Foreign Relations Development
As the Chief Minister of Gujarat, Narendra Modi's proactive approach in cultivating foreign relations laid a solid groundwork for his later endeavors as Prime Minister. His strategic diplomatic engagements with key Asian economic powers were pivotal in enhancing Gujarat's economic landscape. Notably, his meetings with Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe in 2007 and 2012 not only fostered bilateral ties but also created a personal connection that facilitated greater cooperation between Japan and India. This relationship has continued to thrive, with Japan becoming one of India's significant partners in various sectors, including infrastructure, technology, and investment.
Modi's foreign outreach wasn't limited to Japan; he also sought to deepen economic ties with major players like China and Israel. Under his leadership, the dialogues expanded beyond traditional focuses of defense and agriculture, as noted by Israeli Ambassador Alon Ushpiz. Modi fostered a vision where technology, innovation, and economic development took center stage, capturing the attention of Israeli businesses and leading to cooperative ventures in water management, agriculture, and cybersecurity. Such engagements underscored Modi's ability to leverage his role for fostering international partnerships that promised mutual growth.
A hallmark of Modi's tenure as Chief Minister was the Vibrant Gujarat summit, a biennial international business gathering that positioned the state as an attractive destination for global investment. This event was instrumental in changing perceptions about Gujarat, showcasing it as a pro-development and business-friendly environment. The summit not only facilitated significant investments in the state but also served as a platform for global leaders and investors to explore business opportunities. The legacy of these initiatives has set the tone for Modi's foreign policy direction at the national level, emphasizing economic diplomacy as a key component of India's global engagement strategy.
Overall, Narendra Modi's early engagements while in Gujarat illustrated his vision of a globally integrated India, which he continued to build upon as Prime Minister. His ability to attract foreign investment, coupled with strategic diplomatic relationships, has become a hallmark of his administration, demonstrating the importance of international partnerships in the pursuit of India's socio-economic growth.
2014 General Election Context
During the 2014 general election campaign, Narendra Modi did not make any significant foreign policy speeches. However, he prominently highlighted concerns about potential aggression from China along the India-China border. This issue resonated with voters, especially in light of historical tensions between the two countries. Additionally, Modi focused on the topic of "illegal immigration" from Bangladesh, a crucial issue in Eastern states like Assam and West Bengal, where demographic changes had sparked political and social debates. His promise to allow Hindus from other countries to seek asylum in India was part of his broader appeal to nationalist sentiments.
Modi positioned himself as a transformative leader, being the first Prime Minister of India born after independence. He acknowledged this generational shift and suggested that it would naturally lead to a change in India's global outlook compared to his predecessors. A key aspect of his foreign policy was the emphasis on establishing a "strong" diplomatic approach that included fostering trade relations with China. To streamline India's foreign affairs, he encouraged the External Affairs Ministry to prioritize trade deals, reflecting a pragmatic view that trade could build partnerships and bolster India's economy.
Emerging Foreign Policy Vision
Modi’s initial foreign policy vision was articulated during the run-up to his candidacy in 2013 while participating in the Network 18 Think India dialogue forum. At that event, he outlined his intentions to prioritize relations with India's immediate neighbors, marking a significant shift aimed at enhancing peace and stability in South Asia. Modi recognized that a harmonious neighborhood was vital to realizing his domestic development agenda, which sought to lift millions out of poverty and drive economic growth.
In a groundbreaking move for Indian diplomacy, he also introduced the concept of “paradiplomacy,” granting states and cities the autonomy to establish special diplomatic ties with foreign countries and regional entities. This approach aimed to empower local governance in foreign relations, engaging with diverse global partners based on regional interests.
While Modi recognized the importance of bilateral trade for most international relations, he made clear that India's strategic partnerships with significant global powers would warrant different approaches. His foreign policy articulated a desire to balance trade with strategic considerations, reflecting India's ambitions to establish itself as a significant player on the global stage. Following his electoral victory, he received congratulatory messages from numerous world leaders, reflecting the global attention his leadership was drawing and laying the groundwork for India's enhanced diplomatic engagement in the years to come.
Inauguration of a New Era
Upon assuming office, Prime Minister Narendra Modi took a significant step towards fostering better relations with India's neighboring countries by inviting all heads of state and government from the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) to his inauguration. This gesture was a symbolic move aimed at projecting a more congenial approach to foreign policy, especially after Modi's image as a hardliner during his tenure as Chief Minister of Gujarat. By welcoming regional leaders to this important event, Modi aimed to signal a shift towards collaboration and mutual respect, thereby laying the groundwork for constructive dialogue.
The swearing-in ceremony saw the attendance of nearly all SAARC leaders, including notable figures such as Afghanistan’s Hamid Karzai, Bhutan’s Tshering Tobgay, and Pakistan’s Nawaz Sharif, among others. This diverse gathering highlighted regional unity and offered a platform for Modi to demonstrate his commitment to building stronger ties with neighbors. Notably, the presence of Bangladesh’s parliamentary speaker in lieu of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina, who was traveling, also illustrated the importance that both nations placed on diplomatic relations. Furthermore, the attendance of Lobsang Sangay, the Prime Minister of the Central Tibetan Administration, underscored the multi-faceted nature of India's foreign policy engagements.
The reaction from international media to Modi’s inauguration was predominantly positive, especially in light of prior critiques regarding his foreign policy approach. Analysts observed this as an opportunity for Modi to redefine not only his image but also India's diplomatic stance in South Asia. The ceremony was interpreted as an invitation for cooperation and an earnest attempt to mend fences, particularly with countries like Pakistan, with whom India has had a complicated relationship. In doing so, Modi positioned his government as a proactive player in regional stability and diplomacy, promising a fresh start in a region often marked by tensions.
Through this inauguration, Modi's government signaled its intention to prioritize regional engagement, focusing on shared challenges and highlighting the benefits of collaborative strategies in trade, security, and development. By fostering these ties early in his administration, Modi laid a strong foundation for future diplomatic initiatives aimed at enhancing not just India's standing in the region but also promoting peace and economic prosperity across South Asia.
Engagement with P5 Nations
Following the formation of the Narendra Modi government in 2014, there was a notable shift in India's diplomatic engagement, particularly with the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). The proactive approach of Modi's administration was evident as envoys from all P5 nations—United States, United Kingdom, France, Russia, and China—visited India within the initial 100 days of the government. This swift diplomatic outreach underscored the global recognition of India as a pivotal player on the international stage and aligned with India's longstanding aspirations for a permanent seat on the UNSC.
China was the first P5 nation to engage with Modi's government. On June 8, 2014, Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi traveled to New Delhi for bilateral discussions with his Indian counterpart and a meeting with Modi himself. This visit reflected China's intent to foster a cooperative relationship, especially regarding the contentious border issues that had persisted for decades. The signal from China indicated a readiness to address longstanding disputes, potentially laying the groundwork for a more stable Sino-Indian relationship.
Shortly thereafter, Russian Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin's visit from June 18 to 19 focused on enhancing defense collaboration, an area that was paramount in Modi's defense agenda. The meeting culminated in discussions about joint defense production, highlighting Modi's vision of self-reliance in the defense sector. The commitment to strengthen ties was further illustrated when Modi met Russian President Vladimir Putin on the sidelines of the BRICS summit in July, signaling a continuation of the historically strong Indo-Russian partnership.
France's engagement came with the visit of Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius from June 29 to July 2, which was marked by high-stakes discussions centered on strategic and defense cooperation. A significant aspect of the discussions was the long-pending Dassault Rafale fighter jet deal, which was linked to Modi’s ambition to modernize India’s military capabilities. The urgency of completing the deal demonstrated the mutual interest in fortifying defense ties between France and India under Modi’s leadership.
The United Kingdom's approach, articulated by Foreign Secretary William Hague during his July 7-8 visit, showcased a competitive dynamic, advocating for the Eurofighter Typhoon in competition with the Rafale. This illustrates the keen interest of multiple P5 nations in catering to India's defense procurement needs, thereby fostering a competitive market atmosphere.
The United States, under Secretary of State John Kerry, continually emphasized the importance of the US-India relationship, seeing it as crucial for both nations' interests in the 21st century. Kerry's reference to Modi’s campaign slogan "Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikaas," echoed a vision of inclusive development, resonating strongly with American objectives in South Asia. His visit aimed not just at bolstering bilateral relations but also involved strategic dialogues regarding India's stance on international sanctions towards Russia, particularly in light of the escalating tensions during the Ukraine crisis. Indian External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj reiterated that regardless of governmental changes, India’s foreign policy would maintain continuity, emphasizing a pragmatic approach to international relations.
This early phase of Modi's foreign policy illustrated a strategic balancing act where India catered to its national interests while fostering relationships with major global powers. The engagements with P5 nations laid the foundation for India's future diplomatic endeavors, establishing a framework for collaboration that spanned defense, trade, and geopolitical interests.
2019 General Election Campaign
During the 2019 general election campaign, Prime Minister Narendra Modi adopted a strategic approach by not being overly active in the party's election rallies. Instead, Amit Shah, who was then the president of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), played a significant role in orchestrating the campaign efforts. Although Modi's presence was less pronounced, he remained the prime-ministerial candidate and his influence loomed large over the party's campaign narrative.
One of the most notable aspects of Modi's campaign was his focus on national security, particularly in relation to India’s longstanding tensions with Pakistan. Following the tragic Pulwama attack in February 2019, which resulted in the deaths of 40 Indian paramilitary soldiers, Modi's rhetoric intensified significantly. He leveraged the sentiments of national outrage and grief to reaffirm his government's commitment to national security. This situation provided fertile ground for him to underscore India's military capabilities, including the prominent Balakot airstrike that was carried out shortly after the Pulwama attack as a retaliatory measure against terrorist camps.
The Balakot airstrike became a pivotal talking point throughout Modi's campaign, as he portrayed it as a decisive and bold action against cross-border terrorism, reinforcing his administration's strong stance on national defense. This narrative resonated deeply with voters, as Modi positioned himself as a leader willing to take tough stands for the country's security. The campaign effectively capitalized on the public's sentiments around national pride and security, which contributed to his party's significant electoral victory.
In addition to national security, Modi's campaign also touched upon themes of development and reform, emphasizing his government's achievements over the previous term. However, it was the focus on security and the confrontation with Pakistan that stood out, effectively shaping the political discourse during the election period. In this way, Modi and the BJP sought to consolidate their electoral base by instilling confidence in their leadership amidst regional challenges.
