Kazakhstan's Engagement in Multilateral Agreements
Kazakhstan has taken significant steps to enhance its international cooperation by joining various multilateral agreements. One noteworthy milestone occurred in 2015 when Kazakhstan became a signatory to the Inter-American Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters. This convention aims to promote collaboration among member nations in combating transnational crime, facilitating legal assistance, and ensuring the effective prosecution of offenses.
The Kazakh Senate's ratification of the convention in September further underscores Kazakhstan's commitment to strengthening legal frameworks with other countries. This agreement connects Kazakhstan with 26 countries across the Americas and beyond, including prominent nations such as the United States, South Korea, Canada, Mexico, Brazil, and Venezuela. By participating in this multilateral agreement, Kazakhstan not only aligns itself with international standards for criminal matters but also enhances its capacity to address issues of crime and justice through cooperative measures.
Kazakhstan's involvement in the convention also reflects its strategic approach to foreign relations, particularly in enhancing security and stability both regionally and globally. The nation recognizes that effective cooperation in criminal matters is essential for tackling issues such as drug trafficking, organized crime, and terrorism, which often transcend national borders. Hence, through this ratification, Kazakhstan is poised to not only bolster its own legal frameworks but also contribute to broader regional and international efforts aimed at maintaining peace and security. Furthermore, such engagement can facilitate mutual trust and foster stronger bilateral ties between Kazakhstan and other member states, promoting collective security and a more robust response to crime in an increasingly interconnected world.
Kazakhstan's foreign policy from 2014 to 2020 has been characterized by a multifaceted approach aimed at bolstering national security while cultivating a strong global presence. The nation has underscored the importance of measures that ensure not only its sovereignty and territorial integrity but also its defense capabilities. Recognizing the volatile nature of regional geopolitics, Kazakhstan has made it a priority to maintain a strategic equilibrium in its defense posture, which includes fostering partnerships with key international allies to enhance its security framework.
In addition to safeguarding its national interests, Kazakhstan has also committed to fostering regional and global peace. This commitment is reflected in its active participation in various international organizations and peacekeeping missions, which serve as platforms for advocating peaceful resolutions to conflicts. By promoting dialogue and cooperation, Kazakhstan aspires to contribute to a more stable global environment while enhancing its own image as a peace-loving nation on the international stage.
Kazakhstan also aims to establish a fair and democratic world order, advocating for a United Nations-led approach to global governance. This dedication to international law and cooperation aligns with its broader goals of ensuring a sustainable international position. By positioning itself as a responsible member of the global community, Kazakhstan seeks to enhance its diplomatic ties and engage in fruitful economic partnerships that benefit both the nation and its partners, ultimately striving for a robust and resilient trade-economic system.
Moreover, the country's foreign policy is intricately linked to its long-term development goals encapsulated in the Strategy 2050. These objectives underscore the aim to provide high living standards, strengthen national unity across diverse ethnicities, and enhance democratic institutions. By creating favorable external conditions and improving its economic landscape, including diversification and industrial-technological growth, Kazakhstan is setting the groundwork for enhanced competitiveness in the global market.
Kazakhstan also recognizes the importance of sustainable development, focusing on transitioning towards a green economy. This move is essential not only for achieving higher economic stability but also for building resilience against global environmental challenges. By aiming for inclusion in the ranks of the world's top 30 developed nations, Kazakhstan is actively pursuing innovative practices that prioritize environmental considerations while retaining its cultural uniqueness and national identity.
Lastly, the protection of individual rights, family integrity, and business interests is pivotal to Kazakhstan's social policy, ensuring that lawful pursuits are safeguarded. The government has also taken significant steps to support its diaspora worldwide and promote the Kazakh language nationally. These initiatives reflect a broader commitment to preserving national culture while promoting a sense of belonging among all citizens, thereby reinforcing the social fabric of the state and its global standing.
Economic Diplomacy
Kazakhstan's approach to foreign relations has seen a significant shift since December 2018, when the Foreign Ministry adopted the crucial role of attracting investments into the country. This strategic move was aimed at streamlining the process by shifting the responsibilities from the reformed Ministry for Investment and Development to the Foreign Ministry. This new framework is designed to enhance Kazakhstan's economic diplomacy, focusing on two primary objectives: providing comprehensive support for Kazakh businesses operating abroad and promoting non-resource exports.
The shift towards economic diplomacy emphasizes Kazakhstan's commitment to diversifying its economy away from reliance solely on natural resources. This diversification is essential for creating new jobs, fostering innovative technologies, and drawing in foreign investors. By reducing its dependency on oil and gas, Kazakhstan aims to build a more resilient economic structure that can withstand external shocks while maximizing its potential in various sectors. This goal aligns with broader national objectives, such as enhancing national competitiveness and improving international trade relations.
In pursuit of these objectives, Kazakhstan has identified 40 target countries for investment attraction initiatives. This strategic list focuses on nations that possess economic ties, strategic partnerships, or growth opportunities that align with Kazakhstan’s economic aspirations. Diplomatic missions around the world, coordinated by the Foreign Ministry, actively engage with these countries to address issues of strategic interest to Kazakhstan's business community, thereby facilitating a conducive environment for investments. This proactive diplomatic engagement not only underscores the importance of foreign investment in Kazakhstan’s development but also reflects the nation’s broader strategy to position itself as an attractive destination for international businesses.
