Kazakhstan's Commitment to International Law
In 2015, Kazakhstan took a significant step in enhancing its international legal framework by joining the Inter-American Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters. This move underscores the country's commitment to fostering transnational cooperation in legal and criminal matters. By ratifying this Convention, Kazakhstan aligns itself with a diverse group of nations, which includes 26 countries such as the United States, South Korea, Canada, Mexico, Brazil, and Venezuela, among others.
The Inter-American Convention serves as a vital instrument for mutual assistance in criminal matters, facilitating cooperation in areas such as the extradition of fugitives, the gathering of evidence, and the sharing of information regarding criminal activities. The inclusion of Kazakhstan in this agreement highlights its growing integration into the global community and reinforces its intentions to bolster international cooperation in combating crime and promoting justice.
Furthermore, participating in such multilateral agreements allows Kazakhstan to enhance its legal standards and adapt its practices to international norms. It also opens avenues for collaboration in various sectors, including law enforcement, judicial cooperation, and crime prevention strategies. As a member of this Convention, Kazakhstan can work with other signatory nations to tackle complex issues such as organized crime, drug trafficking, and cybercrime, which are increasingly becoming global challenges that require a coordinated response.
Kazakhstan's ratification of the Inter-American Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters is not only a testament to its commitment to uphold the rule of law but also reflects its strategic efforts to build stronger diplomatic relations and foster mutual trust with other countries. This development aligns with the broader objectives of enhancing stability and security in the region, ultimately contributing to a more cooperative international legal landscape.
Kazakhstan's Foreign Policy Goals (2014-2020)
Between 2014 and 2020, Kazakhstan's foreign policy has been intricately designed to uphold and enhance the nation on various fronts. One of the primary aims is ensuring national security and maintaining a robust defense capacity. This encompasses not only the preservation of sovereignty but also the sustenance of territorial integrity. The Kazakhstan government recognizes that political stability is paramount for the nation's progress, thus prioritizing measures that secure its defensive and sovereign capacities against external threats or challenges.
Another significant goal outlined in the foreign policy framework is the commitment to establishing and promoting peace through regional and global security initiatives. Kazakhstan has actively engaged in diplomatic efforts not only within Central Asia but also on a broader international scale, advocating for dialogue and cooperation among nations. The country aspires to contribute to a more stable geopolitical landscape, taking on a leadership role in supporting security enhancements and conflict resolution, thereby fostering regional and global harmony.
Kazakhstan has also strived to position itself as a reliable and influential player in the international community, with a sustainable global image. By leveraging its strategic location and abundant resources, Kazakhstan has sought to bolster its international standing. This includes advancing its involvement in international organizations, particularly the United Nations, where it aims to play a critical part in establishing a fair and democratic world order. Through promoting multilateral dialogues and collaborative efforts, Kazakhstan emphasizes its role in addressing global challenges while advocating for the principles of equality and justice.
Additionally, Kazakhstan's foreign policy has focused on economic integration into regional and international trade networks. This endeavor aims to create favorable external conditions that align with the long-term Strategy 2050. By seeking to diversify its economy, Kazakhstan is keen on enhancing its industrial capacity and technological development, positioning itself as a competitive player in the global market. This economic strategy is also linked to the overarching goal of improving the living standards of its populace, reinforcing national unity among its diverse ethnic groups, and ensuring the protection of human rights and democratic institutions.
The environmental aspect has not been overlooked in this period, as Kazakhstan places a strong emphasis on transitioning towards green development. The country aspires to be recognized among the top 30 developed nations globally, which includes implementing sustainable practices across various sectors. The commitment to preserving cultural uniqueness and promoting the Kazakh language underscores the importance of national identity in the face of globalization. Furthermore, Kazakhstan remains dedicated to protecting the rights of its citizens and bolstering the interests of the Kazakh diaspora, reflecting the nation’s emphasis on social equity and cultural heritage as pivotal elements of its national identity.
Economic Diplomacy and Investment in Kazakhstan
In December 2018, the Foreign Ministry of Kazakhstan underwent a significant structural transformation by adopting the additional responsibility of attracting foreign investments to the country. This strategic shift intended to consolidate the management of investment and export promotion under a single governmental body, thus streamlining operations previously handled by the reformed Ministry for Investment and Development. By centralizing these functions, Kazakhstan aims for a more coherent approach to bolster its economic growth and integrate more effectively into the global market.
Kazakhstan's economic diplomacy is anchored on two primary objectives: providing comprehensive support for Kazakh businesses operating internationally and promoting non-resource-based exports. These goals align with the broader economic strategy of Kazakhstan to diversify its economy beyond reliance on natural resources. By focusing on sectors such as manufacturing, technology, and agriculture, the country seeks to foster new job creation and stimulate innovation. This is particularly crucial for a nation that has historically depended on oil and gas exports, as fluctuating world market prices can significantly impact national revenue and economic stability.
To effectively implement its economic diplomacy, Kazakhstan's Foreign Ministry identified 40 specific countries as priority targets for foreign investment attraction. This targeted approach is designed to strengthen bilateral relationships and enhance mutual economic interests. Kazakhstan's diplomatic missions abroad play a crucial role in this initiative, addressing issues of strategic importance to the Kazakh business community in the host countries. By leveraging these diplomatic channels, the ministry facilitates negotiations, promotes Kazakh exports, and provides essential advice and support to entrepreneurs venturing into international markets.