Modi's Tenure Begins
Narendra Modi commenced his second term as the Prime Minister of India on May 30, 2019, following an impressive electoral victory for the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in the general elections held earlier that year. The swearing-in ceremony took place at the historic Rashtrapati Bhavan, marking the beginning of his leadership for a new mandate. Modi's return to power was characterized by a strong emphasis on continuity in governance, with several key ministers also sworn in alongside him, reaffirming a stable and cohesive cabinet committed to advancing India's national interests.
Significance of the Ceremony
This inauguration was particularly notable as it was the first time that the heads of state from all the member countries of BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation) attended the swearing-in ceremony of an Indian Prime Minister. The presence of leaders from Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Thailand underscored the importance Modi placed on regional cooperation and connectivity in South Asia and Southeast Asia. This gathering highlighted India's intention to strengthen diplomatic ties with its immediate neighbors and serve as a platform for regional integration.
Regional Diplomacy
Modi's inaugural ceremony set the tone for his administration's focused foreign policy, particularly in enhancing India's role in regional alliances and organizations. By fostering closer ties with BIMSTEC nations, Modi sought to address mutual concerns such as security, trade, and economic development. His government aimed to leverage India’s strategic geographic position to coalesce the interests of these nations, facilitating collaboration on issues ranging from counter-terrorism to climate change.
Forward-Looking Agenda
As he embarked on his new term, Modi envisioned an ambitious agenda marked by economic reforms, infrastructure development, and initiatives that could enhance India's global standing. The emphasis on regional partnerships during his inauguration reflected India's broader goal of being a pivotal player in shaping the geopolitical landscape of Asia. The Modi government's commitment to enhancing ties with neighboring countries would play a crucial role in charting India's course for enhanced competitiveness and influence on the world stage.
Foreign Policy Team and Key Appointments
The foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government has been characterized by strategic appointments and a clear vision for enhancing India's global stature. Sushma Swaraj, a prominent figure in the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and a veteran politician, was entrusted with the critical role of External Affairs Minister. Notably, she was the first woman to occupy this prestigious office, marking a significant milestone in Indian politics. Her extensive experience as the Leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha from 2009 to 2014 provided her with a robust understanding of international relations, as she engaged with numerous foreign dignitaries during her tenure. This exposure undoubtedly contributed to her effectiveness in steering India's foreign affairs during a pivotal time in the country's history.
Ajit Doval, a highly regarded intelligence officer with a wealth of experience in national security, was appointed as the National Security Advisor (NSA) to complement Swaraj's leadership. This move reflected Modi's intent to fortify India's national and international security frameworks, particularly in the context of evolving global challenges. Doval's expertise has been instrumental in shaping India's strategic responses, thus enhancing the coherence between security policy and foreign affairs.
A crucial moment came on January 28, 2015, when the Modi government made a notable shift in its foreign policy apparatus by replacing Foreign Secretary Sujatha Singh with Subrahmanyam Jaishankar. Jaishankar, who previously served as India's ambassador to the United States, was seen as integral to re-establishing and strengthening India's relationship with the US, which had been nurturing but was not fully realized. Modi's dissatisfaction with Singh's leadership amidst a rapidly changing global environment underscored the urgency for a more dynamic approach to diplomacy. Under Jaishankar's stewardship, India was able to transition its diplomatic relations from a period of uncertainty to one characterized by robust cooperation and engagement, particularly in areas such as defense, trade, and technology.
In addition to Swaraj and Jaishankar, Modi's foreign policy team included influential figures like Arvind Gupta, who served as the Deputy NSA, and MJ Akbar, who was sworn in as Minister of State for External Affairs. Their collective expertise and strategic vision have played a pivotal role in shaping India's foreign policy narrative. The Modi administration placed a strong emphasis on expanding India's presence on the global stage, fostering closer ties with major powers, and pursuing a more assertive foreign policy that aims to enhance India's influence in regional and international affairs. These developments not only reflect the administration's proactive stance but also signal India's aspirations to be a key player in a multipolar world.
Strategic Incoherence
Shivshankar Menon, the former National Security Adviser and Foreign Secretary, has characterized the foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government as one marked by "strategic incoherence." This assessment suggests a lack of a clear, cohesive guiding principle that integrates various foreign policy initiatives. While multiple policies have been enacted that gain significant media attention, critics argue that these often appear disjointed and reactive, rather than part of a cohesive strategy aimed at achieving long-term national interests.
Recent policy initiatives highlight a variety of diplomatic engagements and strategic partnerships across the globe. The Modi government has made strides in strengthening its ties with the United States, as highlighted by initiatives such as the Quad partnership, which includes Australia and Japan in addition to India. This effort aims to create a secure and free Indo-Pacific region, a key area of geopolitical contestation due to the rise of China. Furthermore, India has actively sought to expand its influence in Southeast Asia through economic cooperation while enhancing its defense capabilities with other regional powers.
In addition to the focus on alliances, the Modi government has sought to engage with the African continent through initiatives like the India-Africa Forum Summit. This underscores a strategic pivot towards strengthening economic ties and enhancing India's footprint in a region that holds strategic resources and potential market opportunities.
Moreover, relations with neighboring countries like Pakistan and China remain complex and often tense. The government’s handling of border disputes has led to a recalibration of military preparedness and a more assertive stance in regional diplomacy. The ongoing challenges with these neighbors have sparked debates about the efficacy of India's foreign policy with respect to territorial integrity and national security.
As the Modi administration continues to navigate these multifaceted relationships, the implications for India's global standing are significant. The absence of a clear, integrated foreign policy framework may not only challenge the effectiveness of current initiatives but also undermine India's ability to project power and influence in an evolving global landscape. Critics argue that without a strategic coherence, India risks falling short of its potential as a major player on the world stage. Thus, as initiatives evolve, the need for a comprehensive and cohesive foreign policy framework that unifies diverse efforts remains paramount.
Act East Policy
From the onset of the Narendra Modi administration, there has been a clear shift in the trajectory of India's foreign policy, particularly in relation to its eastern neighbors. The Modi government has made it explicit that enhancing ties with ASEAN nations and other East Asian countries is of utmost priority. This strategic pivot builds upon India's earlier Look East policy, which was initiated during the tenure of Prime Minister Narasimha Rao in 1992. Initially designed to enhance economic engagement with eastern nations, the Look East policy has evolved over the years, particularly under successive administrations, to facilitate deeper strategic partnerships and bolster security cooperation.
The Act East policy, as articulated by Sushma Swaraj during her recent visit to Hanoi, Vietnam, signals a new chapter in India's approach to Asia. Swaraj emphasized that the Act East policy will supersede the earlier Look East policy, advocating for a more dynamic and proactive role for India in the region. This repositioning highlights India's ambition not only to engage economically but also to consolidate political and security alliances, particularly with key players like Vietnam and Japan. Enhanced cooperation with these countries is seen as crucial, especially in the context of regional security challenges and the growing influence of China.
Moreover, the Act East policy is underpinned by several key initiatives aimed at strengthening economic ties, including trade agreements and investment partnerships. India's participation in multilateral frameworks, such as the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), reflects its commitment to fostering regional economic integration. Furthermore, collaboration in areas like digital technology, infrastructure development, and climate change are also part of this new strategy. Through these concerted efforts, India aims not just to elevate its own status in the region but also to contribute to a stable and prosperous Indo-Pacific landscape that supports mutual growth and security among nations.
Neighbourhood First Policy
One of the cornerstone initiatives of the Narendra Modi government is its renewed emphasis on the "Neighbourhood First" policy, which aims to strengthen relationships with India's immediate South Asian neighbors. This approach resonates with the principles of the Gujral Doctrine, established in the 1990s, which underscored the importance of fostering cooperative relationships with neighboring countries based on mutual respect, trust, and a non-reciprocal approach to aid and assistance. Modi's inclination towards enhancing bilateral ties was evident even before he assumed office, indicating that the region would receive significant focus under his leadership.
Upon assuming office, Prime Minister Modi took immediate steps to solidify this policy by inviting the heads of state from South Asian nations to his inauguration. This gesture was not merely symbolic, as it marked a significant departure from traditional diplomatic norms, signaling India's readiness to engage its neighbors more assertively. The media dubbed his subsequent series of bilateral talks with these leaders a "mini SAARC summit," highlighting the importance of these discussions. These initial diplomatic overtures set a constructive tone for India's foreign relations and showcased Modi's commitment to regional cooperation.
In furtherance of the "Neighbourhood First" initiative, Prime Minister Modi launched an ambitious proposal for a SAARC satellite while speaking at an ISRO event. This satellite is intended to enhance connectivity and improve access to vital services such as telemedicine and e-learning for people across South Asia. By sharing technological advancements and resources, this initiative aligns well with existing programs like the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme (ITEC), which has aimed to bolster regional development through human resource training and technical support. The SAARC satellite represents a tangible commitment to fostering collaboration and addressing shared challenges in the region, reinforcing India’s role as a leader in South Asia.
Overall, the "Neighbourhood First" policy under the Modi government emphasizes a strategic, inclusive, and cooperative approach to foreign relations with South Asian countries, aiming not only to strengthen bilateral ties but also to facilitate regional development through shared technological advancements and mutual assistance. This initiative is part of a broader vision of India as a responsible regional power dedicated to the prosperity of its neighbors.
Indian Ocean Outreach
The Indian Ocean Region (IOR) has historically been of significant importance to India, often regarded as its maritime backyard. However, in recent times, this region has seen a marked increase in strategic activity, particularly with China's expanding influence through initiatives such as the Maritime Silk Road. This growing Chinese presence poses a challenge to India's traditional dominance and has prompted the Indian government under Prime Minister Narendra Modi to refresh its approach to regional diplomacy. The outreach reflects India’s commitment to enhancing both economic and security ties with its maritime neighbors, ensuring a balance of power in the IOR.
The groundwork for India's renewed engagement in the Indian Ocean was laid during a key visit by Sri Lankan President Maithripala Sirisena to New Delhi in February 2015. Building on this momentum, Modi embarked on a significant diplomatic tour, visiting Mauritius, Seychelles, and Sri Lanka. Though the Maldives was intended to be part of this itinerary, political instability in the country resulted in a last-minute cancellation, highlighting the complexities of regional dynamics. Through these interactions, India aimed to reinforce its longstanding relationships with neighboring countries while simultaneously presenting an alternative to China's strategic overtures.