Furthermore, Kazakhstan is placing significant importance on innovation and technology as critical components of its economic diplomacy. By fostering relationships with countries that are leaders in tech and innovation, Kazakhstan hopes to attract cutting-edge technologies and practices that can enhance its domestic industries. This approach not only aims to bolster the efficiency and productivity of Kazakh enterprises but also seeks to create an ecosystem conducive to startups and technological advancements. Ultimately, Kazakhstan's foreign policy is increasingly intertwined with its economic ambitions, illustrating a comprehensive strategy that aims to leverage diplomacy for national development.
Border Agreements and Transboundary Issues
Kazakhstan's border disputes with its neighbors have been a significant aspect of its foreign relations, particularly concerning its interactions with Russia, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The formal agreement to initiate the demarcation of these borders only came in 2005, signaling a long-standing complexity in regional territorial issues. These disputes are not merely academic; they have implications for security, resource management, and international cooperation in Central Asia.
In particular, the Caspian Sea remains a contentious area, with unclear seabed boundaries between Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan. The lack of a comprehensive international agreement regarding the usage of the Caspian Sea's water resources complicates matters further. This ambiguity creates potential for future conflicts over fishing rights, hydrocarbon exploration, and environmental management. Both countries, as well as others with interests in the Caspian region, are under pressure to establish a clear framework for resource sharing to foster cooperation while averting disputes.
In addition to challenges posed by neighboring states, Kazakhstan must also address issues related to its transboundary rivers, which are vital for its agricultural sector and water supply. In 2015, Bakhytzhan Sagintaev, the first deputy prime minister of Kazakhstan, indicated that a significant step forward would be the signing of an intergovernmental agreement with China focused on the water allocation of 24 transboundary rivers. This agreement is particularly important given the increasing pressures related to water scarcity and competing demands on these vital resources.
The intergovernmental agreement serves as a crucial framework for cooperative management of water resources and reflects Kazakhstan's strategic approach to its foreign relations, particularly with major neighbors like China. By seeking collaborative approaches, Kazakhstan aims to ensure sustainable development and resource sharing, which are essential for maintaining regional stability while also fostering economic growth.
Nuclear Weapons Non-Proliferation
Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991, Kazakhstan found itself in possession of a considerable nuclear arsenal, comprising 1,410 nuclear warheads. Additionally, the country became the steward of the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site, which had been a significant center for nuclear development during the Soviet era. Recognizing the global implications of nuclear proliferation, Kazakhstan took decisive actions to diminish its nuclear footprint. By April 1995, the Kazakh government successfully returned all the inherited nuclear warheads to Russia. Furthermore, the nation undertook extensive efforts to dismantle the associated nuclear testing infrastructure at Semipalatinsk, which culminated in its complete destruction by July 2000.
Kazakhstan's commitment to nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation has garnered international attention and praise. A notable milestone in this journey occurred on December 2, 2009, when UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, in cooperation with the Republic of Kazakhstan, proclaimed August 29 as the International Day Against Nuclear Tests. This significant date marks the anniversary of the closure of the Semipalatinsk test site in 1991, serving as a reminder of Kazakhstan's commitment to global peace and the elimination of nuclear weapons.
The leadership and efforts of Kazakhstan's first President, Nursultan Nazarbayev, in championing nuclear non-proliferation have earned him recognition on the international stage, particularly from Japan. During a state visit to Japan in November 2016, Nazarbayev was honored with the title of special honorary citizen of Hiroshima. This accolade not only highlighted Kazakhstan's dedication to disarmament but also symbolized the country's role as a proactive participant in the global dialogue on nuclear weapons abolition. Nazarbayev’s initiatives have positioned Kazakhstan as a leader in promoting nuclear safety and stability in the region, exemplifying the possibility of moving from a past of weapons dependency toward a future grounded in cooperation and peace.
Drug Trafficking and Production in Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan's involvement in illicit drug production and trafficking represents a significant international concern, particularly due to the country's geographical position and its historical relationships. With the advent of independence following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Kazakhstan emerged as a crucial transit hub for narcotics, especially those produced in Southwest Asia, notably Afghanistan. This shift transformed the nation into a critical player in regional drug trade networks, placing immense pressure on its law enforcement and governance structures.
According to estimates from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime in 1998, Kazakhstan harvested a staggering minimum of 1,517 tons of cannabis. This alarming figure illustrates the extent of cannabis cultivation within the country, highlighting its role not only as a producer but also as a source of illegal drugs that are trafficked to neighboring states, particularly those within the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Additionally, the scope of opium production, although lesser in comparison to cannabis, adds to the complexity of the drug problem facing the region and contributes further to the international drug trade.
The drug trafficking landscape in Kazakhstan is characterized by significant governmental challenges, including rampant corruption that undermines anti-drug initiatives. Government authorities reported 1,320 drug trafficking cases in 2001, resulting in the seizure of 18 metric tons of narcotics. However, this figure is believed to be merely a fraction of the total volume trafficked across the nation. Transparency International’s 2023 corruption perception index, which ranked Kazakhstan with a low score of 2.2 out of 10, indicates pervasive corruption that obstructs effective law enforcement and weakens the capacity of the government to combat drug-related issues adequately.