In addition to these efforts, Kazakhstan is focusing on creating a more conducive business environment by reforming regulatory frameworks and encouraging foreign direct investment (FDI). The country has implemented various incentives to attract international businesses, such as tax breaks, special economic zones, and guarantees for investors. Furthermore, ongoing initiatives to improve infrastructure and develop human capital are pivotal in making Kazakhstan a more appealing investment destination. Through these comprehensive strategies, Kazakhstan's economic diplomacy aims to position the country as a competitive player in the global economy while ensuring sustainable and inclusive economic development.
Border Issues in Central Asia
The border issues among Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan have a long and complex history. It wasn't until 2005 that these countries reached an agreement to start demarcating their shared borders. This accord marked a significant step towards establishing clear territorial boundaries in the region, which has historically been fraught with disputes stemming from the Soviet era. The demarcation is crucial for sovereignty, as well as for managing resources effectively and peacefully among neighboring nations.
In addition to the land borders, the situation in the Caspian Sea remains particularly contentious. As of now, there is no agreed-upon seabed boundary between Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, which complicates the bilateral relations between the two nations. The legislation and regulations governing the use of the Caspian Sea's water and resources, including oil and natural gas, continue to be points of contention. An international consensus on how to manage these resources is essential for avoiding conflict and ensuring sustainable development in the region.
Expanding upon Kazakhstan's international engagements, in 2015, Bakhytzhan Sagintaev, who served as the first deputy prime minister of Kazakhstan, announced plans for an intergovernmental agreement between Kazakhstan and China regarding the allocation of water from 24 transboundary rivers. This agreement highlights the importance of collaborative resource management, particularly in regions where multiple countries share water sources. Effective management of these rivers is vital for both agricultural and industrial activities in the countries involved. Addressing water scarcity and ensuring fair usage will be critical in fostering stable relations between Kazakhstan and its neighbors, especially in the context of growing pressures from climate change and increasing demand for water resources.
Nuclear Weapons Non-Proliferation
In the wake of the Soviet Union's dissolution in December 1991, Kazakhstan found itself in possession of a significant nuclear arsenal, including 1,410 nuclear warheads and the Semipalatinsk nuclear-weapon test site. Recognizing the risks associated with retaining such destructive capabilities, Kazakhstan took decisive steps towards nuclear disarmament. By April 1995, the country had successfully returned all warheads to Russia, thus becoming a nuclear-free state. Following this action, Kazakhstan also focused on dismantling its nuclear testing infrastructure at Semipalatinsk, which culminated in the complete destruction of the facility by July 2000. These steps marked a significant commitment to global nuclear non-proliferation efforts and reinforced Kazakhstan's dedication to promoting peace and security in the region.
Kazakhstan's proactive measures in nuclear disarmament culminated in 2009 when the country actively participated in a global initiative to raise awareness about the dangers of nuclear testing. On December 2 of that year, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, along with the Republic of Kazakhstan, designated August 29 as International Day against Nuclear Tests. This date is historically significant as it marks the closure of the Semipalatinsk test site in 1991, which had been one of the largest nuclear testing facilities in the world. This annual observance aims to promote the ideals of disarmament and peace, encouraging countries around the world to acknowledge the perils associated with nuclear weapons and to commit to avoiding future nuclear tests.
Kazakhstan's efforts in the realm of nuclear non-proliferation have garnered international recognition, particularly from Japan. During his visit to Japan in November 2016, Kazakhstan's then-President Nursultan Nazarbayev received the title of special honorary citizen of Hiroshima. This honor reflected Japan's appreciation for Nazarbayev's influential contributions to non-proliferation, especially in the context of Hiroshima's tragic history as a victim of nuclear warfare during World War II. Through such recognition, Kazakhstan has established itself as a leader in global disarmament initiatives, advocating for the importance of nuclear non-proliferation and fostering international cooperation to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons.
Illicit Drugs in Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan has emerged as a significant player in the global illicit drug trade, particularly concerning the illegal production of cannabis and opium. The situation becomes especially alarming considering that a substantial portion of these narcotics is trafficked to other nations, which is particularly evident among the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime provided a stark estimate in 1998, stating that Kazakhstan harvested a minimum of 1,517 tons of cannabis; this figure underscores the magnitude of the issue and the challenges surrounding drug enforcement in the region.
With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s, Kazakhstan transitioned into a pivotal transit route for narcotics traversing from Southwest Asia, predominantly those originating from Afghanistan. This shift not only increased the influx of drugs into Kazakhstan but also transformed the country into a critical link in the supply chain for distributing narcotics to more lucrative markets, particularly in Russia and Europe. In 2001, Kazakh authorities reported 1,320 cases of drug trafficking, with the seizure of 18 metric tons of narcotics. However, experts believe that these numbers barely scratch the surface of the actual volume being trafficked, indicating the challenges enforcement agencies face in accurately capturing the breadth of drug-related activities.
Compounding these issues is the prevalence of corruption within Kazakhstan's political and law enforcement institutions. Transparency International rated Kazakhstan with a disheartening score of 2.2 on a scale from 0 to 10, where 0 signifies a "highly corrupt" state. Such corruption undermines anti-drug initiatives and allows drug trafficking organizations to flourish. This situation is not only detrimental to regional security but also poses significant health risks, as drug use continues to rise within Kazakhstan itself. As societal attitudes towards drug use evolve, it is likely that the country will need to adopt revisited strategies to combat this multifaceted crisis, taking into account both law enforcement and public health approaches to effectively address the growing problem of illicit drug trade in Kazakhstan.