India's outreach efforts were not merely about strengthening bilateral ties; they were also aimed at asserting its strategic presence in the IOR ahead of Modi's scheduled visit to Beijing in May 2015. By showcasing its positive relationships with its maritime neighbors, India intended to signal that it held a position of strategic superiority in the Indian Ocean compared to China's interactions in the region, especially in the context of the contentious South China Sea debates. This diplomatic initiative underscores India's recognition of the importance of fostering regional partnerships to secure its maritime interests and maintain stability in the evolving geopolitical landscape of the Indian Ocean.
As India continues to navigate the complexities of international relations in the IOR, it is actively looking to bolster multilateral cooperation through platforms such as the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) and engage in joint exercises with friendly nations. By prioritizing maritime security and ensuring economic collaboration, India seeks to position itself as a pivotal player in the IOR, working not only to counterbalance China's influence but also to promote a stable and secure maritime environment that benefits all states within the region.
Project Mausam is a strategic initiative introduced by the Narendra Modi administration in response to the increasing Chinese naval activities in the Indian Ocean region, an area that India considers to be within its sphere of influence. The project aims to enhance India's maritime capabilities and strengthen its historical and cultural ties with neighboring countries, effectively countering China's Maritime Silk Road (MSR) initiative. This undertaking is not merely a military endeavor; it is a multifaceted approach that encompasses aspects of trade, cultural exchange, and diplomatic relations within the region.
The term "Mausam," which translates to weather or season in various South and Southeast Asian languages, is significant as it reflects the traditional maritime trade dynamics that relied heavily on the seasonal monsoon winds. India’s location at the heart of the Indian Ocean positions it as a natural hub for trade and commerce, reminiscent of ancient maritime routes that facilitated cultural and economic exchanges among nations. This historical context serves as a foundation for the current project, which aims to reclaim India’s pivotal role in regional maritime activities by fostering partnerships centered on mutual growth, connectivity, and security.
As Project Mausam develops, it is being coordinated with the Cultural Ministry, emphasizing the importance of preserving heritage while looking towards the future. By focusing on ancient trade routes and cultural linkages that connect India with countries across Southeast Asia to East Africa, the initiative envisions a revival of maritime cooperation. This approach not only enhances trade but also aims to cultivate a sense of shared cultural identity and history among nations that were once interconnected through sea routes. As India continues to navigate the complexities of its foreign policy, Project Mausam stands as a testament to its commitment to building a cooperative and prosperous maritime community in the Indian Ocean region.
Cooperation with Pacific Islands
Prime Minister Narendra Modi's visit to Fiji serves as a crucial step in reinforcing India's diplomatic ties with the Pacific Island nations, particularly following the restoration of democracy in Fiji after a lengthy eight-year hiatus. This visit was not just a bilateral meeting but also a platform where Modi engaged with heads of state and government from 14 Pacific Island countries. His proposal for a 'Forum for India-Pacific Islands Cooperation' (FIPIC) aims to establish regular dialogues and collaborative efforts to address common challenges and opportunities faced by the region. This initiative highlights India's intent to play an active role in fostering development in these nations, emphasizing mutual growth and understanding.
During this engagement, Modi outlined several significant measures to bolster India's partnership with Pacific Island nations, reflecting India's commitment to their development priorities. One of the standout proposals was the establishment of a $1 billion special fund dedicated to addressing climate change and promoting clean energy solutions. Climate change remains a pressing concern for Pacific Island countries, many of which are vulnerable to its impacts. The fund intends to provide crucial resources needed for adaptation and sustainable development. Furthermore, the setting up of a trade office in India is expected to facilitate smoother trade relations, promoting economic cooperation and enhancing market access for Pacific Island products.
In an effort to bridge the geographical divide, Modi introduced the concept of a 'Pan Pacific Islands e-network.' This digital initiative aims to improve connectivity and foster communication among the islands. Alongside this, the extension of visa-on-arrival facilities for all Pacific Island nations at Indian airports signifies India's open-door policy towards deeper interpersonal and professional exchanges. Additionally, Modi emphasized the importance of space cooperation, suggesting that advancements in space technology could significantly enhance the quality of life in these island nations, offering insights into weather forecasting, disaster management, and resource mapping.
The training programs for diplomats from the Pacific Islands underscore India's recognition of the importance of mutual understanding and capacity building in international relations. Modi's invitation to host the next summit in India demonstrates his proactive approach in nurturing these partnerships. Interestingly, the timing of his visit coincided with a visit from Chinese President Xi Jinping, who arrived in Fiji shortly after Modi's departure. Xi's engagement with a similar group of leaders underlines the intensified competition for influence in the South Pacific region between India and China. This growing geopolitical rivalry could redefine the strategic landscape of the Pacific Islands, making India's proactive diplomacy even more significant as it seeks to position itself as a key player in regional affairs.
Fast-track Diplomacy
The Modi administration's approach to foreign policy has been characterized by a commitment to what has been termed "fast-track diplomacy." This initiative was prominently highlighted in the booklet released by the External Affairs Ministry after the first 100 days of the government, aptly named "Fast Track Diplomacy." This document serves as a testament to the achievements and advancements made in international relations during this period, marking a significant shift in India's engagement with the global community. External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj, during her initial media briefing, underscored that her approach to diplomacy would be defined by three key elements: proactivity, strength, and sensitivity. These concepts not only emphasize the need for India to take an assertive role on the global stage but also highlight the importance of being responsive to the complex geopolitical landscape.
In a practical application of this diplomatic approach, Ms. Swaraj convened a series of round-table meetings with heads of all Indian missions stationed in the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) region, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), and the Middle East. This strategy aimed to ensure that the insights and connections forged during high-profile state visits and diplomatic exchanges were systematically integrated into India's foreign policy framework. By engaging directly with the diplomats, the External Affairs Minister sought to foster a cohesive strategy that expanded India's influence and presence in these critical regions.
Furthermore, the emphasis on "fast-track diplomacy" reflects a broader desire to enhance India's soft power and bilateral relationships. Modi's government has prioritized strategic partnerships, trade agreements, and people-to-people ties, recognizing the importance of economic diplomacy in achieving national interests. This approach was evident in various high-profile engagements with leaders from diverse countries, underlining India's aspirations to play a more significant role in addressing global challenges. Overall, the Modi administration’s commitment to fast-track diplomacy represents a proactive and coherent vision for India's foreign relations, aiming to create a more interconnected and impactful presence in international affairs.
Para Diplomacy
The Narendra Modi government has introduced a significant shift in India’s foreign policy through the innovative concept of paradiplomacy, which emphasizes the role of Indian states and cities in fostering international relations. This approach encourages individual states and urban centers to form specialized relationships with foreign counterparts, enhancing India's global presence beyond the traditional realm of central diplomacy. It aims to not only boost economic ties but also to promote cultural exchanges, deepen people-to-people connections, and enhance mutual understanding on various levels.
An upcoming highlight of this paradiplomatic strategy is the anticipated visit of Chinese President Xi Jinping, during which several agreements are expected to be signed. For instance, a town twinning agreement between Mumbai and Shanghai, as well as between Ahmedabad and Guangzhou, is set to formalize their cooperative endeavors. Additionally, a 'sister states' agreement is anticipated between Gujarat and Guangdong, further solidifying economic and cultural linkages. Such agreements are likely to focus on various sectors, including trade, tourism, technology, and education, fostering collaborative initiatives that could yield considerable mutual benefits.
The initiative of paradiplomacy is not limited to interactions with China; India is actively pursuing similar arrangements with other countries. A prime example includes Varanasi, which has signed a partnership agreement with Kyoto, Japan, reflecting a concerted effort to engage with domestic and international partners. Through these partnerships, Indian states and cities can tap into foreign expertise and market access, thus enhancing their local economies and driving development in line with India's broader strategic objectives. This decentralization of foreign relations may also enable regions to leverage their unique cultural identities and strengths, allowing for a diversified diplomatic strategy that aligns with global trends.
Fostering Relations in East and Southeast Asia
From the inception of his administration, Prime Minister Narendra Modi made it unequivocally clear that enhancing relations with ASEAN nations and other East Asian countries would be a priority for India. This directional shift aligns with India's Look East policy, originally established during the tenure of Prime Minister Narasimha Rao in 1992. Initially aimed at fostering economic ties with India’s eastern neighbors, this strategy has evolved under successive governments into a robust framework for establishing strategic partnerships and security collaborations. Notably, Vietnam and Japan have emerged as focal points of this policy shift, reflecting India's ambition to deepen its influence in the region.
During a recent visit to Hanoi, External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj emphasized the need to advance towards an "Act East" policy. This recommendation is intended to update and supersede the Look East Policy, which has been a cornerstone of India's foreign relations for over two decades. By advocating for a more proactive and engaged approach, Swaraj underscored the importance of India taking a leading role in regional dynamics, moving beyond mere economic engagement to encompass strategic and security dimensions that the complexities of the contemporary world demand.
East Asia has become increasingly central to Modi's foreign policy, which is evident from the selection of various Asian nations for bilateral visits during his early tenure. Within the first hundred days, he visited Bhutan, Nepal, and Japan, which set the tone for India's renewed focus on its immediate neighborhood and beyond. Subsequent visits to Myanmar and Australia further solidified these commitments, and Modi took the initiative to host key regional leaders including Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott, Chinese President Xi Jinping, and Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyễn Tấn Dũng. Additionally, inviting SAARC leaders to his inauguration further illustrated his dedication to fostering regional cooperation and integration.
Furthermore, Sushma Swaraj has actively engaged with numerous Asian capitals, reinforcing India’s presence across the region. Among her visits, she stopped by nations such as Bangladesh, Nepal, Myanmar, Singapore, and Malaysia, along with stops in more geographically diverse regions like Bahrain, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and the United Arab Emirates. Each of these trips has aimed to strengthen bilateral ties, trade relations, and collaborative efforts in security and cultural exchanges. This strategy is indicative of a comprehensive foreign policy that seeks not only to bolster India's economic reach but also to reinforce its role as a pivotal player in ensuring regional stability and security in East and Southeast Asia.
India's Strategic Interests in the South China Sea
The South China Sea serves as a pivotal maritime route that is crucial for global trade, including a significant portion of India's own trade, even though India's exclusive economic zone does not directly extend into this area. Approximately one-third of global maritime traffic transits through these waters, making it essential for countries that rely on shipping for economic growth and energy security. Consequently, India's interests in the region are not just economic but also strategic, as the South China Sea's stability directly impacts India's maritime trade routes and national security.
Under Prime Minister Narendra Modi's leadership, India has recognized the importance of actively engaging with the Indo-Pacific region. As a component of this strategy, India aims to act as a stabilizing force in the South China Sea, addressing concerns raised by the assertive territorial claims and aggressive posturing of China in the region. Modi’s Act East policy underscores India's commitment to fostering strong partnerships with Southeast Asian nations, many of which are directly involved in territorial disputes with China. This initiative aims to enhance regional security, bolster economic ties, and promote a rules-based maritime order.