Furthermore, as drug trafficking persists, the implications for public health in Kazakhstan are troubling. The rise in drug use within the country poses a growing social challenge, as it amplifies the need for comprehensive public health interventions and rehabilitation programs. In conjunction with the regional market demands, primarily in Russia and Europe, the situation necessitates practical policy responses that involve regional cooperation, increased funding for drug control, and effective enforcement mechanisms to address both production and consumption issues. Kazakhstan's strategic position calls for a collaborative approach with neighboring nations to manage the ramifications of drug trafficking and its associated societal impacts effectively.
KazAID: Kazakhstan's Commitment to Development Assistance
In November 2014, a significant milestone was reached in Kazakhstan's approach to international development when the Kazakh Foreign Minister, in partnership with the UNDP Resident Representative in Kazakhstan, signed a pivotal project document. This agreement laid the groundwork for the establishment of KazAID, a comprehensive system designed to facilitate Official Development Assistance (ODA). Notably, KazAID represents the first ODA initiative within the Central Asian region, highlighting Kazakhstan's proactive role in supporting its neighbors and contributing to regional stability and development.
KazAID primarily focuses on providing vital technical assistance and humanitarian aid to Afghanistan, a country that has faced numerous challenges in its journey towards recovery and growth. By 2016, Kazakhstan had already made significant contributions, including the provision of 20,000 tons of food products to Afghanistan, valued at approximately $20 million. This initiative not only addressed immediate humanitarian needs but also underscored Kazakhstan's commitment to using its resources to assist in the rebuilding of Afghanistan, fostering a sense of regional solidarity.
Alongside the UNDP and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Kazakhstan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs spearheads the ODA initiative titled "Promoting Kazakhstan's ODA Cooperation with Afghanistan." This project aims not only to offer economic assistance but also to empower Afghan women, promoting their rights and fostering economic independence. By specifically targeting the empowerment of women, Kazakhstan acknowledges the critical role that gender equality plays in sustainable development, thus aligning its efforts with global development goals.
By 2017, Kazakhstan's total ODA reached approximately $450 million, with a clear focus on Central Asian countries and Afghanistan as priority areas. This strategic choice not only reflects Kazakhstan's commitment to regional development but also reinforces its position as a key player in Central Asia. Through KazAID and other initiatives, Kazakhstan continues to strengthen diplomatic ties in the region, mitigate socio-economic challenges, and enhance collective security, ensuring that its development assistance contributes to broader regional stability and prosperity.
Kazakhstan's Diplomatic Landscape
Kazakhstan has established a wide network of diplomatic relations with numerous countries around the world, reflecting its commitment to international cooperation and fostering bilateral partnerships. As a nation situated in the heart of Central Asia, Kazakhstan plays a pivotal role in regional diplomacy, engaging with its neighbors and global powers alike.
However, there are notable exceptions to this expansive diplomatic reach. Kazakhstan has not yet established formal diplomatic relations with a few nations, including Botswana, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, East Timor, Malawi, Nauru, Somalia, and South Sudan. The absence of diplomatic ties with these countries can be attributed to various geopolitical considerations, historical contexts, and strategic priorities that the Kazakh government has assessed over the years.
For Kazakhstan, establishing diplomatic relations is often based on mutual interests, economic opportunities, and regional stability. Thus, the countries with which Kazakhstan maintains formal ties are generally those that align with its foreign policy goals and offer potential for collaboration in trade, security, or cultural exchange. As Kazakhstan continues to assert its presence on the international stage, the evolution of its diplomatic relations remains a focal point, and there may be future opportunities for engagement with those countries currently lacking formal relations.
Kazakhstan's Engagement with Africa
Kazakhstan has taken a proactive approach in fostering relationships with various African nations, recognizing the continent's vast potential and opportunities for mutual growth. This commitment was highlighted by the participation of Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs Askar Mussinov at the 25th Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the African Union held in Johannesburg, South Africa from June 12-15, 2015. Engaging directly with African leaders at such prominent events underscores Kazakhstan's dedication to strengthening diplomatic ties and promoting collaborative initiatives on a continental scale.
In response to pressing humanitarian crises, Kazakhstan has also demonstrated its willingness to extend aid to West Africa during the Ebola outbreak. In late 2014, the country contributed $50,000 to the United Nations Ebola Trust Fund as part of an international call for assistance. This humanitarian gesture was further solidified when Kazakhstan announced a commitment of an additional $300,000 to support the African Union's special project aimed at combating the Ebola epidemic, showcasing its commitment to global health and solidarity with African nations facing crises.
Kazakhstan's recognition of Africa as a potential driver of the global economy was prominently featured during the VIII Astana Economic Forum held on May 21, 2015. The first day of this significant event was dedicated to the theme "Africa – the Next Driver of the Global Economy." During this session, Kazakhstan's Foreign Minister Erlan Idrissov emphasized the continent's huge potential, citing its immense human capital and youthful demographic. The engagement drew participation from over 20 permanent representatives to the United Nations from Africa, further underscoring the interest and willingness to collaborate on economic development and investment opportunities.