KazAID: A Pioneering Initiative in Central Asia
In November 2014, the Kazakh Foreign Minister and the Resident Representative of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Kazakhstan entered into a significant agreement that resulted in the establishment of KazAID, the country's system for Official Development Assistance (ODA). This initiative marked an important milestone as it became the first ODA program introduced among the Central Asian nations, highlighting Kazakhstan's commitment to regional development and international cooperation. KazAID's primary objective is to provide technical assistance and humanitarian aid, with a particular focus on supporting Afghanistan—a nation that has faced numerous challenges, including economic instability and humanitarian crises.
Kazakhstan's support for Afghanistan has manifested in substantial contributions since the program's inception. Notably, by 2016, Kazakhstan had delivered an impressive 20,000 tons of food products to Afghanistan, which represented an investment of around $20 million. This assistance not only addressed immediate humanitarian needs but also aimed to lay the groundwork for long-term development initiatives. The Kazakh Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in collaboration with UNDP and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), spearheaded the ODA project titled "Promoting Kazakhstan's ODA Cooperation with Afghanistan." This endeavor underscores Kazakhstan's intention to foster economic independence in Afghanistan, particularly emphasizing the empowerment and rights of Afghan women, who are often disproportionately affected by poverty and conflict.
As of 2017, Kazakhstan's total ODA amounted to approximately $450 million, showcasing the significant scale of its commitment to development cooperation. The countries of Central Asia, alongside Afghanistan, have been identified as priority recipients of Kazakhstan's ODA, highlighting a strategic approach to fostering stability and cooperation in a region that has historically faced socioeconomic challenges. By investing in these areas, Kazakhstan not only strengthens its diplomatic ties but also contributes to the broader mission of achieving sustainable development goals and promoting peace within the region. KazAID reflects Kazakhstan's growing role as a leader in regional cooperation and its dedication to addressing pressing global issues through active participation in international development efforts.
Diplomatic Relations Overview
Kazakhstan, a landlocked country located in Central Asia, plays a pivotal role in international diplomacy. Since gaining independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, Kazakhstan has actively sought to establish and maintain diplomatic ties with countries around the world. As of now, Kazakhstan has developed a broad network of diplomatic relations, engaging with numerous nations across various continents.
Nonetheless, there are some countries with which Kazakhstan has yet to establish official diplomatic ties. These include Botswana, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, East Timor, Malawi, Nauru, Somalia, and South Sudan. The absence of diplomatic relations does not necessarily imply hostility; rather, it may be a reflection of various geopolitical factors, resource considerations, or underdeveloped bilateral engagement strategies.
Kazakhstan has prioritized its foreign policy to cultivate partnerships that promote peace, stability, and economic prosperity. The nation has leveraged its strategic position as a bridge between Europe and Asia to enhance relations with its neighbors and beyond. Efforts have been made to strengthen ties with countries in the Eurasian Economic Union and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, which are vital frameworks for trade and mutual support.
While Kazakhstan continues to build its diplomatic footprint globally, fostering relations with the countries it has yet to engage will require strategic diplomacy and dedicated efforts towards mutual interests. Engaging with nations such as those listed could potentially open new avenues for trade, investment, and cultural exchange, contributing to the broader goals of regional and global cooperation.
Kazakhstan's Engagement with Africa
Kazakhstan has made significant strides in establishing and strengthening its diplomatic and economic relationships with various African nations. A crucial milestone in this effort was marked by the participation of Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, Askar Mussinov, in the 25th Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the African Union held in Johannesburg, South Africa, from June 12 to 15, 2015. This engagement reflects Kazakhstan's active diplomatic posture and its commitment to fostering a cooperative partnership with African countries, aligning with the broader aims of the African Union.
In response to the Ebola crisis that severely impacted West Africa in the latter part of 2014, Kazakhstan demonstrated its international solidarity by contributing $50,000 to the UN Ebola Trust Fund. This generous contribution was soon supplemented with a pledge of an additional $300,000 towards the African Union's special project focused on combating the Ebola epidemic. These efforts underscore Kazakhstan's intention to play a supportive role in addressing urgent health challenges faced by African nations.
The VIII Astana Economic Forum, which took place on May 21, 2015, showcased Kazakhstan's forward-thinking approach toward Africa, dedicating its first day to discussions under the theme "Africa – the Next Driver of the Global Economy." During this forum, Foreign Minister Erlan Idrissov expressed Kazakhstan's recognition of the enormous potential inherent in Africa, particularly highlighting the continent's vast human resources and its youthful population. The involvement of over 20 permanent representatives to the United Nations from Africa during this session illustrates the significance of this dialogue and Kazakhstan's willingness to partner in driving sustainable economic development across the continent.
As part of its broader commitment to sustainable practices, Kazakhstan and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) formalized a $2 million cost-sharing agreement on September 28, 2015. This agreement marked the launch of a new initiative aimed at assisting 45 African countries in the implementation of the UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Such programs are vital as they provide the necessary frameworks and resources for countries to address developmental challenges, fostering growth that meets the social, economic, and environmental needs of their populations.