Furthermore, Modi's government has been working to strengthen relationships with countries such as Vietnam, the Philippines, and Japan, all of which share concerns regarding China's expansive claims over the South China Sea. By participating in multilateral forums like the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and dialogues such as the Quad (comprising India, the United States, Japan, and Australia), India seeks to amplify its presence and influence in addressing regional complexities. The aim is not only to protect its own interests but also to contribute to broader regional stability through cooperation and dialogue.
Unquestionably, India’s viewpoint aligns with the vision of a free, open, and inclusive Indo-Pacific region, which is vital for international norms and the freedom of navigation. By consistently asserting its interest in the South China Sea, India expresses its readiness to engage with international partners in promoting maritime security, thereby reinforcing its position as a key player in ensuring peace and stability in the wider Indo-Pacific domain. Thus, under Modi’s leadership, India’s strategic narrative continues to evolve, emphasizing the significance of constructive diplomacy and regional collaboration in navigating the intricacies of South China Sea disputes.
South Asia Policy
From the onset of his tenure, Prime Minister Narendra Modi's foreign policy has prominently featured a strategic focus on enhancing relations with India's immediate neighbors, encapsulated in the "neighborhood first" policy. This approach underscores the importance of fostered ties with South Asian nations as a cornerstone of India's diplomatic efforts. Modi's proactive stance was vividly illustrated when he extended invitations to all heads of state and government from South Asia to attend his inauguration. This unprecedented move was followed by a series of bilateral meetings on his second day in office, which the media referred to as a "mini SAARC summit," showcasing his commitment to regional cooperation and dialogue.
Modi's vision for South Asia extends beyond high-level diplomacy; it incorporates technological advancements and development initiatives that seek to benefit the entire region. During a launch event at the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), he called upon scientists to work on a dedicated SAARC satellite. This initiative is intended to promote the dissemination of vital technologies, including tele-medicine and e-learning, thereby improving the quality of life and access to information for people across South Asia. Such projects complement existing frameworks like the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme, designed to enhance capacity building and development assistance in neighboring countries.
The emphasis on connectivity and cooperative ventures reflects Modi's broader ambition to establish India as a pivotal player in South Asian geopolitics. By advocating for interdependence through shared technological resources, India aims to not only boost regional integration but also to assert its influence in a landscape historically marked by competition and rivalry. This approach also resonates with Modi's vision of a self-reliant India, as he seeks to weave together the economic destinies of South Asian nations through collaborative projects.
As Modi navigates complex relationships with countries such as Pakistan and Bangladesh, his government remains committed to a framework of dialogue and understanding. By prioritizing diplomatic engagement and infrastructural development, the Modi administration's South Asia policy underscores its foundational belief that sustainable growth and stability in the region can only be achieved through cooperative efforts and shared aspirations. The ongoing pursuit of initiatives like the SAARC satellite reflects a forward-thinking approach, designed to leverage India's capabilities for the collective advancement of its neighbors, ultimately enhancing regional stability and prosperity.
West Asia Policy
The approach of the Indian External Affairs Ministry towards West Asia is notably distinctive, as it consciously opts to refer to the region as 'West Asia' rather than the more commonly used term 'Middle East.' This terminology choice reflects a nuanced understanding of the region's cultural and historical significance while also aiming to reshape narratives that historically associate the region predominantly with Western perspectives. The region's strategic importance to India cannot be understated, given its role as a crucial supplier of energy resources. Notably, West Asia contributes nearly two-thirds of India's total oil imports, making it a pivotal partner in ensuring India’s energy security.
In addition to energy imports, India's economic engagements with West Asia have seen a marked increase in bilateral trade, especially with nations such as the United Arab Emirates and other Gulf states. In recent years, trade relations have flourished due to a combination of factors including increased demand for Indian goods and services and growing investments in various sectors. The UAE, in particular, has emerged as a key trading partner, with both countries exploring avenues for diversifying trade beyond oil to include sectors like technology, infrastructure, and healthcare. This collaborative economic framework not only strengthens bilateral relations but also enables both parties to benefit from mutual growth prospects.
Moreover, the significant Indian diaspora in West Asia, primarily comprised of working-class individuals seeking employment opportunities, underscores the human aspect of India's foreign policy in the region. With millions of Indians having migrated to Gulf countries over the years, they represent a vital demographic that contributes substantially to India's economy through remittances. These remittances form a considerable portion of India's foreign exchange reserves and support millions of families back home, thereby enhancing local economies. The government of India continues to engage with its diaspora in the region, facilitating job opportunities, welfare schemes, and addressing grievances, thereby fortifying the bonds between India and West Asia.
The multifaceted nature of India’s policy towards West Asia illustrates a blend of economic interests, cultural ties, and a commitment to securing the welfare of its citizens abroad. This holistic approach not only aids in establishing a robust presence in an economically dynamic region but also secures India’s position as an influential player on the global stage. As the geopolitical landscape evolves and new challenges emerge, India's West Asia policy is poised to adapt, ensuring sustained cooperation and engagement with this strategically significant region.
Link West Policy
Under the leadership of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, India's foreign policy has taken a multifaceted approach to enhance relations with its western neighbors, particularly the nations in the Persian Gulf. This initiative, known as the Link West policy, aims to complement the already established Act East policy which focuses on East Asia. While it carries the moniker 'Link West'—implying a broader geographical outreach—its primary emphasis is notably on the Middle East. Many strategic analysts have interpreted this policy as Modi's Middle East strategy, as it accounts for adaptation to the changing geopolitical climate in the region.
Since Modi assumed office in 2014, the West Asia Approach has emerged as a cornerstone of India's foreign relations, fostering stronger and more strategic partnerships with countries across the Middle East. Notable interactions, especially with the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) nations, have underscored India's growing prominence as a 'Security Partner.' During his visits, Modi has cultivated diplomatic relations that pivot around vital issues such as energy security, trade augmentation, and the welfare of the Indian diaspora. The importance of these relationships lies in their capacity to address domestic needs, such as the employment of Indian workforces abroad and the significant remittance flows that bolster the Indian economy.
The economic framework that underpins India's interests in the GCC is intrinsically tied to its energy security and trade dynamics. The region is a primary supplier of oil and gas, critical to sustaining India’s energy needs amidst a rapidly growing economy. Furthermore, the Indian population residing in the Middle East contributes substantially to the national economy through remittances, making the stability of these host countries essential. As India continues to engage in collaborative partnerships with GCC nations, enhancing human security and addressing mutual concerns can strengthen India's positional advantages in the Middle East. This strategic alignment not only benefits India but also allows for reciprocal gains among Gulf states that seek to solidify their partnership with a rising power like India.
Stand against ISIS
India has taken a firm stand against the threat posed by ISIS, reflecting its commitment to combating terrorism on both domestic and international fronts. On December 16, 2014, Home Minister Rajnath Singh made a significant announcement in Parliament, confirming that ISIS had been designated as a terrorist organization under the United Nations schedule. This designation was part of a broader effort to enhance national security and to protect the Indian populace from the dangers of radicalization and violent extremism.
In response to the growing concerns about ISIS's influence in the region and the recruitment of Indian individuals by the group, India took further decisive measures. On February 26, 2015, the government extended its bans to include 'The Islamic States/Islamic States of Iraq and Syria/Islamic States of Iraq and Levant,' along with all its manifestations and affiliated organizations. These actions came under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, marking a significant development in India's legal framework aimed at countering terrorism.
The Indian government's approach to ISIS reflects a broader strategy to enhance cooperation with international partners to counteract extremist ideologies. India has engaged in collaborative efforts with countries from around the world to share intelligence and strengthen counter-terrorism initiatives. The commitment to combatting ISIS is also part of a larger narrative that seeks to promote stability and peace in the region, ensuring that such ideologies do not take root in Indian society.
Through these initiatives, India's stance against ISIS serves as a clear signal of its dedication to fighting terrorism and safeguarding its national integrity. The ongoing efforts highlight the need for vigilance and cooperation in the global battle against extremist groups that threaten peace and security.
The 2014 Israel-Hamas conflict brought to the forefront India's complex and nuanced foreign policy towards the Israeli-Palestinian issue. During the height of tensions in July, India responded with a measured approach, choosing to issue a rhetorical condemnation and holding both parties responsible for the outbreak of violence. External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj emphasized India's stance by urging Israel to halt its "disproportionate use of force" in Gaza. This statement was noteworthy as it signaled a potential shift in India's traditionally more vocal support for the Palestinian cause, which generated considerable discussion among foreign policy analysts and observers.
Swaraj, a seasoned politician with extensive parliamentary experience, took a particularly cautious stance regarding the opposition's calls for a resolution that would explicitly condemn Israel's actions in the conflict. She argued against such measures, asserting that India maintains friendly relations with both Israel and Palestine. Swaraj's remarks indicated that any resolution that could undermine this delicate balance might have detrimental effects on India’s diplomatic relationships. This diplomatic balancing act illustrates India's long-standing policy of supporting the Palestinian cause while simultaneously nurturing a growing partnership with Israel, particularly in defense, technology, and trade.
In a subsequent development, India aligned itself with other BRICS nations by voting in favor of an investigation into alleged human rights violations in Gaza at the United Nations Human Rights Council. This move reaffirmed India’s commitment to human rights, despite the earlier hesitance to outright condemn Israel. The decision sparked a lively debate within Indian media and among policy analysts, reflecting the dichotomy in India's foreign policy approach—striving to uphold its traditional advocacy for Palestine while fostering closer ties with Israel. It highlighted the challenges of maintaining this duality in a global landscape increasingly polarized over the Israel-Palestine issue, showcasing India's strategic diplomacy in navigating complex international relationships.
Overseas Indian Crisis: Iraq
The increasing turmoil due to the rise of ISIS in northern Iraq placed the safety of the Indian migrant workforce at severe risk. Recognizing the pressing need for assistance, the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) swiftly established a 24-hour helpline at the Indian embassy in Baghdad starting from June 16, aimed at aiding Indian nationals stranded in conflict zones. There were distressing reports of 46 Indian nurses being kidnapped from the town of Mosul, with subsequent rescue efforts leading to their safe return to India. However, the situation was dire for another group of 39 Indian workers, primarily from Punjab, who were taken hostage, and their fate remained ambiguous for an extended period. Speculations about their lives circulated, and on November 27, 2014, ABP News indicated, through Bangladeshi co-workers, that all 39 men might have perished. While External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj addressed the Parliament the following day without confirming these reports, she reassured the nation of the MEA's unwavering commitment to finding the missing Indians and bringing them back safely.