On September 28, 2015, Kazakhstan took another pivotal step by signing a $2 million cost-sharing agreement with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). This agreement aimed to initiate a new program that supports 45 African countries in their efforts to implement the UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This partnership further demonstrates Kazakhstan's strategic commitment to sustainable development and the pursuit of shared goals that align with international initiatives aimed at eradicating poverty and promoting education and health.
Kazakhstan's diplomatic efforts have continued into 2024, particularly marked by a significant development on August 8, when it signed several cooperation agreements with Congo-Brazzaville. These agreements span key sectors such as the oil and gas industry, information and communication technologies, and cyber security. This collaboration not only highlights Kazakhstan's expanding influence in Africa but also its strategic interests in partnerships that leverage technology and energy resources, crucial elements for driving economic growth in both nations. Through these multifaceted engagements, Kazakhstan is establishing itself as a vital partner for African nations, fostering a spirit of cooperation that aims to unlock new avenues of economic development and socio-political stability.
Americas Relations
Kazakhstan is actively pursuing new diplomatic channels and opportunities in Latin America, as underscored by the recent remarks made by Deputy Foreign Minister Yerzhan Ashikbayev. The Kazakh government has recognized the potential for growth and cooperation with Latin American nations, exemplified by Ashikbayev's attendance at the 44th General Assembly of the Organization of American States (OAS) held in Asuncion, Paraguay on June 4. Kazakhstan distinguished itself as the largest delegation among the 39 observer countries present at the assembly, signaling its commitment to fostering closer ties in the region.
During the assembly, Ashikbayev had a productive meeting with José Miguel Insulza, the Secretary General of the OAS, where he proposed contributions aimed at bolstering significant OAS initiatives. This engagement not only reflects Kazakhstan’s aspiration to deepen its relationship with Latin America but also marks a step towards integrating into multilateral frameworks in the Americas.
Further enhancing Kazakhstan's diplomatic efforts, Foreign Minister Erlan Idrissov undertook a four-day visit to Mexico from September 17-20, 2014. His agenda included crucial discussions with notable figures such as Mexican Economy Secretary Ildefonso Guajardo, Foreign Secretary Jose Antonio Meade, and former President Vicente Fox. Idrissov's itinerary featured a visit to the prospective site for Kazakhstan's embassy in Mexico City, which underscores Kazakhstan’s intention to cement a permanent diplomatic presence in the country.
Idrissov articulated the primary aim of his visit is to establish a robust bridge connecting Latin America and Eurasia. He emphasized that enhancing economic and trade cooperation with Kazakhstan offers an opportunity for investors to access neighboring markets, including the vast economies of Russia and China. Furthermore, Kazakhstan views Mexico as a pivotal ally in its foreign relations strategy, poised to extend mutual support for each other in their respective regions. In pursuing these objectives, Kazakhstan highlights its commitment to expanding its influence in Latin America while fostering strong bilateral and multilateral ties that could drive significant economic benefits for both nations.
EFTA Free Trade Agreement Negotiations
The European Free Trade Association (EFTA) encompasses four member states: Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland. In a key development for regional trade relations, delegations from these EFTA countries met with representatives from Russia, Belarus, and Kazakhstan for a significant first round of negotiations to establish a broad-based Free Trade Agreement (FTA) from January 11 to 13, 2011, in Geneva. This initial meeting laid the groundwork for subsequent talks aimed at fostering closer economic ties and enhancing trade flows among the participating nations.
The formal announcement regarding the commencement of EFTA negotiations with Russia, Belarus, and Kazakhstan occurred in November 2010. This decision followed an extensive preparatory phase, which included a Joint Feasibility Study that assessed the potential benefits and frameworks for the proposed agreement. This collaborative approach indicated the commitment of the involved countries to promote mutual economic interests and strengthen their trade networks. The broad ambition of the FTA was to eliminate tariffs and other barriers to trade, thereby facilitating a smoother exchange of goods and services among these economies.
The 11th round of negotiations took place in Astana, Kazakhstan, from January 27 to 30, 2014. This meeting was a pivotal moment in the ongoing discussions, as it provided an opportunity for the parties to address outstanding issues and refine their proposals in various sectors. However, as the negotiations advanced toward a 12th round scheduled for April 2014, the process faced unforeseen delays, and the meeting was subsequently postponed. The lack of rescheduled dates underscores the complexities and challenges inherent in multilateral trade negotiations, highlighting the need for continued dialogue and cooperation among the involved states to realize the goals of the FTA.
European Union Relations
Kazakhstan's relationship with the European Union (EU) has evolved significantly since the establishment of the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA) in 1999, which laid the foundation for diplomatic and economic ties. This PCA has facilitated a structured dialogue between the two parties, promoting mutual interests and shared values. In a significant step towards enhancing energy-related collaboration, a Memorandum of Understanding was signed in November 2006, aimed at reinforcing cooperative efforts in the energy sector—a critical area given Kazakhstan's vast reserves and the EU's energy needs.
As part of its strategic objectives, the EU has outlined a comprehensive framework for future assistance, concentrating on several key areas including political reform, economic development, and social justice. The emphasis on infrastructure development is particularly important for Kazakhstan as it looks to modernize its economy and improve connectivity within the region. The EC Regional Strategy Paper for Central Asia covering 2007 to 2013 delineates the overall policy responses and cooperative goals, ensuring that Kazakhstan remains a pivotal partner in the EU's regional strategy. In addition to the EU's Development Cooperation Instrument (DCI), Kazakhstan is actively involved in numerous regional programs that highlight the EU's commitment to regional stability and development.