Most recently, on August 8, 2024, Kazakhstan and Congo-Brazzaville deepened their cooperative efforts by signing several agreements that encompass crucial sectors such as oil and gas, information and communication technologies (ICT), and cybersecurity. These agreements not only signify Kazakhstan's growing economic ties with African countries but also highlight its willingness to share expertise and resources in areas that are essential for the development of modern, resilient economies. Overall, Kazakhstan's engagement with African nations reflects a multi-faceted approach rooted in mutual benefit and shared aspirations for a prosperous future.
Kazakhstan's Engagement with Latin America
Kazakhstan is actively pursuing stronger diplomatic relationships with Latin American countries, aiming to discover new avenues for cooperation and development. Deputy Foreign Minister Yerzhan Ashikbayev has played a pivotal role in these efforts, emphasizing the importance of fostering ties between Kazakhstan and Latin America through a series of diplomatic visits. His recent participation in the 44th General Assembly of the Organization of American States (OAS) in Asuncion, Paraguay, further highlighted Kazakhstan’s commitment to enhancing its relationships in the Americas. Notably, Kazakhstan had the largest delegation among the 39 observer nations at the conference, showcasing its strong interest in engaging with the international community.
During the assembly, Ashikbayev met with OAS Secretary General José Miguel Insulza and discussed Kazakhstan's contributions to various OAS programs. This engagement not only signifies Kazakhstan's dedication to promoting regional stability and cooperation in the Americas but also illustrates its willingness to collaborate on broader international issues. By aligning itself with influential regional organizations such as the OAS, Kazakhstan is positioning itself as a proactive player on the global stage, hoping to facilitate dialogue and mutual understanding.
Furthermore, the visit of Foreign Minister Erlan Idrissov to Mexico in September 2014 marked a significant milestone in this initiative. During his four-day trip, he engaged in discussions with several high-profile figures, including the Mexican Economy Secretary and the country's Foreign Secretary. By establishing these connections, Idrissov aimed to create a channel between Latin America and Eurasia, underscoring the potential for economic and trade collaboration that could benefit both regions. His statement about Kazakhstan's ambition to serve as a bridge to neighboring markets, such as Russia and China, reflects a strategic vision that seeks to harness the region’s diverse economic landscapes for mutual benefit.
Idrissov emphasized the importance of Mexico as a strategic ally in Kazakhstan's efforts to expand its influence in Latin America. Kazakhstan's outreach aims not only to attract investment and establish trade partnerships but also to offer support to Mexico within the Eurasian region. By working collaboratively, both nations can explore opportunities for economic expansion while enhancing their geopolitical strategies. This approach demonstrates Kazakhstan's commitment to fostering meaningful relationships with Latin American countries, which will likely lead to increased cooperation across various sectors in the coming years.
European Free Trade Association
The European Free Trade Association (EFTA) includes four member states: Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland. EFTA was established to promote free trade and economic integration among its member nations. On January 11–13, 2011, delegations from these EFTA states convened in Geneva with representatives from Russia, Belarus, and Kazakhstan. This meeting marked the initiation of negotiations for a broad-based Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between EFTA and the three countries. The announcement of these negotiations had been made in November 2010, following considerable preparation which included a Joint Feasibility Study to assess the potential economic benefits and challenges of such an agreement.
The discussions at the Geneva meeting aimed to create a framework that would facilitate trade in goods and services, enhance economic cooperation, and potentially stimulate investment flows among the participating states. The EFTA states brought a wealth of experience in trade negotiations and agreements, having previously established numerous FTAs with countries across various regions. The collaboration with Russia, Belarus, and Kazakhstan represented a significant step for EFTA to strengthen its economic ties with countries that are part of the Eurasian economic landscape.
The negotiations progressed through multiple rounds, with the 11th round taking place from January 27 to 30, 2014, in Astana, Kazakhstan. During this round, participants addressed several key issues, such as tariff reductions, customs procedures, and trade in services. However, the subsequent 12th round of negotiations, originally scheduled for April 2014, was postponed. Since then, no new dates have been established for continued discussions, raising questions about the future of the FTA talks and their potential impact on trade relations among the states involved. The outcome of these negotiations could play a crucial role in shaping economic ties in the region, especially considering the strategic importance of the EFTA countries and their desire to deepen their engagement with Eastern European economies.
European Union-Kazakhstan Relations
The Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA) established in 1999 serves as the cornerstone for the bilateral relations between the European Union (EU) and Kazakhstan. This legal framework has enabled a sustained dialogue and mutual cooperation, laying the groundwork for both political and economic ties. In a significant development in November 2006, the EU and Kazakhstan expanded their cooperation by signing a Memorandum of Understanding specifically aimed at enhancing collaboration in the energy sector. This agreement underscores the importance of energy resources to both parties, acknowledging Kazakhstan’s abundant natural energy reserves and strategic position in the region.
Looking ahead, the EU aims to provide assistance focused on critical reform areas in Kazakhstan, addressing political, economic, judiciary, and social challenges. Infrastructure development is also a key priority, aimed at modernizing the country’s physical frameworks to better integrate with EU standards and enhance overall regional connectivity. Notably, the cooperation in the energy sector remains a highlight, given the EU’s reliance on non-EU energy sources to diversify its energy supply. The vision for EU-Kazakhstan relations is further detailed in the EC Regional Strategy Paper for Central Asia covering the years 2007–2013, which outlines policy responses and priority fields for development.
