. This broadened the scope of collaboration while reflecting the multifaceted relationship evolving between the two countries. A noteworthy engagement was Netanyahu's meeting with key figures from the Bollywood Movie Industry, illustrating the cultural dimension of Indo-Israeli relations. Additionally, discussions were held to revive the Rafael missile project for the Indian defense sector, emphasizing the defense cooperation that has become a cornerstone of the bilateral relationship.
Netanyahu participated as the guest of honor at India’s annual strategic and diplomatic conference, the Raisina Dialogue, where he delivered an inaugural address highlighting Israel’s advancements as a hub of high-tech innovation. He articulated the challenges faced by the Middle East region while expressing optimism about furthering Israel's relationship with India. His address was well-received and attended by notable figures including Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, former Afghan President Hamid Karzai, and Indian Congress leader Shashi Tharoor. However, amidst this political significance, it was reported that Netanyahu's son, Yair, who was initially set to accompany the Prime Minister, had to forgo the visit due to the emergence of a scandal involving his previous conduct, which had garnered significant media attention in Israel. This incident, while distracting, did not overshadow the overall success of Netanyahu's diplomatic mission to India.
Military and Strategic Ties
Since the establishment of diplomatic relations, India and Israel have developed a robust military and strategic partnership that has significantly impacted both nations' defense capabilities. New Delhi recognized in Israel's defense industry a vital and advanced source of military technology, leading to a flourishing arms trade that peaked at nearly $600 million in 2016. This remarkable growth positioned Israel as the second-largest supplier of defense equipment for India, following Russia, underscoring the strategic importance both countries place on their military cooperation. The rise of Islamic extremist terrorism has further cemented their alliance, as it has prompted both nations to work closely together in military and intelligence endeavors.
The history of defense collaboration dates back to the mid-1990s when India started acquiring various unmanned aerial vehicles and advanced military systems from Israel. Notable early purchases included the IAI Searcher UAVs in 1996 and various upgrades to the Indian Air Force's MiG-21 aircraft. A significant milestone occurred in 1997 when Israeli President Ezer Weizman visited India, marking the first visit by a head of state from Israel. His negotiations lead to the purchase of Barak 1 surface-to-air missiles, a crucial move in the context of regional military dynamics, especially considering Pakistan's acquisition of advanced maritime surveillance and missile systems.
Israel showcased its unwavering support for India during the Kargil War in 1999 by providing essential military supplies, reinforcing the notion that their relationship is grounded in mutual defense interests. The following years saw a series of noteworthy developments, including the acquisition of three Phalcon AWACS in 2003 for $1 billion and a deal for Israeli drones in 2005. In 2007, the signing of a $2.5 billion contract with Israel Aerospace Industries solidified the partnership as the largest defense contract in Israel's history, with plans to develop the Barak 8 missile system that significantly enhanced India's aerial defense capabilities.
In addition to arms purchases, strategic discussions have been pivotal in expanding the collaboration between the two nations. Key meetings occurred following the tragic Mumbai attacks in 2008, with Israel offering support and specialized assistance to bolster India's counter-terrorism efforts. High-profile visits by Israeli military leaders, such as Lieutenant General Gabi Ashkenazi in 2009, further underscored Israel’s commitment to supporting India in its struggle against terrorism. The ongoing dialogues have resulted in numerous military agreements, including the purchase of Spike anti-tank missiles in 2011, and the Indian government's approval for Heron TP drones in 2015.
The partnership has also transcended arms deals, resulting in joint military exercises and collaborative efforts in defense research and development. The 2017 Blue Flag exercise allowed India's elite units, including the Garud Commando Force, to train alongside Israeli forces, enhancing operational capabilities and interoperability. Moreover, a Bilateral Innovation Agreement signed in November 2021 enabled joint production in cutting-edge defense technologies, including artificial intelligence and drone technology, fostering deeper ties between the two nations' defense establishments. This shared vision for defense innovation is a testament to the strengthening strategic partnership that continues to evolve in the face of contemporary security challenges.
Historical Context of Intelligence Sharing
The roots of intelligence-sharing cooperation between India and Israel date back to 1968, when the Research and Analysis Wing (RAW) was established under the guidance of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. She advised the founding chief, R.N. Kao, to cultivate relationships with Mossad, Israel's national intelligence agency. This strategic alliance was primarily in response to the burgeoning military ties between Pakistan and China, along with their collaboration with North Korea. The Israelis had their own reasons to be concerned, as they perceived threats from Pakistani military officers training Libyan and Iranian forces in the handling of advanced military hardware. This context laid the groundwork for intelligence-sharing initiatives aimed at strengthening both nations' security apparatuses.