A milestone in EU-Kazakhstan relations occurred on January 20, 2015, when both parties initialed the Enhanced Partnership and Cooperation Agreement. This new framework is expected to significantly bolster political and economic relations, facilitating greater trade and investment flows, thus supporting Kazakhstan's ongoing political and social reforms. This agreement underscores the EU's recognition of Kazakhstan as a strategic partner in Central Asia and addresses mutual interests ranging from energy security to economic cooperation.
In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, bilateral relations witnessed a renewed focus, highlighted by President Tokayev's visit to Europe in November 2021, marking his first trip to the EU since assuming the presidency in 2019. This visit emphasized Kazakhstan's commitment to strengthening its ties with the EU post-pandemic, exploring opportunities for enhanced cooperation in areas such as health security, sustainable development, and digital transformation. Through these engagements, Kazakhstan aims to position itself not only as a key regional player but also as a reliable partner for the EU in addressing global challenges and fostering long-term collaboration.
NATO Partnership and Engagement
Kazakhstan's relationship with NATO has solidified since it became a member of the Partnership for Peace (PfP) on May 27, 1994. This program aims to enhance military collaboration between NATO and partner countries, working towards mutual goals related to security and defense. The partnership has proven beneficial for both Kazakhstan and NATO, allowing for the sharing of experiences, capabilities, and best practices in security matters. Over the years, Kazakhstan has participated in various joint exercises, training programs, and diplomatic initiatives under the PfP.
In October 2014, Kazakhstan and NATO celebrated two decades of collaboration under the Partnership for Peace framework. To commemorate this milestone, a NATO delegation visited Kazakhstan from October 6 to 10, engaging in a series of public diplomacy events aimed at strengthening ties between NATO and Central Asia. These events included meetings with high-level government officials and educational outreach at Nazarbayev University and Gumilyov Eurasian National University in Astana. During their visit, NATO representatives delivered lectures outlining NATO's role in Central Asia and the implications of key outcomes from the NATO Wales Summit. Topics covered focused on the evolution of NATO's partnership policy and its ongoing engagement in Afghanistan, illustrating the organization's commitment to regional stability.
Looking ahead, NATO has plans for further engagement with Kazakhstan. A delegation is expected to return to Astana in the first half of 2015 to conduct a joint event that will reinforce these collaborative efforts. Future activities are intended to adhere to the principles of the Partnership for Peace program, particularly emphasizing the development and exchange of knowledge concerning peacekeeping and conflict resolution. Such initiatives not only strengthen Kazakhstan's military capabilities but also contribute to broader regional security efforts, reflecting both NATO's strategic interests and Kazakhstan's aspirations to play an active role in international peacekeeping operations.
Visa Regimes and Tourism Expansion in Kazakhstan
In a strategic move to enhance international relations and stimulate economic growth, President Nursultan Nazarbayev announced visa-free entry for citizens from several key nations during the 27th meeting of the Foreign Investors' Council. This initiative includes travelers from the United States, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Malaysia, the United Arab Emirates, South Korea, and Japan. Previously, Kazakhstan and the United States had established a system of 5-year visas for each other's citizens, but this new policy represents a significant step towards simplifying access for international visitors.
The visa liberalization is not just about easing travel restrictions; it aligns with Kazakhstan's broader goal of diversifying its economy. By facilitating easier travel, the country hopes to attract more tourists, which, in turn, lays the groundwork for an increased appreciation of its unique cultural heritage and rich history. Since 2001, Kazakhstan has witnessed a remarkable doubling of its tourism revenue by 2012. Experts in the field anticipate that the continuation and expansion of the visa-free regime will further bolster this upward trend in tourism, contributing positively to the nation's economic landscape.
On July 15, 2014, Kazakhstan implemented a pilot project allowing visa-free entry for citizens from 10 specific countries including the US, UK, several EU nations, as well as South Korea and Japan. This initiative enabled visitors to enter, exit, and transit through Kazakhstan for stays of up to 15 calendar days. Such policies aim not only to promote tourism but also to strengthen diplomatic ties between Kazakhstan and these nations.
In a progressive move, Kazakhstan expanded the scope of its visa-free regime on June 26, 2015, adding more countries to the list and extending the initiative until December 31, 2017. The list grew to encompass 19 countries, including Australia and several notable European nations. On January 1, 2017, further strides were made when Kazakhstan introduced visa-free access to 20 developed countries, targeting members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) alongside other strategic partners like Malaysia and Singapore.
More recently, on August 8, 2024, Kazakhstan signed a visa exemption cooperation agreement with Congo-Brazzaville, indicating its commitment to expanding this progressive policy framework further. Such steps signal Kazakhstan's aspiration to not only enhance tourism but also establish itself as a vibrant player in global economic and cultural exchanges. Through these various initiatives, the country is not only fostering a more open and inviting atmosphere for visitors but is also working to elevate its position on the world stage.