Overseas Indian Crisis: Libya
In Libya, another humanitarian crisis unfolded as armed conflicts erupted, leaving many Indian nationals stranded. The MEA made considerable efforts led by Swaraj, who updated Parliament on the situation, where she emphasized the ministry's dedication to securing the safe evacuation of Indians in conflict zones, including both Iraq and Libya. Commencing evacuations, a chartered flight from Djerba, Tunisia, successfully returned over 200 individuals to India. By August 8, an additional 216 nationals were repatriated, contributing to a cumulative total of about 1,500 individuals who had been evacuated amid the unrest. The embassy in Tripoli reported that approximately 3,000 nationals expressed intentions to return home, and on August 5, a special Air India flight facilitated the return of 44 nurses, predominantly hailing from Kerala, along with others from Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Interestingly, three Goan nationals opted to remain in Libya, confirming their employment and stating they had no plans for repatriation, prompting further assessments regarding the status of other Goan workers.
Overseas Indian Crisis: Yemen
The crisis escalated in Yemen following the Saudi-led coalition's military intervention in response to the Houthi rebellion. In light of the urgent situation, the Indian government initiated a comprehensive rescue operation named Operation Raahat, intending to safeguard hundreds of non-residential Indians. This robust operation was spearheaded by Minister of State for External Affairs General V K Singh, who personally supervised the rescue missions from combat zones in Sana'a and Aden, coordinating efforts from the Indian operational base in Djibouti. The initiative saw active participation from the Indian Navy, deploying frontline ships such as INS Mumbai and INS Sumitra, alongside the Indian Air Force, which enlisted its C-17 Globemaster tactical airlifter for airlifting stranded nationals. Air India also played a pivotal role in the evacuation process. The successful execution of Operation Raahat not only facilitated the safe return of Indian citizens but also garnered international praise for rescuing a multitude of foreign nationals amidst the volatile landscape of Yemen, showcasing India's commitment to safeguarding its citizens abroad.
Evolving US-India Relations
The trajectory of US-India relations during Narendra Modi's tenure as Prime Minister has been marked by notable transformation, particularly considering his early skepticism in the wake of his denial of a visa in 2005 due to allegations surrounding his human rights record in Gujarat. As Modi emerged as a frontrunner in the 2014 general elections, Western diplomats, including US Ambassador Nancy Powell, recognized the potential for a partnership with Modi's administration and initiated engagements to strengthen ties. Following Modi's electoral victory, President Obama was quick to extend his congratulations and invite him to the United States, signaling a warm welcome for Modi on the international stage.
In September 2014, during his inaugural visit to the US as Prime Minister, Modi articulated the historical and cultural bonds that connect India and the U.S., while also candidly addressing the previous fluctuations in their relationship. The highlight of this visit was his address at the United Nations General Assembly followed by an enthusiastic reception from the Indian American community in New York. Modi seized this opportunity to encourage American business leaders to invest in India, particularly within his ambitious "Make in India" initiative, aimed at bolstering domestic manufacturing. The personal rapport between Modi and Obama was reinforced when Obama described Modi as a "Man of Action" during a gala dinner, further solidifying the groundwork for cooperation.
With the confirmation of Richard Rahul Verma as the US Ambassador to India—a historical first for an Indian American—the Obama administration underscored its commitment to elevating the bilateral relationship. Modi's invitation to President Obama to be the chief guest at India's 66th Republic Day celebrations demonstrated a strategic move to emphasize the strengthening partnership. Indeed, Obama was the first sitting US president to visit India twice, marking a significant milestone in diplomatic relations. The two leaders' scheduling of back-to-back summits within months highlighted the proactive approach of Modi's foreign policy, often termed a diplomatic coup by analysts and media.
The subsequent meeting between Modi and President Donald Trump in June 2017 further reinforced the bilateral partnership, as both leaders discussed key issues like trade, specifically in aerospace and natural gas sectors, as well as the common fight against terrorism. The Trump administration took steps to upgrade the relationship to a comprehensive global strategic partnership, emphasizing shared goals in combating radical Islamic terrorism and promoting a Free and Open Indo-Pacific. This alignment of strategic interests illustrates how Modi's foreign policy has adeptly navigated complex international waters, fostering both commerce and security collaboration with a critical global partner.
As Modi's government progresses, the transformative and multifaceted US-India relationship will likely continue to evolve, responding to changes in global dynamics, economic opportunities, and mutual strategic interests. The Modi administration's focus on bolstering ties with the United States serves as a pivotal element in India's broader foreign policy ambitions.
Brazil
Narendra Modi's engagement with Brazil reflects a strategic partnership that is characterized by shared democratic values and significant economic potential. During his meeting with Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff at the 6th BRICS summit in Brasília in July 2014, Modi highlighted Brazil's role as a pivotal global partner for India. He outlined the enormous opportunities for bilateral cooperation, emphasizing their combined strength as emerging economies to advocate for the interests of the developing world in international forums. This mutual recognition paved the way for a multifaceted relationship grounded in cooperation across various sectors.
President Rousseff acknowledged the importance of this partnership in Brazil's foreign policy, emphasizing its potential to facilitate trade and investment, especially in key areas such as agriculture, dairy science, conventional and renewable energy, space research, defense, cybersecurity, and environmental conservation. The commitment to deepen these collaborations showcases the broader agenda to enhance economic ties and foster regional stability, establishing both nations as influential players within global governance frameworks.
In January 2020, Bolsonaro's first official visit to India marked a significant moment in the bilateral relationship, coinciding with a period where Brazil faced international criticism due to environmental concerns stemming from the Amazon rainforest wildfires. The warm reception accorded to Bolsonaro solidified ties and offered an opportunity for Brazil to recalibrate its international standing. The visit not only reinforced diplomatic relations but also highlighted India's commitment to maintaining robust partnerships with Latin American nations, further diversifying its foreign policy horizons.
The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 prompted both India and Brazil to initiate cooperation programs aimed at mitigating the health crisis. This collaboration underscored the resilience and adaptability of their partnership amid global challenges, signaling a mutual commitment to address shared issues. The ongoing dialogue between the two nations showcases their readiness to harness collective strengths in tackling both traditional and emerging challenges, reinforcing their status as key players within the global arena.
== Diplomatic Engagement with Canada ==
The foreign policy of Prime Minister Narendra Modi has notably strengthened India's ties with Canada, marked by significant diplomatic engagements. In April 2015, Modi made a historic visit to Canada, becoming the first Indian Prime Minister to embark on a bilateral visit to the nation in 42 years. This visit not only underscored the importance of India-Canada relations but also led to a substantial nuclear cooperation agreement between the two countries. India signed a five-year contract worth $280 million with Cameco, Canada's largest uranium producer, for the supply of uranium to Indian nuclear reactors. This long-term framework was crucial, pledging the sale of 7.1 million pounds of uranium to India through 2020, thus reinforcing India's energy security while meeting its growing demands sustainably.
During his visit, Modi engaged actively in bilateral discussions with Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper. These talks facilitated the signing of multiple Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs) across various sectors, including cybersecurity, skill development, and cooperation in railways and civil aviation. Modi's dynamic public persona received a "rockstar" welcome in Canada, highlighted by his address to a crowd of over 10,000 at the Ricoh Coliseum in Toronto, signifying the strong affection and connection with the Indian diaspora there.
== Recent Tensions and Diplomatic Strains ==
However, in September 2023, a tense situation emerged in bilateral relations following serious allegations by Canadian authorities. Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced that Canadian intelligence had established a credible link between the murder of Sikh separatist Hardeep Singh Nijjar and the Indian government. This incident has sparked a significant diplomatic rift, with Trudeau urging India to collaborate with Canada in the investigation into the murder, emphasizing the need for accountability in international relations.
In retaliation for the allegations, Canada's Foreign Minister Mélanie Joly took decisive action by expelling a senior Indian diplomat who was reported to lead operations for India's external intelligence agency, the Research and Analysis Wing, in Canada. This expulsion not only reflects the escalating tensions but also signals the complexities of international diplomacy where allegations of state-sponsored activities can have profound implications for bilateral relations. As both nations navigate this challenging chapter, the future of India-Canada relations hinges on dialogue, transparency, and a commitment to resolving disputes amicably.
Strategic Partnership with France
France has emerged as a critical strategic partner for India, especially within the context of Western Europe. This partnership is marked by substantial investments in various domains, including cultural, economic, social, technological, and military spheres. Narendra Modi's engagement with France began earnestly during his tenure as Prime Minister, notably with a significant meeting with then-President François Hollande at the G-20 Summit in Brisbane in 2014. The discussions during this summit focused not only on bilateral relations but also addressed pressing global concerns such as terrorism, a topic made particularly poignant after the tragic Charlie Hebdo attack in January 2015. Modi condemned the attack, expressing solidarity with the French populace and extending condolences on behalf of India.
Further deepening ties between India and France, French Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius made multiple visits to New Delhi. His efforts aimed to revive stalled negotiations related to critical defense agreements, including the acquisition of Dassault Rafale fighter aircraft and a deal for a 9900 MW nuclear power plant in Jaitapur by the French nuclear company Areva. Modi's approach has significantly shaped defense cooperation, culminating in an essential visit to Paris in April 2015 as part of his broader Link West initiative. This visit led to the monumental agreement for purchasing 36 Rafale fighter jets in fly-away condition, reinforcing military collaboration between the two nations and solidifying France's role as a key defense partner for India.
Advancements in Renewable Energy and Climate Change
Modi's visit to France also encompassed a dedication to renewable energy, evident during his participation in the COP 21 United Nations Climate Change Conference in December 2015. Alongside President Hollande, Modi co-invited over 100 world leaders to join the International Agency for Solar Policy & Application (InSPA). This initiative was pivotal for promoting solar energy technologies globally, particularly important as climate change negotiations faced challenges with the announcement of the United States' withdrawal from the Paris Agreement. Remarkably, despite these tensions, the United States later joined the International Solar Alliance, praising India's leadership and commitment to sustainable energy solutions.
The strong rapport between India and France was further underscored when India invited President François Hollande to be the chief guest at the Republic Day parade on January 26, 2016. This invitation was significant as it marked the fifth time France was honored with this distinction, reflecting the enduring friendship and diplomatic ties between the two countries. Hollande's attendance not only celebrated India’s sovereignty but also highlighted the shared values and mutual interests that underpin the partnership, including joint initiatives for defense and climate change.