The Kashmiri Conundrum
Throughout the early 1990s, the arrival of young Israeli tourists in the picturesque Kashmir valley became a focal point of concern for Pakistan. Fueled by suspicions that these tourists, potentially disguised Israeli officers, were assisting Indian security forces in counter-terrorism operations, Pakistan's fears resulted in violent reactions against the visitors. The situation escalated to the point where one Israeli was killed and another was abducted. The plight of the kidnapped tourist galvanized the Kashmiri Muslim diaspora in the United States, leading to pressure that ultimately resulted in the person's release. This incident highlighted the precarious intersection of international tourism, local tensions, and geopolitical maneuvering, illustrating the fears of Kashmiri Muslims that such attacks could provoke backlash against their cause in the U.S. political landscape.
Clandestine Operations and Oversight
In 2003, a report shed light on clandestine operations linking RAW and Mossad, revealing a layer of covert cooperation amidst bureaucratic turbulence. Former RAW official R.K. Yadav ignited controversy by filing a case against Anand Kumar Verma, the agency's chief during a crucial period from 1987 to 1990, alleging misuse of funds for secret operations. Despite initial setbacks in his legal pursuits, Yadav's efforts unearthed further information that would eventually lead to a Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) probe into Verma's assets. Intriguingly, this investigation revealed the establishment of two companies linked to RAW, which experts claimed served as operational fronts for Mossad activities in India. These operations were reportedly conducted under the explicit approval of the Indian government, including Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, showcasing the intricate and often secretive nature of bilateral intelligence relations.
Recent Developments in Cooperation
Fast forward to November 2015, and the collaboration transitioned into the contemporary era, with The Times of India reporting that Mossad agents, along with British MI5 operatives, were tasked with providing additional security during Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s state visit to Turkey. This heightened security detail was in response to recent terrorist attacks in Paris, reflecting the growing necessity for joint intelligence efforts among nations threatened by global terrorism.
The stakes for India further escalated on 14 February 2019 when a suicide bomber attacked a convoy of Central Reserve Police Force personnel in Pulwama, resulting in a tragic loss of 40 lives. Following this incident, Israel wasted no time in reaching out to offer unwavering support in intelligence sharing and technological assistance to bolster India's defense capabilities. The incident not only reinforced the urgency for collaboration but also underscored the mutual interests that bind India and Israel in the face of common threats. This ongoing partnership highlights the evolution of intelligence-sharing practices that continue to adapt to the dynamic challenges posed by regional and international security landscapes.
Bilateral Trade Overview
The bilateral trade relationship between India and Israel has witnessed substantial growth since the early 1990s. From a modest $200 million in 1992, trade surged to approximately $4.52 billion by 2014. By this time, India had established itself as Israel's tenth-largest trade partner and import source, reflecting a significant economic bond between the two nations. In the same period, India served as Israel's seventh-largest export destination. The diverse trade spectrum includes various commodities, with India exporting precious stones and metals, organic chemicals, electronic equipment, and medical equipment, contributing to approximately $2.3 billion of Israel's imports in 2014, which constituted 3.2% of Israel's total imports.
Key Commodities in Trade
The trade between India and Israel is characterized by the exchange of major commodities from both sides. India’s top exports to Israel encompass gems, precious metals, and coins, valued at $973.6 million, followed by organic chemicals at $296.5 million and electronic equipment at $121.2 million. Israel's exports to India are similarly diverse, with precious stones and metals leading the way at $933.7 million, and electronic equipment following closely with exports worth $389.3 million. The two-way trade involves machinery, fertilizers, and chemical products, reflecting the complementary nature of their economies, particularly in sectors like pharmaceuticals and technology.
Free Trade Agreement Negotiations
In 2007, Israel's proposal to initiate negotiations for a free trade agreement (FTA) marked a pivotal moment in bilateral trade relations. The proposal was welcomed by then-Prime Minister Manmohan Singh in 2010, indicating a mutual interest in enhancing economic cooperation. The envisioned FTA aims to cover significant sectors such as information technology, biotechnology, water management, and agriculture, all of which are critical to both nations. A projected doubling of trade from $5 billion to $10 billion was envisioned by Israeli Minister Naftali Bennett in 2013 upon successful negotiations. As of 2015, discussions continued, with both countries exploring a phased approach to the agreement.
Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic propelled India and Israel to reinforce their bilateral ties. In April 2020, India shipped a five-ton consignment of essential drugs and chemicals to Israel, which included critical ingredients for medications like hydroxychloroquine. This gesture underscored the ongoing commitment and collaborative spirit between the two nations during a global health crisis. Furthermore, in March 2020, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu sought Prime Minister Modi’s assistance to exempt Israel from the export ban on raw materials necessary for producing essential medicines. Israel also played a supportive role by sending life-saving medical equipment, including oxygen generators and respirators, to aid India's efforts against the pandemic.
Continuing Developments in Trade Relations
As of recent years, the trade dynamics remain robust, with two nations exploring avenues to expand their economic partnership further. The continued negotiation of a free trade agreement, alongside existing bilateral arrangements such as the Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement, suggests a promising future for collaborations in various sectors. With both countries focused on exploring innovations and mutual investment opportunities, the commitment to enhancing their trade relations persists, thus ensuring that the bilateral framework evolves to meet contemporary global economic challenges.
Science and Technology Collaboration
The relationship between India and Israel in the field of science and technology has evolved significantly since the signing of the agreement during Israeli Foreign Minister Shimon Peres' visit in 1993. This landmark agreement paved the way for a structured partnership, allowing both nations to collaborate directly on scientific initiatives. The focus areas included rapidly advancing fields such as information technology, biotechnology, lasers, and electro-optics, which reflected the strengths and priorities of both nations. To ensure the effective execution of these initiatives, a joint committee was established, tasked with monitoring progress and facilitating cooperation on a biennial basis. Furthermore, a joint science and technology fund was created in 1994 with an initial allocation of $3 million to promote research and development collaborations.
The exchange of knowledge and expertise has taken many forms over the ensuing years. Notable events include seminars and symposiums such as those in 1996 and 1997, which featured participation from scientists of both countries focused on advanced materials and biotechnology respectively. By 1998, the collaboration had expanded significantly, with 22 ongoing joint research projects. The focus on high-stakes fields like human genome research highlighted the commitment of both nations to push the boundaries of scientific understanding. Notably, the November 1999 agreement to pursue joint research in the human genome showcased an exceptional level of bilateral engagement.
By the early 2000s, India and Israel had not only agreed to invest further in their collaborative efforts but also had established more concrete mechanisms for bilateral investment in industrial R&D. This included a commitment to start from $1 million each in investment beginning in October 2004 and subsequent agreements that encouraged projects combining the expertise of at least one Indian and one Israeli company. From 2006 to 2014, the i4RD fund facilitated a series of seven collaborative projects. Moreover, the five-year agreement signed in 2012, allocating $50 million for academic research across various disciplines, represented a significant boost to collaborative research. This fund strove to promote advancements from medical technology to social sciences and the humanities.
In addition to these formal agreements, Israel's active interest in fostering regional collaboration has been evident, particularly with its outreach to Bihar in 2012. Here, Israel aimed to enhance productivity in agriculture and improve water management, signaling a commitment to applying technological solutions to pressing local issues. The collaboration on significant environmental projects, including a proposal to assist with the Ganga river clean-up, further illustrated the commitment of both nations to work on sustainability and resource management.
The growing relationship was underscored by Prime Minister Modi's visit to Israel in 2017, which fostered new avenues for innovation and research cooperation. The release of the NASSCOM and Accenture report framed the collaboration as an engine for Indo-Israeli prosperity, ensuring that both nations could leverage their scientific resources for mutual benefit. Moreover, initiatives like those from TAVtech Ventures aimed to connect students from Israel, the USA, and India, fostering entrepreneurship and technological development through startup ecosystems. This educational collaboration represents a forward-thinking approach, underscoring the shared vision for a technologically advanced future underpinned by strong bilateral ties in science and research.
Space Collaboration Overview
In 2002, India and Israel formalized a cooperative agreement that aimed to enhance space collaboration between the two nations. This agreement marked the beginning of a strategic partnership that has since evolved to encompass a wide range of space-related initiatives. By 2003, the Israel Space Agency (ISA) had officially expressed its interest in partnering with the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) to leverage satellite technology for better management of land and resources. This initiative demonstrated a shared commitment to utilizing advanced technology for socio-economic development and environmental sustainability.