United Nations Involvement of Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan, having gained independence in late 1991, officially became a member of the United Nations on March 2, 1992. This pivotal decision marked a significant step in the nation's quest for international recognition and integration. The UN membership allowed Kazakhstan to participate in global discussions and contribute to international peace and security. The culmination of its efforts was highlighted on November 12, 2012, when Kazakhstan was elected to the UN Human Rights Council for the first time. This election underscored the country's commitment to promoting and protecting human rights within the context of its Asian Group membership, with its term concluding in 2015.
Kazakhstan's engagement with the UN has also been marked by its aspirations to enhance its role within the organization. At the 68th UN General Assembly, Foreign Minister Erlan Idrisov announced Kazakhstan's bid for a non-permanent seat on the UN Security Council for the 2017-2018 term, which was a significant step towards increasing its influence on global security issues. Aiming to foster regional cooperation and development, during UN Day 2013, Idrisov proposed the establishment of a regional UN center in Almaty. This idea was rooted in the city's standing as a hub for 18 international organizations, addressing the gap of UN regional offices between Vienna and Bangkok, and highlighting its strategic importance for Central Asia.
Kazakhstan has actively engaged with various UN specialized agencies, further solidifying its international presence. In February 2015, the World Health Organization inaugurated a new geographically dispersed office for primary health care in Kazakhstan at the Kazakh National Medical University in Almaty, marking a significant collaboration in health initiatives. Furthermore, in July 2015, Kazakhstan increased its involvement in the cultural sector by joining the Executive Council of the World Federation of UNESCO Clubs at the ninth WCF World Congress, thereby promoting educational and cultural programs both domestically and throughout the region.
Kazakhstan's foreign policy priorities also encompass nuclear disarmament and climate change. At high-level meetings at the UN in May 2016, Foreign Minister Idrisov advocated for a nuclear-free world by 2045, aligning with the centenary of the UN. Additionally, upon signing the Paris Climate Change Agreement on August 2, 2016, and later with its ratification, Kazakhstan committed to reducing its greenhouse gas emissions by 15-20% from 1990 levels by 2030, positioning itself as a responsible actor in global environmental governance.
Amid these initiatives, in March 2017, Kazakhstan celebrated 25 years of UN membership by launching the exhibition "Kazakhstan and the United Nations: Interaction for Peace." This exhibition showcased the fruitful partnership and accomplishments achieved through collaboration, leading to the establishment of 15 UN representative offices within the country, including vital agencies like UNDP, UNICEF, and UNESCO. Additionally, Astana's role as a host city for the Eighth International Forum on Energy for Sustainable Development in June 2017 illustrated Kazakhstan's commitment to sustainable development, highlighted by its cooperation with various UN bodies and international organizations towards achieving energy efficiency and promoting renewable resources in the region. Through these multiple avenues, Kazakhstan continues to assert its role on the international stage while contributing to global peace, security, and sustainable development.
Kazakhstan's Role in the United Nations Security Council
Kazakhstan made history by becoming the first Central Asian nation to be elected as a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) for a two-year term that began on January 1, 2017. Alongside Sweden, Bolivia, and Ethiopia, Kazakhstan's presence in the UNSC marked a progressive step not only for its foreign relations but also for its status on the global stage. This election was a culmination of Kazakhstan's active diplomatic efforts and its commitment to regional and global security.
Upon taking office, Kazakhstan assumed the chairmanship of the UNSC on January 1, 2018, further solidifying its role in international diplomacy. During this period, Kazakhstan's foreign minister, Kairat Abdrakhmanov, articulated a vision focused on elevating the international community's awareness regarding critical issues in Central Asia and Afghanistan. The priorities outlined by Kazakhstan during its tenure included an emphasis on nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation, the fight against terrorism, and initiatives aimed at promoting peace and development within the Central Asian region.
Kazakhstan's approach at the UNSC was deeply rooted in the nation's foundational principles of security and cooperation. President Nursultan Nazarbayev addressed the UNSC via the Foreign Minister during the ministerial-level open debate on January 10, 2017. His address reflected the ideas expressed in the earlier Kazakh President's Manifesto titled "The World. The 21st Century," which underscores Kazakhstan's aspirations for a nuclear-free world and the elimination of wars and conflicts. This manifesto established Kazakhstan's role as a proponent of global stability and non-proliferation, striving for an environment free of the threats posed by weapons of mass destruction.
Additionally, President Nazarbayev's leadership was highlighted on January 18, 2018, when he chaired a UNSC briefing focusing on the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and related security measures for Central Asia. This briefing has significance, as it was the first occasion where a Central Asian leader took this role within the UNSC, showcasing Kazakhstan's evolving diplomatic influence. Through these engagements, Kazakhstan not only reinforced its commitment to addressing regional security issues but also set a precedent for future Central Asian involvement in global governance.
Kazakhstan's Commitment to Peacekeeping
Kazakhstan has taken significant strides in contributing to international peacekeeping efforts, particularly through its involvement with the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL). On October 31, 2018, the nation made history by deploying 120 of its peacekeepers to assist in the UN’s mission aimed at fostering stability and peace in south Lebanon. This marked a milestone, as it was the first time Kazakh troops participated in UNIFIL during the mission’s extensive 40-year existence. The involvement of Kazakh forces underscores the country's commitment to international peace and security, aligning with global efforts to maintain order in conflict zones.