Conclusion
In summary, the foreign policy initiatives under Modi's leadership have substantially strengthened India’s relations with France, covering multifaceted areas of collaboration. The focus on military cooperation, advancements in nuclear energy, and proactive engagement in global climate discussions demonstrate a robust and evolving partnership that promises to yield significant benefits for both nations. As global dynamics shift and the need for international collaboration becomes more pronounced, the relationship between India and France stands as a noteworthy example of strategic partnership built on shared values and mutual interests.
Strengthening India-UK Ties
The relationship between India and the United Kingdom has been significantly marked by positive diplomatic engagements since Narendra Modi assumed office as the Prime Minister of India. Shortly after Modi's electoral victory in 2014, UK Prime Minister David Cameron was among the first world leaders to extend congratulations, highlighting the potential for enhanced bilateral relations. Their first official meeting occurred on November 14, 2014, during the G20 leaders' summit in Brisbane, Australia. Cameron emphasized that improving relations with India was a top priority for UK foreign policy, reflecting the UK's strategic interest in collaborating with one of the fastest-growing major economies in the world.
In alignment with this renewed focus, Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg recognized Modi's leadership as a fundamental factor in South Asia's anticipated economic growth in 2014-15, predicting the region would be one of the fastest-growing outside of East Asia. The UK viewed Modi's "Make in India" initiative, aimed at boosting manufacturing and attracting foreign investments, as a remarkable opportunity for British investments, particularly in states like Rajasthan. This strong interest in India's economic prospects underscores the UK's commitment to forging a lasting economic partnership that extends beyond mere political engagements.
Modi's state visit to the UK in late 2015 marked a high point in the bilateral relationship, where he engaged with pivotal figures, including Queen Elizabeth II and David Cameron. This visit showcased the deep-rooted historical ties as well as the contemporary interplay of cultural and economic interests between the two nations. A significant highlight of this trip was Modi's address at a rally at Wembley Stadium on November 13, 2015, which attracted a crowd of 60,000 predominantly British Indians. This event not only demonstrated the strong ethnic and cultural ties present in the UK but also served as a platform for Modi to connect with the diaspora, emphasizing their role as a vital bridge in strengthening India-UK relations.
Overall, the Modi government has focused on leveraging historical ties and cultural connections to bolster foreign relations, particularly with the UK, while pursuing economic opportunities to foster mutual growth and collaboration in various sectors. The UK-India partnership continues to evolve with ongoing discussions in areas such as trade, defense, and education, reflecting a shared vision for a prosperous future.
Germany and Indo-German Relations
In April 2015, Prime Minister Narendra Modi undertook a significant visit to Germany, which marked a pivotal moment in the diplomatic ties between the two nations. During this trip, he engaged in productive bilateral discussions with Chancellor Angela Merkel, focusing on various strategic areas of cooperation. The visit underscored India's growing importance on the global stage, particularly in industrial and technological sectors.
One of the highlights of Modi's visit was his inauguration of the Hannover Fair 2015, recognized as the world's largest industrial fair, where India was the partner country. This platform provided an excellent opportunity for India to showcase its manufacturing prowess, aligning perfectly with the Modi administration's flagship initiative—Make in India. Modi articulated a compelling vision, stating, "The entire world is looking at India. Demography, democracy and demand are attracting the world to India." This statement resonated well with international investors, as it highlighted India’s potential as a hub for manufacturing and innovation.
During the Hannover Fair, Modi emphasized the need for strengthened cooperation between India and Germany in various sectors. Key areas identified were energy, skill development, and science and technology, reflecting not only the shared interests of both countries but also the Modi government's broader initiatives, such as Digital India and Clean India. The focus on these sectors indicated a commitment to sustainable development and innovation, which are essential for addressing contemporary global challenges.
Beyond these initiatives, the visit to Germany also represented an opportunity for India to deepen its economic partnerships, particularly in light of Germany's status as one of the leading economies in Europe. The discussions laid the groundwork for future collaboration, fostering trade ties and encouraging investment flows in both directions. This visit not only reinforced the strategic relationship between India and Germany but also signaled India's readiness to engage with major global economies to promote economic growth and technological advancement.
Historical Context and Recent Developments
India's bilateral relations with Russia date back over fifty years, forming a cornerstone of India's foreign policy that is characterized by a special and privileged partnership. This relationship became particularly multifaceted during the Cold War, when India relied heavily on Soviet military and technological support. However, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, India began to diversify its defense procurement practices to alleviate its dependence on Russian supplies. This shift was a response to changing global dynamics and highlighted India's aspirations to engage with a broader spectrum of international partnerships. Since then, the relationship experienced periods of strain, but the recent alignment of strong leadership in both nations has initiated a revival of ties, emphasizing a return to deep and strategic cooperation.
Under the leadership of Prime Ministers Narendra Modi and President Vladimir Putin, both known for their assertive diplomatic styles, cooperation has been renewed. Their first interactions at the BRICS summit in Brazil established a rapport that facilitated discussion on critical issues. The meeting of the India-Russia Inter-Governmental Commission on Trade, Economic, Scientific, Technological and Cultural Cooperation (IRIGC-TEC) in 2014 served as a platform to outline significant agreements that would define future collaboration. Modi affirmed India's commitment to this long-standing partnership by prioritizing projects such as the International North-South Corridor and negotiating a Free Trade Agreement with the Eurasian Customs Union.
Economic Cooperation and Energy Security
The bilateral summit held in December 2014 marked a significant escalation in trade and energy partnerships. Modi and Putin set ambitious targets, aiming to increase bilateral trade to USD 30 billion by 2025. This included mutual investments of equal magnitude and a shared commitment to energy cooperation despite geopolitical tensions, particularly following the sanctions imposed on Russia due to its actions in Ukraine. Both leaders sought to expand cooperation in various sectors, including oil, gas, and civil nuclear energy. Notably, a landmark agreement was reached to construct ten additional nuclear reactors over two decades, reflecting Russia's role as a pivotal player in India’s energy security strategy.
Given the backdrop of rising energy demands in India and international sanctions affecting Russia, the two nations explored vital energy agreements. The proposed gas pipeline through China exemplifies the efforts to forge resilient supply chains that address shared economic interests. During this summit, various memorandums of understanding were signed, underscoring the commitment to conventional energy as well as emerging sectors, including diamond mining and trading. As the world's largest diamond producer, Russia agreed to supply raw diamonds directly to India, which specializes in the cutting and polishing of these resources, enhancing economic interdependence.
Strategic Challenges and Geopolitical Implications
The evolving landscape of India-Russia relations also elicited reactions on the global stage, particularly from Western powers. The participation of Crimean leaders during President Putin's visit to India raised concerns in Washington regarding India's position on the annexation of Crimea. This incident illustrates the balancing act that India must perform in its foreign policy, as it seeks to maintain a positive relationship with a traditional ally while navigating complex international dynamics. India aims to remain a bridge between Russia and the West, advocating diplomatic solutions while strategically benefitting from its longstanding partnership with Moscow.
In conclusion, the India-Russia relationship is marked by rich historical ties and evolving dynamics, particularly amid current global challenges. A renewed focus on strategic cooperation, especially in energy and technology, as well as an emphasis on mutual economic interests, positions this partnership as a significant component of both countries’ foreign policy agendas. As both nations continue to champion their bilateral ties, the implications for regional stability and international relations will remain a topic of great importance.
Strengthening Defence Ties
During a recent summit, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi highlighted his experiences with the Russian-built aircraft carrier, INS Vikramaditya, to exemplify the growing military cooperation between India and Russia. Modi emphasized that despite the diversification of India's defence partnerships, Russia will continue to be regarded as India's primary defence collaborator, underscoring the significance of their long-term strategic relationship. The two nations have come to an agreement to jointly produce Mil Mi-17 and Kamov Ka-226 helicopters utilizing Russian technology within India, aligning with Modi's "Make in India" initiative. This collaboration is not merely symbolic but reflects an ongoing commitment to modernize India's defence capabilities through domestic production.
The summit also served as a platform for addressing several long-delayed projects, with promise and urgency surrounding the joint development and production of a light transport aircraft. Significant progress is anticipated concerning the fifth-generation joint fighter platform, the Sukhoi-HAL FGFA, with the final design contract expected to be signed imminently after over two years of delays. Furthermore, India is on the cusp of leasing a second nuclear-powered Akula-class submarine from Russia, following the earlier acquisition of INS Chakra in 2011, which showcases the depth and breadth of military collaboration between the two nations.
However, rising security dynamics in the region have produced some tension. The visit by Russian Defence Minister Sergei Shoigu to Pakistan in November 2014, the first of its kind in over four decades, coupled with the defense cooperation agreement between Russia and Pakistan, has fueled apprehensions within Indian strategic circles. Reports indicating a potential sale of Mi-35 attack helicopters to Pakistan, a first-ever combat platform deal, have particularly incited concern among Indian policymakers wary of a burgeoning Russo-Pakistan defense relationship, which could be viewed as a counterbalance to India's increasing defense collaboration with the United States.
Indian officials offered a measured response, acknowledging these developments as "significant" while maintaining a cautious stance. The Russian Ambassador to India, Sergey K. Lavrov, sought to allay these concerns by asserting that Russia would not undertake any actions that could undermine India's security. Adding another dimension to the dialogue, President Putin indicated in an interview that the evolving Russia-Pakistan relations could indeed serve India’s long-term interests, emphasizing the geopolitical complexities that characterize the regional security landscape. As India navigates its foreign policy, balancing ties with long-standing allies while adapting to the shifting dynamics of international partnerships will remain a significant challenge for the Modi administration.
India-Africa Forum Summit Rescheduling
The India-Africa Forum Summit has been a pivotal platform for enhancing collaboration between India and African nations, aiming to foster economic, political, and cultural ties. The third iteration of this summit was initially set to take place in December 2014 in New Delhi, showcasing India's commitment to deepening relations with the African continent. However, recent developments led to a postponement, with Indian Foreign Ministry spokesperson Syed Akbaruddin announcing that the summit would now be held in 2015.
This postponement seemed to coincide with growing concerns over the Ebola outbreak in certain Western African nations, which likely prompted a reassessment of the logistics and participation for the event. The Indian government was keen on ensuring that a wider representation of African leaders would attend the summit, as previous iterations had included only a limited number of representatives from 10 to 15 African countries. By rescheduling the event for 26–30 October 2015, officials aimed to optimize attendance and broaden the scope of discussions.