A significant element of this collaboration was the interest expressed by Israel in participating in ISRO's proposed mission to send an unmanned craft to the moon. Such ambitious projects were seen as a pathway to bolster technological exchanges and scientific collaboration. During this period, an agreement was also signed for the deployment of TAUVEX, an Israeli space telescope array intended for integration with India's GSAT-4, a planned navigation and communication satellite. However, challenges arose when the GSAT-4 itself encountered a failure due to issues with its cryogenic engine, resulting in the removal of the TAUVEX array and preventing its launch.
Key Projects and Developments
In 2005, Israel opted to launch TecSAR, its first synthetic aperture radar imaging satellite, aboard India's Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV). This decision stemmed from concerns regarding the reliability of Israel's own Shavit launch vehicle, combined with economic considerations. The collaboration not only underscored Israel's desire to strengthen strategic ties with India but also highlighted India's growing capabilities in space technology. By 2008, TecSAR was successfully placed into orbit by ISRO, and it began operational tasks, including monitoring military activities in Iran, thereby enhancing regional intelligence capabilities.
Moreover, India launched RISAT-2 in 2009, a synthetic aperture radar imaging satellite manufactured by Israel Aerospace Industries in collaboration with ISRO. This satellite's development was particularly accelerated following the 2008 Mumbai attacks, as it aimed to enhance India's surveillance and defense capabilities. RISAT-2 was designed to improve Earth observation capabilities for better disaster management, signaling a shift towards more robust national security frameworks relying on advanced technological assets. This collaboration between ISRO and IAI exemplified a successful merging of India's technical prowess and Israel's specialized expertise in satellite manufacturing.
The Future of India-Israel Space Collaboration
The trajectory of collaboration between India and Israel in space technology is set against a backdrop of both nations' ambitious aspirations in the field of aerospace. As India continues to expand its capabilities through various missions, such as the recent Mars Orbiter Mission and future lunar explorations, the partnership with Israel is expected to deepen. Cooperation may include sharing technologies in satellite navigation, remote sensing, and advanced missile systems, reflecting both countries' strategic priorities.
This ongoing partnership is characterized by mutual interests in national security, technological advancement, and economic growth, making it a cornerstone of their bilateral relations. With both nations committed to fostering further collaborations in space exploration and satellite technology, the future of India-Israel space cooperation is poised for significant advancements, with the potential to contribute to global scientific knowledge, regional stability, and economic prosperity.
Strategic Partnership in Agriculture
India has strategically chosen Israel as a key partner in the agricultural sector, leading to the establishment of the Indo-Israel Agricultural Project (IIAP). This collaboration formed part of the Indo-Israel Action Plan, which was initiated through a memorandum of understanding (MOU) signed by the agriculture ministers of both nations in 2006. The primary objective of this partnership is to introduce enhanced crop diversity, boost agricultural productivity, and improve water use efficiency across Indian farms. The initiation of the IIAP took place in 2009 following a bilateral agreement, and it has since undergone three distinct phases, each lasting three years, from 2009 until 2018.
The implementation of the IIAP includes the establishment of Centers of Excellence (CoEs), where Israeli agricultural technologies and expertise are adapted to meet local Indian conditions. As of now, the IIAP has actively established 22 CoEs across 16 states in India, facilitating the dissemination of advanced agricultural practices. These centers not only function as knowledge transfer hubs but also focus on critical areas such as nursery management, cultivation techniques, and irrigation and fertigation systems. The successful collaboration seen over the years emphasizes the significance of the CoEs, which serve as a platform to empower farmers with innovative agricultural solutions specifically tailored to local agricultural challenges.
Recognizing the successful outcomes of the collaboration through the MIDH MASHAV IIAP program, a renewed three-year work program was signed from 2018 to 2020 between India's Ministry of Agriculture and Farmer's Welfare and Israel’s Mashav – Ministry of Foreign Affairs. This program aimed to further strengthen the agricultural value chain, leveraging the innovation and proven practices demonstrated in the existing CoEs. An additional component was introduced involving the Indo-Israeli Centre of Excellence for Animal Husbandry & Dairying in Hisar, highlighting the emphasis on diversifying agriculture beyond just crop production to include livestock management and dairy farming.