A landmark moment in this evolving relationship was the initialing of the EU-Kazakhstan Enhanced Partnership and Cooperation Agreement on January 20, 2015. This agreement is a significant leap forward as it is designed to foster deeper political and economic collaborations, potentially increasing the movement of trade, services, and investment between the EU and Kazakhstan. Moreover, it is anticipated to play a vital role in fostering political and social advancements within Kazakhstan, contributing to its journey towards modernization and democratization.
The bilateral relations between the two entities received renewed momentum post-pandemic when Kazakhstan's President, Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, visited the EU in November 2021. This visit marked his first official trip to Europe since assuming office in 2019, emphasizing a new chapter in EU-Kazakhstan relations. The discussions during this visit likely revolved around strategies to strengthen ties, especially in the light of post-pandemic recovery efforts, increasing cooperation in areas of mutual interest, and addressing regional security concerns. This strategic engagement demonstrates both parties' commitment to fostering a constructive partnership that could evolve into a more dynamic and multifaceted relationship in the coming years.
NATO's Engagement with Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan has been actively engaged with NATO as a member of the Partnership for Peace (PfP) since May 27, 1994. This program was established to enhance cooperation between NATO and non-member countries, focusing on security and stability in the Euro-Atlantic area. Over the years, Kazakhstan's commitment to the PfP has allowed it to participate in various military exercises, training programs, and initiatives aimed at promoting peace and security in the Central Asian region. Membership in the PfP reflects Kazakhstan's recognition of the importance of collaborative security approaches and the collective defense mechanism provided by NATO.
In October 2014, Kazakhstan and NATO celebrated two decades of collaboration within the Partnership for Peace framework. From October 6 to 10, a NATO delegation visited Kazakhstan to engage in a series of public diplomacy events aimed at highlighting the successful outcomes of this long-standing relationship. During this visit, NATO representatives met with high-ranking officials and visited major educational institutions like the Nazarbayev University and Gumilyov Eurasian National University in Astana. The delegation delivered lectures focused on NATO's operations and partnerships in Central Asia, as well as providing insights into the outcomes of the 2014 NATO Wales Summit. In particular, discussions centered on NATO's strategic initiatives concerning partnership policy and ongoing operations in Afghanistan, emphasizing the importance of cooperative security efforts in volatile regions.
Looking ahead, NATO plans to continue its engagement with Kazakhstan, with a delegation scheduled to visit Astana in the first half of 2015. This forthcoming visit aims to facilitate further joint activities with Kazakh officials in the latter half of the year, reflecting an ongoing commitment to strengthen ties under the Partnership for Peace. These collaborative activities will primarily focus on enhancing the capabilities and experiences of peacekeeping forces, fostering a greater understanding of shared security challenges, and promoting stability in Central Asia. Such efforts are crucial not only for regional security but also for fostering mutual understanding and cooperation in a complex international landscape.
Visa Regimes in Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan has undertaken significant steps to improve its visa regimes, particularly targeting international tourism and foreign investment. During the 27th meeting of the Foreign Investors' Council, President Nursultan Nazarbayev announced a groundbreaking initiative to grant visa-free entry to citizens from several key nations, namely the United States, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Malaysia, the United Arab Emirates, South Korea, and Japan. This strategic move aligns with the national goal of diversifying Kazakhstan's economy and fostering a deeper global understanding of its rich cultural heritage. Historically, between 2001 and 2012, Kazakhstan witnessed a remarkable doubling of its tourism earnings, illustrating the potential benefits of a liberalized visa regimen.
In a phased approach to enhancing accessibility, Kazakhstan initiated a pilot visa-free regime on July 15, 2014, allowing citizens from ten selected countries—including some of the largest economies in the world—to visit, exit, and transit through Kazakhstan without the requirement of a visa for durations of up to 15 calendar days. This was a significant step in making the country more accessible to international travelers and businesspersons, encouraging tourism and investment.
Continuing on this trajectory of openness, on June 26, 2015, Kazakhstan resolved to expand the initial visa-free trial to include 19 additional countries, extending the program until December 31, 2017. This expanded list featured a mix of European, Asian, and Oceanic nations, such as Australia, Belgium, Finland, Hungary, and Switzerland, all of which demonstrated Kazakhstan's commitment to fostering international relations and tourism.
On January 1, 2017, Kazakhstan further solidified its vision by implementing visa-free access for 20 developed countries, primarily comprising members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) along with Malaysia, Monaco, the UAE, and Singapore. This initiative has not only simplified travel for tourists and businesspeople but has also contributed to enhancing Kazakhstan's global standing as a viable destination for economic investment.
More recently, on August 8, 2024, Kazakhstan entered into a landmark visa exemption cooperation agreement with Congo-Brazzaville, showcasing its ongoing commitment to expand and diversify its international ties. Such agreements not only contribute to greater mobility between nations but also bolster Kazakhstan's aspirations to position itself as a central hub for trade, tourism, and cultural exchange in the region. With each step taken towards more lenient visa policies, Kazakhstan is poised to reap the benefits of increased international engagement and economic growth.
Kazakhstan's Membership in the United Nations
Kazakhstan became a member of the United Nations on March 2, 1992, soon after declaring its independence from the Soviet Union on December 16, 1991. This membership marked an essential step in the country's integration into the international community and its commitment to multilateral cooperation. Since joining, Kazakhstan has actively participated in various UN initiatives and has sought to promote regional stability and global peace.