Building on this initial deployment, Kazakhstan demonstrated its ongoing dedication to peacekeeping by sending a second contingent of 60 troops to UNIFIL on August 20, 2020. This subsequent deployment highlights Kazakhstan’s strategic approach to enhancing its role in international peace initiatives. By contributing additional personnel, Kazakhstan not only reinforces the effectiveness of UNIFIL but also signals its readiness to participate actively in global security operations.
The inclusion of Kazakh peacekeepers in such missions also reflects the country’s broader foreign policy goals, which emphasize multilateral cooperation and engagement with international organizations. Through its involvement in peacekeeping missions, Kazakhstan strives to elevate its presence on the global stage, promoting stability and collective security in regions facing turmoil. This active participation in peacekeeping efforts positions Kazakhstan as a responsible member of the international community, committed to addressing the complex challenges of conflicts around the world.
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
Kazakhstan stands as a pivotal founding member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), which first emerged as the Shanghai Five. The formal inception of this multinational entity took place on April 26, 1996, in Shanghai with the signing of the Treaty on Deepening Military Trust in Border Regions. This significant event marked the beginning of enhanced cooperation among member states, primarily aimed at fostering security and stability across Central Asia. Since its formation, Kazakhstan has played a crucial role in amplifying its influence within the global political landscape through active engagement in the SCO.
At the SCO Summit convened in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan on September 20, 2013, Kazakhstan exemplified its commitment to regional stability by discussing pressing geopolitical issues, particularly the situation in Afghanistan following the withdrawal of U.S. troops. This summit emphasized the urgent need for collaborative strategies to maintain peace and foster stability in Afghanistan. Moreover, Kazakhstan was instrumental in the adoption of the Bishkek Declaration, rallying member states and observers to seek peaceful and diplomatic resolutions to conflicts in Iran and Syria. Notably, regarding Syria, Kazakhstan advocated for a solution that adhered to United Nations mandates, highlighting the importance of multilateral consensus over direct military interventions. In the case of Iran, Kazakhstan supported diplomatic negotiations between Iran and the P5+1 nations to facilitate a sustainable framework for uranium enrichment that conforms to energy needs.
In November 2016, Kazakhstan took an innovative step by chairing the first-ever SCO human rights consultations in Beijing, a move indicative of the country’s dedication to fostering a holistic cooperation framework among member states. These meetings aimed to solidify collaboration on human rights issues, emphasizing the importance of ensuring fundamental rights within the context of regional stability and development. This initiative reflects the SCO's commitment to addressing not only security and economic cooperation but also the social dimensions impacting member states.
The significance of Kazakhstan’s role in the SCO was further underscored during the 17th SCO summit held in Astana from June 8 to 9, 2017, which saw the formal acceptance of India and Pakistan as full members. This expansion brought the total membership to eight countries: China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, India, and Pakistan. This enlargement underscores Kazakhstan's position as a central player in facilitating discussions on security and regional cooperation, thereby enhancing the SCO's prominence on the global stage as a key platform for dialogue and collaboration among its diverse member states.
Antarctic Treaty Participation
Kazakhstan officially became a party to the Antarctic Treaty in November 2014, marking its entry as the 51st nation to ratify this crucial international agreement. The Antarctic Treaty, which was originally signed in 1959, establishes Antarctica as a region dedicated to peaceful activities and scientific collaboration while prohibiting military activity and mineral mining among its key provisions. By joining this treaty, Kazakhstan has affirmed its commitment to the principles of international cooperation in scientific exploration and environmental protection in this unique and fragile ecosystem.
Kazakhstan's interest in Antarctica is rooted in its geographical challenges and aspirations for sustainable development. Prior to its formal accession to the treaty, Kazakh officials had been exploring the potential of the Antarctic region to serve as a critical source of drinking water. Given Kazakhstan's arid climate and ongoing issues with water scarcity, examining avenues for freshwater access has become increasingly relevant. The Antarctic ice sheets, which contain about 70% of the world's freshwater, present an intriguing possibility for alleviating water shortages in Kazakh regions affected by drought.
In a notable step towards this engagement, Kazakhstan conducted its first expedition to the South Pole in 2011, highlighting its proactive approach to exploring Antarctic opportunities. This expedition not only aimed to conduct scientific research but also focused on enhancing Kazakhstan's visibility and contributions to global discussions on climate change and environmental stewardship in polar regions. As Kazakhstan forges partnerships and engages in collaborative research initiatives, its commitment to the Antarctic Treaty symbolizes a broader dedication to addressing global environmental challenges while securing sustainable resources for its nation.
OECD Cooperation and Engagement
On January 23, 2015, during the prestigious World Economic Forum held in Davos, Kazakhstan's Prime Minister Karim Massimov and OECD Secretary General Angel Gurria formalized a significant collaboration by signing a Memorandum of Understanding. This agreement established the framework for the implementation of the Country Program of Cooperation for the years 2015 to 2016, marking a pivotal step in Kazakhstan's ongoing efforts to align its economic and governance practices with international standards advocated by the OECD.
In a further demonstration of its commitment to enhancing its economic framework, Kazakhstan achieved a milestone in July 2016 by gaining admission to the OECD Competition Committee. This committee plays a critical role in advocating for antitrust reforms, ensuring that competition is maintained in markets which ultimately benefits consumers. Notably, Kazakhstan became the first country in Central Asia to join this committee, showcasing its ambition to enhance market dynamics and regulatory efficiency in the region.