In a historical context, the agricultural partnership also saw significant initiatives as early as 2008, when a plan was finalized to introduce crops that are native to the Middle East and Mediterranean regions to Indian agriculture, particularly focusing on the cultivation of olives. This initiative led to the planting of approximately 112,000 olive trees in the arid deserts of Rajasthan. The results were remarkable, with over 100 tonnes of olives harvested in 2014, demonstrating the viability of cultivating these crops in new terrains. The collaboration between India and Israel not only enriches India's agricultural landscape but also marks a successful fusion of traditional practices with innovative techniques, paving the way for a more sustainable agricultural future.
India and Israel have strengthened their bilateral relations significantly within the oil and natural gas sector, particularly following the groundbreaking discoveries of the Tamar and Leviathan gas fields off the Israeli coast. These discoveries have not only elevated Israel's status as a key player in the global energy market but have also attracted considerable interest from several countries looking to engage in energy partnerships. India, with its growing energy demands to sustain its economic growth, has emerged as one of the first nations to seek exploration opportunities in this promising sector.
The involvement of Indian companies is marked by the participation of notable firms such as ONGC Videsh, Bharat PetroResources, Indian Oil, and Oil India, which have all been awarded exploration licenses by the Israeli government. This cooperation is indicative of a broader strategy aimed at diversifying India’s energy sources and reducing its dependency on traditional suppliers. By engaging in this exploration and potential extraction process, India aims to secure a more stable and potentially cheaper source of natural gas that can contribute to its energy security.
In addition to meeting energy needs, the collaboration in the oil and gas sector may also pave the way for deeper technological exchanges and partnerships between Indian and Israeli companies. Israel is recognized for its advanced technologies in fields such as gas extraction, drilling, and environmental sustainability, which can significantly benefit Indian firms seeking to upgrade their operational efficiencies. Furthermore, this partnership could lead to the development of joint ventures that leverage both countries' strengths in energy exploration and infrastructure development.
The geopolitical implications of such energy cooperation are noteworthy as they underscore a growing interdependence between India and Israel beyond traditional arms and security collaborations. As India continues to expand its energy portfolio and enhance its strategic partnerships, cooperative endeavors in the oil and natural gas sector stand poised to facilitate greater economic ties and foster mutual development goals aligned with both nations’ interests in becoming leaders in the global energy landscape. Thus, the explorative activities in the Tamar and Leviathan fields symbolize not only a significant step in energy cooperation but also a strengthening of the overall strategic partnership between India and Israel.
Cultural Ties and Cross-Country Perceptions
The cultural relationship between India and Israel has evolved significantly over the years, serving as a foundational element in strengthening bilateral relations between the two nations. In 2011, a noteworthy cultural initiative saw Indian artists and performers visiting Israel to commemorate two decades of diplomatic ties. This three-week festival was highlighted by India's then Ambassador to Israel, Navtej Sarna, who articulated that the festival aimed to forge a deeper mutual understanding of each country's culture. Such cultural exchanges have played an essential role in bridging the gaps between diverse traditions and perspectives, fostering goodwill and collaboration.
Public sentiment in India towards Israel has been notably positive. A 2009 international study commissioned by the Israeli Foreign Ministry revealed that a striking 58% of Indian respondents expressed sympathy towards Israel. By 2015, opinion polls reflected even greater enthusiasm, with at least 70% of Indian respondents reporting favorable views of the Israeli state. This burgeoning affinity was further exemplified in 2015 when the United Nations General Assembly unanimously adopted June 21 as International Yoga Day. Symbolizing the cultural synergies shared between the two nations, the Indian Embassy in Tel Aviv began organizing annual celebrations where Israelis from diverse backgrounds enthusiastically participated in yoga exercises. This growing interest indicates a deep-rooted cultural connection, highlighting Israel's appreciation for India's traditional practices.
However, the relationship has not been without its challenges. Despite the widespread cultural appreciation, political tensions have occasionally intruded upon engagements. In 2019, Israel was set to be a country partner at an event hosted by Jamia Millia Islamia, a central university in India. This collaboration was met with significant opposition from students who protested against Israeli actions concerning the Palestinian territories. The university, responding to the outcry, decided to prohibit the participation of Israeli delegates in future events on campus. Moreover, some Members of Parliament supported the students’ response, indicating a complex layer within the public perception of Israel in India. This controversy was not an isolated incident; in 2014, the teachers' association at Jamia had previously protested against Israeli military operations in Gaza, uniting various activists, human rights defenders, and members of civil society.