The significance of the summit cannot be understated, as it serves not only as a meeting point for political leaders but also as an opportunity for business leaders and civil society to engage in dialogue that could lead to concrete partnerships. Through initiatives like this, India seeks to strengthen its presence in Africa, a region rich in resources and potential for economic growth. The broader participation anticipated for the 2015 summit reflects India's strategic interest in solidifying its role as a key player in African development, promoting trade, investment opportunities, and mutual cooperation across various sectors.
Mauritius has historically been a significant partner for India, particularly because of its substantial population of Indian origin, which fosters deep-rooted cultural and familial ties. The close bilateral relationship was exemplified when the Prime Minister of Mauritius became the only head of government outside South Asia to attend Narendra Modi's swearing-in ceremony in May 2014. This gesture highlighted the strong diplomatic ties between the two nations and set the groundwork for subsequent cooperation in various sectors.
Sushma Swaraj, India's then Minister of External Affairs, emphasized the importance of Mauritius during her first official visit to the country on November 2, 2014. Her participation in the celebrations of Apravasi Divas, which commemorated the arrival of Indian indentured laborers in Mauritius, underscored India's historical connection with the island. During her discussions with President Rajkeswur Purryag and Prime Minister Navinchandra Ramgoolam, Swaraj focused on enhancing bilateral cooperation and addressing regional challenges. A significant aspect of these talks was maritime security, which is crucial given the strategic importance of the Indian Ocean. The Indian Navy's collaboration with the Mauritian Coast Guard was seen as vital for ensuring safe navigation and combating piracy in these waters. This commitment was dramatically illustrated by the deployment of three major Indian warships to Mauritius, reinforcing India's resolve to safeguard shared maritime interests.
Prime Minister Modi's visit to Mauritius in March 2015 further solidified these ties. Attending the Mauritius National Day celebrations in Port Louis, he participated in a significant cultural and diplomatic exchange that reflected India's commitment to its maritime neighbors in the Indian Ocean. Additionally, Modi was present for the commissioning ceremony of the MCGS Barracuda, an offshore patrol vessel procured from India. This event was momentous as it marked India's first export of a warship, underscoring the growing defense partnership between the two nations. The successful delivery of the MCGS Barracuda not only symbolizes India's capability in defense manufacturing but also represents a strengthening of security cooperation between India and Mauritius, aimed at addressing the complex realities of maritime defense in the region. Together, these events represent a robust foundation for India-Mauritius relations, based on shared interests, security, and mutual respect.
Active Role in Multilateral Platforms
India, being one of the leading developing nations, has established itself as a crucial participant in various multilateral forums that play significant roles in global governance. Its involvement in platforms such as the United Nations and the World Trade Organization illustrates its commitment to addressing global challenges through diplomacy and cooperation. At the G20 Leaders' Summit, India collaborates with major world economies to discuss pressing issues such as economic stability, sustainable development, and climate change. Additionally, India’s participation in the East Asia Summit and BRICS—comprising Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa—demonstrates its strategic outreach to both established and emerging powers, further enhancing its influence on the world stage.
Regional Engagements and Representation
In addition to its active role in global forums, India has also been heavily engaged in various regional collaborations that amplify its voice in continental affairs. Alliances such as BASIC (which includes Brazil, South Africa, India, and China) focus on climate change and sustainable development issues, positioning India as a leader in global environmental dialogues. The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, which focuses on regional security and economic cooperation, highlights India’s strategic partnerships in Central Asia.
Furthermore, India plays a pivotal role in the Indian Ocean Rim Association, contributing to maritime security and trade relations among Indian Ocean nations. The IBSA Dialogue Forum (India, Brazil, and South Africa) showcases collaborative efforts in addressing shared challenges among developing countries, while the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) focuses on economic and regional integration within South Asia. India’s engagement in the Mekong–Ganga Cooperation and BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation) promotes connectivity and socio-economic development among neighboring countries, underscoring its commitment to fostering regional stability and growth.
Upholding the 'Third World Voice'
Often regarded as a "Third World voice," India advocates for the interests of developing nations in various international discussions. This perspective has gained prominence as India champions issues such as sustainable development, poverty alleviation, and equitable trade practices. Through its multilateral engagements, India emphasizes the need for reforms in international governance structures, advocating for a more inclusive approach that reflects the voices of emerging economies. This stance not only strengthens India's diplomatic ties but also positions it as a leader in fostering a more equitable global order that aims to bridge the developmental divide between nations.
In summary, India's multilateral engagements epitomize its active role in shaping global governance, advocating for sustainable development, and furthering the interests of developing countries while navigating complex international relationships. Its strategic involvement in both global and regional forums illustrates its commitment to promoting a more inclusive and balanced world order.
Modi's Vision for BRICS
During his inaugural address at the BRICS summit, Prime Minister Narendra Modi emphasized the significance of unity among the member states—Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. He drew upon the ancient Indian philosophy of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam, which translates to "the world is one family," advocating for collaborative efforts to address pressing global challenges. This philosophical approach aligns with India's broader vision of promoting inclusivity and solidarity among nations, especially those from the global south. Modi's emphasis on brotherhood reflects an awareness of the shifting geopolitical landscape, where emerging economies seek to demonstrate their collective strength against established powers.
Strengthening Financial Institutions
India has been actively involved in the establishment of a new financial institution intended to counterbalance the dominance of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). This vision was first articulated during the New Delhi summit in 2012, initiated by the previous administration under Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. The decision at the 6th BRICS summit, held from July 14 to 26 in Fortaleza, Brazil, to create the New Development Bank with an initial capital of $100 billion, marks a significant milestone in this journey. Notably, while the Modi administration was instrumental in shaping the initiative, it faced setbacks, including the loss of negotiations to host the bank's headquarters in New Delhi, which will be based in Shanghai, China instead. This decision has been viewed by some as a missed opportunity for India to bolster its influence in international financial matters.
Wider Geopolitical Engagement
In addition to strengthening ties among BRICS nations, Modi's government has also sought to enhance India's engagement with Latin American countries. At a subsequent meeting in Brasília with the heads of state of UNASUR, the group of South American nations, discussions on collaboration took place, highlighting Modi's intention to diversify India's diplomatic outreach. The Ministry of External Affairs' decision to add Spanish to its list of operational languages demonstrates this strategic pivot, indicating a desire to forge deeper diplomatic and trade connections beyond traditional partners in Europe, Asia, and North America. Modi's travels, including a stop in Germany, underline a proactive approach to international relations that aims to expand India's influence and foster multifaceted cooperation. Through these initiatives, Modi aims to position India as a pivotal player in multilateral diplomacy and regional stability.
China-Backed Bloc Membership
India's entry into the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) marks a significant milestone in its foreign policy, particularly in terms of aligning itself with a platform traditionally viewed as backed by China. Officially gaining full membership on June 9, 2017, during the summit in Astana, Kazakhstan, India had been pursuing this status since having an observer role since 2005. This evolution from an observer to a full member highlights India's increasing relevance in regional security dialogues, especially concerning military and energy cooperation.
Key to India's acceptance was a complex interplay of geopolitical factors, primarily influenced by China and Russia. While Russia consistently supported India's bid for full membership, it was China's initial reservations that delayed the process. The turning point came when Chinese President Xi Jinping communicated India's welcome into the organization during a BRICS summit in Brazil. Here, the two leaders discussed a united front against Islamic extremism in Central Asia, particularly in light of the NATO withdrawal from Afghanistan. This cooperation signifies a shared interest in stabilizing a region that poses security challenges not only to India but also to China and other neighboring nations.
At the Dushanbe summit in Tajikistan held on September 11-12, 2017, India's External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj presented New Delhi’s paper for full membership, further solidifying India's intent and strategic objectives within the organization. Chinese officials indicated that the formal grant of membership would soon follow, which came to fruition later that year. India's participation in the subsequent heads of government summit in Astana signifies its commitment to enhancing multilateral dialogues and collaborations within the SCO framework.
As a full member, India benefits from greater engagement with Central Asian countries, fostering economic ties and enhancing security collaboration against terrorism and extremism. The SCO ultimately serves as a crucial platform for India to assert its influence in the region while balancing its relationships with major powers such as Russia and China. This aligns with Modi's government emphasis on a multi-aligned foreign policy approach, acknowledging the complex dynamics at play in the Eurasian region.
Modi's Inaugural Speech at the UN
Prime Minister Narendra Modi delivered his maiden address at the sixty-ninth session of the United Nations General Assembly on September 27, 2014, making a significant impact on the international stage. In his speech, he emphasized the urgent need for reform and expansion of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), echoing India's long-standing aspiration for permanent membership. Modi articulated his concerns regarding the relevance of a UN framework established in the 20th century and argued that it required comprehensive evaluation in light of its performance over the past 70 years. His call for the UN to function as a genuine global governance platform, rather than allowing various subgroupings like the G7 and G20 to dominate international dialogue, highlights his vision for a more inclusive and effective global institution.
Additionally, Modi addressed pressing global issues, particularly the threat of terrorism exemplified by the rise of ISIS in West Asia. He urged immediate action towards a comprehensive convention on international terrorism, underscoring India's own experience as a nation that has battled terrorism for decades. This perspective aligns with India’s broader foreign policy that seeks to position the nation as a proactive player in global security discussions. Prior to his speech, Modi engaged in discussions with UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, focusing on governance and structural issues within the UN framework.
Regional Engagement and Policy
In his address, Modi also responded to the issue of Kashmir, rebuffing calls made by Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif for multilateral intervention. Modi reiterated his government’s commitment to bilateral talks with Pakistan, provided that the latter fosters a conducive atmosphere by renouncing its policy of terrorism against India. This stance is emblematic of Modi's "neighbourhood first" policy, which seeks to strengthen ties with South Asian countries, prioritizing regional stability and cooperation.
In line with this approach, Modi conducted several bilateral meetings on the sidelines of the UNGA, including discussions with Bangladeshi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina, Sri Lankan President Mahinda Rajapaksa, and Nepali Prime Minister Sushil Koirala. These interactions were pivotal in reinforcing diplomatic relations and exploring collaborative ventures within the region. Notably, his meeting with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu marked the first encounter between the two leaders in over a decade. Netanyahu expressed optimism regarding the bilateral relationship, stating that the "sky is the limit," a phrase that encapsulates the potential for enhanced cooperation in areas such as technology, defense, and agriculture.