Significantly, during the UN General Assembly on November 12, 2012, Kazakhstan was elected to the United Nations Human Rights Council, reflecting its growing influence within the Asian Group. This election provided Kazakhstan an opportunity to contribute to the promotion and protection of human rights on an international platform. The term, which lasted until 2015, allowed Kazakhstan to engage more deeply in discussions surrounding human rights issues both regionally and globally.
One of the notable proposals made by Kazakhstan at the UN was during the 2013 UN Day celebrations when Foreign Minister Erlan Idrisov called for the establishment of a regional UN center in Almaty. Given that Almaty hosts 18 regional offices of international organizations and has no UN regional offices between Vienna and Bangkok, this initiative was viewed as a strategic move to enhance cooperation and development in Central Asia.
Kazakhstan's aspirations on the UN stage continued with its bid for a non-permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council for the term 2017-2018 announced during the 68th General Assembly. Such a position would mark a significant achievement for Kazakhstan, allowing it to influence key global security and peacekeeping discussions. Alongside this, in February 2015, the World Health Organization (WHO) opened a geographically dispersed office for primary health care in Almaty establishing a critical presence in the health sector.
Kazakhstan has also shown a commitment to global health and culture through its active participation in various international organizations such as UNESCO. In July 2015, it was accepted into the Executive Council of the World Federation of UNESCO Clubs at the ninth WCF World Congress. Further, on May 6, 2016, Foreign Minister Idrisov advocated for a nuclear-free world by 2045, reinforcing Kazakhstan’s long-standing commitment to disarmament that stems from its history as the site of nuclear testing during the Soviet era.
Kazakhstan's engagement in global environmental issues is evident in its signing of the Paris Climate Change Agreement on August 2, 2016, with ratification completed by the Kazakh Senate on October 27, 2016. The country has pledged to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 15-20% by 2030, which aligns with the global effort to tackle climate change.
Celebrating 25 years of UN membership in March 2017, Kazakhstan showcased its collaboration with the UN through the exhibition “Kazakhstan and the United Nations: Interaction for Peace.” The event highlighted the 15 UN representative offices established in the country, including vital agencies such as UNICEF and UNDP, which have significantly contributed to Kazakhstan's development trajectory.
Kazakhstan's role in international discussions continues through hosting events like the Eighth International Forum on Energy for Sustainable Development. Scheduled for June 2017, this forum is organized in cooperation with various UN bodies and reflects Kazakhstan's commitment to addressing sustainable energy challenges while fostering partnerships on a global scale.
Kazakhstan's Role in the UNSC
Kazakhstan's election to the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) marked a significant milestone in its foreign policy. Alongside Sweden, Bolivia, and Ethiopia, Kazakhstan commenced its two-year term on January 1, 2017. This achievement was particularly noteworthy as Kazakhstan emerged as the first Central Asian nation to hold a non-permanent seat on the UNSC. This role provided an avenue for Kazakhstan to amplify its voice and influence global discussions on critical issues affecting its region and beyond.
In stepping into this prominent position, Kazakhstan took on the chairmanship of the UNSC on January 1, 2018, following its election. Under the leadership of Kairat Abdrakhmanov, the country's Foreign Minister, Kazakhstan intended to use its platform to spotlight various pressing matters pertaining to Central Asia and Afghanistan. The country’s strategic focus during its UNSC tenure included several significant priorities: nuclear disarmament, the fight against terrorism and extremism, peace-making and peace-building initiatives, as well as addressing security and development challenges in the Central Asian region. These goals resonate with Kazakhstan's long-standing commitment to fostering stability and cooperation in an area often fraught with geopolitical tensions.
Kazakhstan’s proactive stance was evident in President Nursultan Nazarbayev’s address to the UNSC, which was delivered by Foreign Minister Abdrakhmanov during a ministerial-level open debate on January 10, 2017. This address was framed around the principles put forth in President Nazarbayev’s earlier manifesto titled "The World. The 21st Century," which underscored Kazakhstan’s dedication to promoting a nuclear-free environment and a world devoid of wars and conflicts. Such proclamations reflect Kazakhstan's ambition to be recognized as a mediator and a promoter of peace on the international stage.
Additionally, President Nazarbayev made history by chairing the UNSC briefing on January 18, 2018, focused on the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and measures for enhanced security in Central Asia. This move represented a landmark moment, as it was the first instance of a Central Asian head of state leading a UNSC briefing, further solidifying Kazakhstan's role as a leader in regional and global security dialogues. Through these actions, Kazakhstan not only advanced its own national interests but also contributed to broader efforts aimed at fostering a stable and secure international environment.
Kazakhstan's Commitment to Peacekeeping
Kazakhstan has demonstrated a commitment to international peacekeeping efforts, particularly in the challenging context of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL). On October 31, 2018, Kazakhstan took a significant step by deploying a contingent of 120 peacekeepers to assist in UN operations aimed at stabilizing the region. This marked a historic moment, as it was the first instance of Kazakh troops participating in UNIFIL's 40-year mission, highlighting Kazakhstan's growing role in global peacekeeping initiatives.
The involvement of Kazakh peacekeepers in south Lebanon is a reflection of the country’s evolving foreign policy and its dedication to contributing to global stability. The soldiers are tasked with a variety of responsibilities, including monitoring ceasefire agreements, supporting the Lebanese Armed Forces, and facilitating humanitarian assistance. This deployment not only enhances the operational capabilities of UNIFIL but also showcases Kazakhstan’s commitment to the principles of the United Nations Charter, particularly the promotion of peace, security, and cooperation among nations.