In summary, while cultural ties between India and Israel indicate an overall positive and deep connection, the political complexities surrounding their relations remind us of the multifaceted nature of international partnerships. The increasing instances of cultural collaboration showcase a commonality that transcends political disagreements, highlighting the potential for ongoing dialogue and cooperation between the two nations.
Increase in Israeli Tourism to India
Each year, approximately 40,000 Israelis, many of whom are young adults recently completing their military service, travel to India, drawn by the country's vibrant culture, spiritual diversity, and scenic landscapes. Destinations such as Goa, the majestic Himalayas, and serene spots like Manali, Vashisht, Naggar, and Kasol are particularly popular. The villages around Dharamsala attract many Israelis seeking a retreat or spiritual experience. To cater to this substantial influx, dozens of Chabad-operated community centers have been established throughout India, where visitors can celebrate Jewish holidays and engage in various religious traditions. In areas frequented by these tourists, Hebrew signage can be found on many local businesses and public transportation, showcasing the integration of this community within the local culture.
Growth of Indian Tourists in Israel
Similarly, the travel dynamics between India and Israel have grown noteworthy over the years. In the year 2000, the number of Indian tourists visiting Israel was recorded at 15,900. This number saw impressive growth, rising to 43,439 by 2010. The year 2014 marked a slight decline, with 34,900 Indian visitors, but Jerusalem remained a primary attraction, compelling many Indians to journey to this historic city. Interestingly, Indian tourists emerged as significant spenders during their visits, averaging $1,364 per person in expenditure, surpassing the overall average tourist spending in Israel at that time.
Collaborative Tourism Efforts
Recognizing the potential for mutual tourism growth, representatives from both countries convened in Delhi in 2011 to initiate collaborative efforts aimed at enhancing the tourism experience. They explored partnerships in destination management, promotion, and the development of manpower within the industry. By 2015, the momentum continued, with 600 travel agents from India attending the annual Travel Agents Federation of India conference in Israel. This gathering provided a platform for discussions on reducing barriers to travel and promoting tourism between the two nations.
Improved Connectivity and Visa Procedures
Direct flight connections have also played a crucial role in bolstering tourist numbers. Air India made history in March 2018 by launching a non-stop flight from New Delhi to Tel Aviv, utilizing Saudi Arabian airspace, which marked a significant diplomatic development. This newly established route significantly reduced travel time, making air travel more convenient and efficient. Current flights include services operated by El Al and Air India, connecting major Indian cities like Mumbai, Delhi, and Kochi with Tel Aviv.
Furthermore, recent policies introduced by the Israeli government have simplified visa procedures for Indian travelers who previously visited countries like Canada, the United States, and various Schengen nations. This move, along with a reduction in visa processing fees, aims to foster a welcoming environment for Indian tourists. The year 2017 saw a remarkable 31% increase in Indian tourist arrivals, culminating in over 60,000 visitors, and ambitious targets were set for over 100,000 Indian tourists in 2018 as part of ongoing efforts to strengthen the relationship between India and Israel through tourism.
Interfaith Relations Between Jews and Hindus
In February 2007, a significant milestone in interfaith dialogue was reached with the first Jewish-Hindu interfaith leadership summit held in New Delhi. This gathering included prominent figures such as the then Chief Rabbi of Israel, Yona Metzger, and David Rosen, the International Director of Interreligious Affairs for the American Jewish Committee. The summit drew attendees from various backgrounds, bringing together chief rabbis from around the globe alongside Hindu leaders from India. Rabbi Metzger shared insights about the longstanding and harmonious Jewish community in India, emphasizing that Jews have lived there for over 2,000 years without facing discrimination—a notable claim in the context of global religious histories.
Following this summit, in August 2007, a delegation of Indian Muslim leaders and journalists made a trip to Israel amid protests at home. This visit was framed as a "dialogue of democracies" and was notably organized under the auspices of the American Jewish Committee's India office. During their meetings, Maulana Jameel Ahmed Ilyasi, the then secretary-general of the All-India Association of Imams and Mosques, spoke out about the respect fostered between Israeli Arabs and Jews, advocating for peaceful dialogue to resolve conflicts instead of resorting to violence. The delegation had a memorable meeting with then Israeli President Shimon Peres, who underscored the multicultural coexistence in Jerusalem and drew parallels between Israel’s challenges and India’s own struggles with terrorism and separatism.