Kazakhstan's engagement with the OECD continued to deepen when it joined the Declaration on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises in June 2017. This declaration underlines the country’s commitment to fostering a fair and transparent investment climate, which is essential for attracting foreign investment and facilitating sustainable economic growth. As an associated participant of the OECD Investment Committee, Kazakhstan now has access to a premier platform for cooperation on diverse international investment issues, bolstering its ongoing reforms and constructive dialogue on global investment challenges.
By actively participating in OECD initiatives, Kazakhstan not only seeks to improve its own economic policies but also positions itself as a burgeoning hub for investment and economic cooperation in Central Asia, paving the way for enhanced collaboration with both advanced and emerging markets globally.
World Trade Organization
Kazakhstan's journey towards membership in the World Trade Organization (WTO) began on January 29, 1996, when it officially applied for accession. This pivotal step marked Kazakhstan's commitment to integrating itself into the global economic community and participating in the rules-based international trading system. The process was lengthy and complex, lasting two decades, as Kazakhstan engaged in negotiations to align its trade policies and regulations with the standards required by the WTO. These negotiations encompassed various sectors, including agriculture, services, and intellectual property rights, demonstrating Kazakhstan's dedication to comprehensive economic reforms.
On November 30, 2015, Kazakhstan's aspirations were realized when it became the 162nd member of the WTO. This milestone was significant not only for Kazakhstan but also for the WTO itself, as it expanded the organization's reach into Central Asia, becoming an important player in the region's trade dynamics. Joining the WTO opened new avenues for Kazakhstan, providing access to a broader international market, attracting foreign investment, and fostering a more competitive economic environment. As a member, Kazakhstan committed to abiding by the WTO's principles, including the promotion of fair trade practices and the reduction of trade barriers.
In addition to its membership, Kazakhstan took on a proactive role within the WTO framework. In April 2017, the General Council of the WTO announced the appointment of Zhanar Aitzhanova, Kazakhstan's Ambassador to Switzerland and Permanent Representative to the UN structures, as the Chairperson of the WTO Committee for Trade and Environment. This position underscored Kazakhstan's engagement in global discussions surrounding trade and environmental policies, highlighting its commitment to addressing the challenges posed by climate change and sustainable development within the context of international trade. Aitzhanova's leadership in this committee allowed Kazakhstan to influence the discourse on best practices in balancing economic growth with environmental stewardship on a global scale.
World Anti-Crisis Conference
The 21st World Anti-Crisis Conference (WAC) took place under the auspices of the UN General Assembly Resolution A/RES/67/19, focusing on the theme of international financial systems and development. Conducted between December 21, 2012, and May 23, 2013, as part of the VI Astana Economic Forum, this conference brought together a diverse group of participants, including representatives from various UN member states and international experts. One of the primary outcomes of this significant event was the formulation of the Astana Declaration, which outlined a proactive framework intended to address current economic challenges faced by the global community.
Central to the discussions was the World Anti-Crisis Plan, a strategy deeply rooted in democratic principles and the holistic interests of all UN member states. The plan aims to develop effective measures designed to not only mitigate the impact of ongoing economic and financial crises but also to establish robust mechanisms to prevent future recessions. By promoting long-term, balanced growth within the global economy, the WAC Plan seeks to foster a collaborative and resilient international economic environment.
Kazakhstan's Diplomatic Relations
Kazakhstan has fostered extensive diplomatic relations with numerous countries worldwide since gaining independence. The formal establishment of relations with countries such as Nigeria, the United States, China, and the United Kingdom began as early as December 1991, soon after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Kazakhstan has maintained its commitment to diplomatic engagement, resulting in established ties with various nations including those in Europe, Asia, and the Americas. For instance, diplomatic relations with countries such as Japan and South Korea have seen significant economic cooperation and cultural exchange over the years.
Kazakhstan's strategic partnerships have allowed it to participate actively in various international organizations, such as the United Nations, Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), and the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO). These memberships enable Kazakhstan to address regional security concerns and engage in dialogue about pressing global issues. The nation's interactions with these countries also highlight its pivotal role in Central Asia as a bridge between the East and West.
Bilateral Economic and Cultural Collaboration
Kazakhstan has established various bilateral agreements aimed at enhancing trade, investment, and cultural cooperation. Noteworthy examples include Kazakhstan's initiatives to strengthen economic ties with countries like Canada and Brazil, where comparative advantages in sectors like energy and agriculture are leveraged for mutual benefit. Additionally, cultural exchange programs aimed at fostering understanding and goodwill between peoples of different nations have flourished, reflecting Kazakhstan's inclusive approach to foreign policy.
Kazakhstan's geographic location and its focus on promoting connectivity through initiatives like the Belt and Road Initiative help position it as a crucial player in regional and global trade networks. By enhancing partnerships with neighboring countries and beyond, Kazakhstan is not only working toward economic development but is also playing a key role in promoting regional stability and cooperation.
In summary, Kazakhstan's foreign relations strategy showcases its commitment to engaging constructively with the global community while promoting sustainable development and collaboration across various sectors. Through initiatives like the World Anti-Crisis Conference, the nation aims to address global economic challenges while enhancing its diplomatic footprint and fostering international partnerships.