Following the successful initial deployment, Kazakhstan further solidified its role in peacekeeping by sending an additional group of 60 troops to UNIFIL on August 20, 2020. This second deployment underscores Kazakhstan's intention to maintain and enhance its contribution to international peace and security efforts. The ongoing engagement of Kazakh forces in Lebanon serves as an important example of collective action in addressing regional conflicts and fostering diplomatic resolutions. Overall, Kazakhstan's participation in peacekeeping missions reflects its broader aspirations to be an active player on the international stage while contributing to building a more peaceful and stable world.
Kazakhstan's Role in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
Kazakhstan has played a pivotal role as one of the founding members of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), which initially began as the Shanghai Five. The organization was formally established on April 26, 1996, with the signing of the Treaty on Deepening Military Trust in Border Regions in Shanghai. Over the years, Kazakhstan has not only contributed to the establishment of the SCO but has also emerged as a vital player in fostering cooperation among its member states, particularly in the realms of security, economic development, and cultural exchange.
During the SCO Summit held in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, on September 20, 2013, Kazakhstan actively engaged with fellow leaders to address pressing regional issues, particularly the situation in Afghanistan following the impending withdrawal of U.S. troops. The discussions underscored Kazakhstan’s commitment to regional stability and peace. Additionally, Kazakhstan co-signed the Bishkek Declaration with other member and observer nations, emphasizing the need for diplomatic solutions to conflicts in Iran and Syria. The country advocated for a diplomatic approach in Syria that would sidestep direct intervention, necessitating UN approval. In regard to Iran, Kazakhstan supported negotiations between Iran and the P5+1 group, particularly concerning uranium enrichment for civilian energy purposes, reflecting its commitment to nuclear non-proliferation and regional security.
Kazakhstan's commitment to human rights within the SCO framework was further highlighted in November 2016, when it chaired the organization’s first human rights consultations in Beijing. These meetings aimed to enhance cooperation among member states on human rights issues, reflecting a growing recognition of the importance of this aspect in global politics and regional relationships. Such initiatives indicate Kazakhstan's dedication to promoting a comprehensive approach to security that includes both traditional and non-traditional challenges.
The momentum of Kazakhstan's involvement in the SCO continued with its hosting of the SCO summit from June 8–9, 2017, in Astana. This landmark summit marked the official accession of India and Pakistan to the SCO, expanding its membership to eight countries: China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, India, and Pakistan. The inclusion of these two populous nations significantly broadened the organization's geopolitical influence and economic potential, and Kazakhstan's ability to host such a significant event underscored its strategic importance within the group. Through these efforts, Kazakhstan has not only showcased its leadership within the SCO but also highlighted its broader aspirations within global diplomacy and regional stability.
Antarctic Treaty Membership
Kazakhstan became the 51st nation to ratify the Antarctic Treaty in November 2014, marking a significant step in its international engagement regarding polar exploration and research. This treaty, initially signed in 1959, establishes Antarctica as a region dedicated to peace, scientific investigation, and international cooperation. By joining this framework, Kazakhstan aligns itself with global efforts to preserve the unique environment of Antarctica and to foster collaboration in scientific research.
Prior to its formal accession, Kazakhstan had already expressed significant interest in the Antarctic region. In particular, officials noted the potential of Antarctic resources, highlighting the possibility of utilizing Antarctic ice as a source of drinking water. This perspective is particularly relevant for Kazakhstan, which has large areas of arid land and faces challenges related to water scarcity. The potential for sustainable water sources from Antarctic ice is an intriguing prospect that aligns with Kazakhstan’s strategic planning for water management.
Kazakhstan's commitment to Antarctic exploration was further evidenced by its first expedition to the South Pole in 2011. This expedition not only showcased Kazakhstan’s aspirations in scientific research but also emphasized its desire to understand the complexities of polar environments. By actively participating in Antarctic exploration, Kazakhstan is positioning itself as a contributor to global scientific knowledge, particularly in fields like climate change, glaciology, and biodiversity conservation. The expedition also served to raise awareness of the unique geological and ecological significance of Antarctica, which is crucial in the context of climate change impact on a global scale.
OECD Collaboration with Kazakhstan
On January 23, during the World Economic Forum held in Davos, a significant step in international collaboration was made when Kazakhstan's Prime Minister Karim Massimov signed a Memorandum of Understanding with Angel Gurría, the Secretary General of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). This memorandum outlined a framework for the implementation of the Country Program of Cooperation for the years 2015-2016, which aims to strengthen Kazakhstan's economic policies and promote sustainable development through OECD's methodologies and standards. Such cooperation is vital for countries like Kazakhstan, which are eager to modernize their economic structures and integrate more deeply into the global economy.
In July 2016, Kazakhstan achieved a notable milestone by being admitted to the OECD Competition Committee. This was a historic moment as Kazakhstan became the first country from Central Asia to join this committee, which plays a crucial role in promoting antitrust reforms and developing fair competition laws among member countries. The OECD Competition Committee is essential for fostering an environment where competition policy can thrive, thereby encouraging innovation and consumer welfare. Kazakhstan’s membership signifies its commitment to ensuring a fair marketplace and improving its regulatory framework in line with international best practices.