The dialogue continued in 2008 with a second Jewish-Hindu summit, this time occurring in Jerusalem. This summit featured discussions with Israeli leaders, including a notable meeting with President Shimon Peres, during which the two communities explored the importance of strengthening Israeli-Indian relations. Hindu representatives had the opportunity to visit significant religious sites, including the Western Wall, and paid homage to the victims of the Holocaust, further symbolizing the shared values and historical narratives of both communities.
The connection between Hindu and Jewish populations continued to flourish in 2009 with a smaller-scale interfaith meeting organized by the Hindu American Foundation and the American Jewish Committee in New York City and Washington. This event allowed for sharing of perspectives, as representatives from both faiths presented their experiences. Participants wore lapel pins that creatively intertwined the Israeli, Indian, and American flags, symbolizing a triad of mutual respect and friendship.
In November 2012, emphasizing the essence of coexistence, President Shimon Peres remarked on India's numerous languages and sects coexisting harmoniously despite facing challenges. This sentiment encapsulated the ongoing dialogue between diverse religious groups in both India and Israel, highlighting the potential for unity amidst difference. Fast-forwarding to 2019, a large-scale summit aimed at further enriching these Hindu-Jewish cultural ties was organized in Mumbai by the Indo-Israel Friendship Association. The event drew influential leaders, including Subramanian Swamy, reflecting the enduring commitment to fostering interfaith understanding and cooperation between these two ancient cultures. Together, they seek to build bridges that not only honor their pasts but also pave the way for a shared future characterized by dialogue and mutual respect.
Judaism in India has a rich and diverse history that dates back to ancient times, marking it as one of the earliest foreign religions to establish a presence in the region. Indian Jews, while recognized as a religious minority, have enjoyed a relatively harmonious existence within the broader Indian society, largely characterized by a lack of antisemitism, particularly from the local Hindu populace. This unique integration has allowed various Jewish communities to assimilate local traditions, resulting in a cultural amalgamation that reflects both Jewish and Indian influences. The Jewish population is diverse and includes distinct communities that can trace their origins to different historical contexts, making it challenging to estimate the exact number.
Among the oldest Jewish communities in India are the Cochin Jews, also known as Malabar Jews, who are believed to have roots dating back to King Solomon's era. This group has a rich heritage and settled in the Kingdom of Cochin in South India. Their traditions and practices showcase a blend of Jewish and local influences. Another significant Jewish group is the Paradesi Jews, who are descendants of Sephardi and Mizrahi Jews that arrived in Madras during the 16th century, primarily engaged in trade. This influx also extended to Goa, where these communities faced challenges during the Inquisition initiated in 1560.
The Bene Israel, another prominent community, settled in Maharashtra approximately 900 years ago. They have a fascinating history, including a branch that resided in Karachi until the 1947 Partition of India, after which many sought refuge in major Indian cities like Mumbai. Unfortunately, during this period, numerous Jewish families from the Sindh and Punjab regions also fled to India, including those from cities such as Lahore and Peshawar. Additionally, there are Baghdadi Jews who migrated from Iraq and other regions over the past 250 years, enriching the Indian Jewish tapestry.
In more recent years, Jewish groups like the Bnei Menashe and the Bene Ephraim have emerged. The Bnei Menashe consists of Mizo and Kuki tribesmen in northeastern India who have embraced Judaism, while the Bene Ephraim, or Telugu Jews, represent a smaller community whose Judaic observance is a relatively recent development starting in 1981. The journey of many Indian Jews culminated in their Aliyah, or migration to Israel, particularly after the establishment of the modern state in 1948. Today, approximately 70,000 Indian Jews reside in Israel, constituting over 1% of the Israeli population.
Despite the significant migration, about 5,000 Indian Jews remain in India, with Mumbai housing the largest community. Historic Jewish neighborhoods and synagogues in regions like Kerala serve as reminders of this rich heritage. In the 21st century, there has been a revival of Jewish communities, supported by the Chabad-Lubavitch movement, which has established centers in cities like Mumbai, New Delhi, and Bangalore. These centers cater not only to Jewish businesspeople and expatriates but also to tourists and backpackers exploring India. The Nariman House in Mumbai stands out as the largest of these centers, playing a vital role in the religious and social lives of contemporary Jewish residents and visitors. Currently, India has around 33 synagogues, although the operational status varies, highlighting the evolving landscape of Jewish life in this diverse nation.