Further cementing its commitment to OECD principles, in June 2017, Kazakhstan joined the Declaration on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises. This move marked its status as an associated participant in the OECD Investment Committee, which serves as a leading platform for government cooperation concerning international investment issues. The Investment Committee plays a critical role in facilitating a better understanding of investment policies and enhancing the flow of international investments. By aligning with OECD standards on investment, Kazakhstan demonstrates its dedication to creating a favorable investment climate that is transparent, predictable, and conducive to both local and foreign investors. This step is vital for Kazakhstan's aspirations to attract foreign direct investment, which is crucial for economic growth and development.
World Trade Organization Membership of Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan's journey toward becoming a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) began on January 29, 1996, when the country formally applied for accession. This marked the start of extensive negotiations aimed at aligning Kazakhstan’s trade practices with international standards. Over the ensuing two decades, Kazakhstan engaged in numerous discussions and negotiations with WTO members, demonstrating its commitment to global trade principles. This lengthy process culminated in significant economic reforms, including efforts to open up its markets and improve the regulatory environment, which were essential for fulfilling the criteria set by the WTO.
On November 30, 2015, after 20 years of negotiations, Kazakhstan was officially welcomed as the 162nd member of the WTO. This accession was a landmark achievement for the country, symbolizing its integration into the global economy and commitment to abiding by the rules governing international trade. Being a part of the WTO allows Kazakhstan to enhance its international trade relationships, gain access to broader markets, and leverage trade negotiations effectively. This membership also places obligations on Kazakhstan to adhere to WTO agreements, which can lead to greater transparency and stability in trade practices.
In recognition of its active role within the organization, Kazakhstan has also contributed to various committees within the WTO. Notably, in April 2017, the General Council of the WTO appointed Zhanar Aitzhanova as the Chairperson of the WTO Committee for Trade and Environment. As the Ambassador of Kazakhstan to Switzerland and its Permanent Representative to UN structures, Aitzhanova’s appointment highlighted Kazakhstan's growing influence in shaping global trade policies, particularly those related to environmental sustainability. This role allowed Kazakhstan to advocate for trade practices that not only foster economic growth but also address pressing environmental challenges, reflecting a dual commitment to trade and responsible stewardship of the planet.
Overview of the World Anti-Crisis Conference
The 21st World Anti-Crisis Conference was held with the important foundational support of the UN General Assembly Resolution A/RES/67/19, focusing on the international financial system and development. This gathering took place between December 21, 2012, and May 23, 2013, as part of the VI Astana Economic Forum. The primary outcome of the conference was the creation of the Astana Declaration, which outlined the principles and frameworks for a comprehensive World Anti-Crisis Plan. This plan was developed with input from a diverse range of contributors, including international experts, member states of the United Nations, and officials from the UN Secretariat.
Central to the WAC Plan is a concept centered around democratic principles and the balanced interests of all UN member states. This approach seeks to craft effective strategies to address not only ongoing economic and financial crises but also to prevent future downturns. The overarching goal is to foster a sustainable and equitable growth trajectory for the global economy, ensuring that all nations can thrive in an interconnected world.
Historical Context of International Relations
The early 1990s marked a pivotal moment in global relations, especially for countries emerging from significant geopolitical changes. For instance, a diverse range of countries began formal diplomatic relations with Kazakhstan in the months following its independence from the Soviet Union. Starting with Nigeria on December 16, 1991, many nations recognized Kazakhstan's sovereignty and established diplomatic ties shortly after. Key players included the United States, China, and the United Kingdom, who all recognized and developed relations in January 1992.
Kazakhstan's foreign relations expanded rapidly, reflecting its strategic interest in creating a robust international network. By March 1992, multiple countries, including Malaysia, South Korea, and Turkey, solidified their diplomatic presence, entering into bilateral agreements that would pave the way for trade, security, and cultural exchange. These early diplomatic moves were crucial as they helped Kazakhstan navigate a complex global landscape, striving for economic development while ensuring regional stability.
Economic Partnerships and Strategic Alliances
Kazakhstan's international relations have evolved to include partnerships across various sectors, from trade agreements to military cooperation. For instance, Kazakhstani relations with the United States are notably robust, centered around issues such as nuclear nonproliferation and energy security. The U.S. has played a significant role in supporting Kazakhstan's developmental initiatives and has maintained a dialogue platform for strategic partnership. Moreover, Kazakhstan's outreach extends to countries in the European Union, where trade agreements have bolstered economic collaborations and technological investments.
In Asia, neighboring countries have fostered strong ties, particularly with Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, where shared cultural and economic interests promote ongoing collaboration. With over 100,000 ethnic Koreans residing in Kazakhstan, relations with South Korea are similarly enriched, leading to substantial trade investments. Kazakhstan has strategically positioned itself as a central node in Central Asia, leveraging its geographic location to facilitate trade routes and enhance diplomatic dialogue across the region.
Conclusion and Future Directions
The foundational steps taken at the World Anti-Crisis Conference and Kazakhstan's robust development of international relations set the stage for continued growth and stability. As economic challenges persist globally, the collaborative frameworks established through initiatives like the WAC Plan will be critical for ensuring responsive and sustainable economic policies. Kazakhstan's diplomatic engagements, emphasizing mutual benefits and cooperative strategies, will be essential for navigating future uncertainties in the global economic landscape. As 21st-century dynamics unfold, Kazakhstan's role as a diplomatic and economic bridge between East and West will likely become even more pivotal, fostering broader international cooperation and stability.