Broader Themes and Initiatives
Modi’s speech also touched upon global challenges such as climate change, advocating the use of clean energy and sustainable practices. His commitment to these issues illustrates India's intent to be a responsible global actor in addressing environmental concerns. Furthermore, Modi highlighted the significance of incorporating Yoga into modern lifestyles, proposing the observance of International Yoga Day as a means to promote wellness and cultural diplomacy on a global scale. This initiative not only showcases India’s soft power but also aims to foster greater understanding and appreciation of Indian culture worldwide.
Overall, Modi's address at the UNGA and his subsequent engagements encapsulate a vision of India seeking a more substantial role in international affairs while endeavoring to strengthen its regional relationships. His government’s diplomatic approach reflects a balanced strategy of addressing global issues while advocating for national interests, reinforcing India’s position as an emerging leader in global governance.
Engagement with ASEAN
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) consists of ten member countries and is recognized as one of the most successful regional blocs in the world. India began to focus on ASEAN more intensively from 1992 onwards with the initiation of its 'Look East Policy,' which marked a significant shift in India's foreign relations strategy. This policy aimed to enhance India's economic and strategic engagement with Southeast Asia, culminating in ASEAN becoming a central pillar of India's foreign policy. Since 2002, the annual summits held alongside the ASEAN summit have illustrated the growing cooperation and dialogue between India and the member states.
At the 12th India-ASEAN summit, Prime Minister Narendra Modi made his inaugural appearance, where he advocated for enhanced connectivity with Southeast Asian nations and expressed optimism about the partnership potential between India and ASEAN, declaring them "great partners." Modi emphasized during his comments the significance of ASEAN in India's strategic framework, noting that his government has prioritized relations with these nations at a level unseen in recent history. The transition from the 'Look East Policy' to the 'Act East Policy' symbolizes a more proactive and action-oriented approach towards Southeast Asia. During discussions, foreign trade agreements were highlighted, anticipating an increase in India-ASEAN trade, projected to reach around US$100 billion by 2015. Modi specifically underscored three critical areas for strengthening ties: commerce, connectivity, and cultural exchange, which are essential for fostering deeper relationships with ASEAN countries.
In addition to the summit discussions, Modi also engaged in bilateral meetings with other regional leaders, including the Prime Minister of Thailand, Gen Prayuth Chan-ocha, Singapore’s Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, the Sultan of Brunei, Hassanal Bolkiah, and South Korean President Park Geun-hye. These one-on-one dialogues extended the cooperative framework and addressed mutual interests, reinforcing India's commitment to strengthening partnerships across the Southeast Asian landscape.
ASEAN Regional Forum Involvement
The ASEAN Regional Forum serves as another platform for India to engage with Southeast Asian nations and other international partners. Former Minister of External Affairs Sushma Swaraj attended the 2014 ASEAN Regional Forum and the East Asia Summit (EAS) Foreign Ministers meeting in Naypyidaw, Myanmar. This was a significant milestone as it marked Swaraj's first foray into multilateral forums following her assumption of office. Her participation symbolized India's growing diplomatic activity in the region.
During the multilateral meetings, Swaraj also conducted bilateral discussions with her counterparts from several nations, including China, Australia, Canada, Vietnam, the Philippines, Brunei, and Indonesia, fostering deeper diplomatic ties and collaboration on various issues. The South China Sea territorial disputes emerged as a contentious subject impacting multiple ASEAN member states. In relation to these territorial claims, India articulated its stance through the Ministry of External Affairs spokesperson, Syed Akbaruddin, emphasizing that India is not directly involved in the disputes. India advocates for a peaceful resolution in alignment with international law, underscoring its commitment to stability in the region and its intent to cooperate with ASEAN states while respecting their territorial interests.
East Asia Summit Overview
The East Asia Summit (EAS) stands as a pivotal platform for dialogue among 18 member countries, comprising the ten core ASEAN nations along with Japan, China, South Korea, India, Australia, New Zealand, Russia, and the United States. Established to foster cooperation in critically important areas such as security, economic trade, and environmental sustainability, the EAS has evolved into one of the most influential multilateral forums in the Asia-Pacific region. Unlike the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), which primarily focuses on economic issues, the EAS addresses a broader spectrum of regional challenges.
Modi's Participation and Address
Prime Minister Narendra Modi attended the ninth East Asia Summit, held in Nay Pyi Daw, Myanmar, in November, marking his second major multilateral engagement following the BRICS summit in July. During his address, Modi underscored the significance of the EAS in shaping regional security dynamics. He emphasized that no other forum possesses the capability to convene such a diverse and powerful collective that encompasses significant proportions of the global population, economic might, and military resources. His statements highlighted the EAS's central role in fostering peace, stability, and prosperity within the Asia-Pacific and beyond.
Maritime Security and Regional Stability
In his discourse, Modi subtly alluded to the ongoing tensions in the South China Sea, advocating for the adherence to established maritime norms and regulations. He called on the international community to ensure that sea-lines of communication remain open and secure for unimpeded trade and commerce. Stressing the reality of globalization and interdependence, he stated that compliance with international laws is fundamental not only for maritime security but also for regional harmony. His insistence on the importance of following international norms was indicative of India's position on maintaining peace and stability in the contested waters of the South China Sea.
Counter-terrorism and Collaborative Initiatives
Modi also addressed the acute threat posed by terrorism within the region, urging EAS member states to collaborate on counter-terrorism efforts. Through such dialogues, the summit aimed to foster cooperative measures and strategies to combat extremist ideologies and violence that could undermine regional stability. Moreover, he spotlighted the reopening of Nalanda University, viewing it as a symbol of India's long-standing commitment to education and cultural exchange, while also inviting participation and cooperation from fellow EAS members in this endeavor.
Bilateral Engagements
Aside from the main discussions at the summit, Modi took the opportunity to engage in several bilateral meetings with his counterparts. These included discussions with Russian Premier Dmitry Medvedev, Philippine President Benigno Aquino, Chinese Premier Li Keqiang, and Indonesian President Joko Widodo. These meetings reaffirmed India's strategic partnerships in diverse fields, emphasizing collaborative efforts that encapsulate trade, security, and cultural exchanges, thus illustrating India's multifaceted approach in strengthening its foreign relations in the region. The discussions on the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) also indicated India's interest in broader economic integration and cooperation within the Asia-Pacific framework.
G-20 Leaders Summit Overview
The G-20, or Group of 20, comprises major advanced and emerging economies, established in response to the 2008 financial crisis to promote international financial stability and governance. India, currently ranked fifth in nominal GDP and recognized as the fastest-growing major economy, plays a pivotal role in this influential group since its inception. Prime Minister Narendra Modi represented India for the first time during the G-20 summit in Brisbane in 2014, marking a notable transition from previous Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh, who was a key figure in economic discussions for the nation.
At the 2014 summit, hosted by Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott, the primary focus was on revamping the global economy post-crisis with an ambitious target of adding US$2 trillion to the global economy. Following this, nations like the United States emphasized climate change and carbon emissions reduction, reflecting a broader global agenda. Modi’s vision aligned closely with Abbott's, emphasizing strategies to rejuvenate India's economy and regain its high growth trajectory in a fragile global economic landscape.
Prime Minister Modi emerged as a significant global leader at the summit, garnering attention largely due to his impressive electoral mandate that positioned him as a key figure within both the G-20 and the broader international community. His charisma was highlighted by The Guardian, which referred to him as the G20's "political rock star." The rapport between Modi and Abbott was notable, characterized by an informal warmth that contrasted with other leaders' interactions at the summit. Modi embarked on a 10-day diplomatic tour that extended beyond the G-20, visiting key Australian cities such as Sydney, Melbourne, and Canberra, establishing what many referred to as his 'diplomatic juggernaut.'
Addressing Critical Issues
Modi prominently raised the contentious issue of black money and tax evasion during the summit, reflecting a pressing concern in India’s domestic policy landscape. He called for enhanced international collaboration, urging countries to amend their laws to facilitate better information sharing regarding unaccounted funds, which are also linked to global terror financing. This highlighted how domestic policies often intersect with international governance agendas, emphasizing the need for collective action to combat financial misconduct.
India's status as the largest recipient of remittances globally, with $71 billion reported in the previous year, further underscored Modi’s focus during the discussions. He advocated for reducing the high remittance costs faced by non-residents, challenging the average of nearly 10% in certain jurisdictions. Notably, India successfully persuaded Saudi Arabia to lower these fees to 3.5%, demonstrating its diplomatic effectiveness. At the G-20 summit, a consensus was reached to work towards lowering the global average remittance transfer cost to 5%, showcasing India's commitment to enhancing economic opportunities for its diaspora.
Strategic Bilateral Engagements
Alongside the G-20 interactions, Modi engaged in several significant bilateral meetings with leaders from various nations, including British Prime Minister David Cameron and German Chancellor Angela Merkel. These discussions offered a platform for India to not only assert its economic ambitions but also to strengthen its diplomatic ties with major economies. Modi's presence at a dinner hosted by Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe further highlighted the building of strategic partnerships.
Moreover, before the formal commencement of the G-20 summit, an informal gathering of the BRICS leaders took place, initiated by Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff. This meeting demonstrated the group's continued relevance and cooperation on emerging developmental issues, such as the establishment and functioning of the New Development Bank. Through these various engagements, India under Modi's leadership has asserted its influence in global dialogues, fostering collaborations that extend beyond financial governance into broader socio-economic realms.
Enhanced Regional Focus
The Narendra Modi government's foreign policy marks a significant shift towards reinvigorating India's relationships with its immediate neighbors in South Asia. Acknowledging that previous administrations may have overlooked these critical interactions, Prime Minister Modi made it a hallmark of his foreign policy to prioritize regional cooperation. His commitment was evident from the onset when he extended invitations to the heads of state from Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, Afghanistan, and Sri Lanka to his inauguration ceremony. This initiative set a positive tone for subsequent diplomatic engagements and emphasized the importance of fostering collaborative ties among South Asian countries.
During Modi's first attendance at the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) summit in Kathmandu, he articulated clear goals aimed at enhancing regional connectivity, trade, and infrastructure. By promoting greater people-to-people contact and creating commercial linkages within the SAARC states, Modi underscored the potential for a more integrated South Asia. Nonetheless, the presence of China, an observer in SAARC, highlighted the complex dynamics at play. China's active push for a more prominent role in the region through infrastructure investment and initiatives like the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and the Maritime Silk Road has raised concerns in India regarding the balance of influence in South Asia.
India's efforts to boost regional connectivity included significant proposals like the 'Regulation of Passenger and Cargo Vehicular Traffic amongst SAARC Member States' to facilitate seamless movement across borders, the 'SAARC Regional Agreement on Railways' to establish an international rail service, and the 'SAARC Framework Agreement for Energy Cooperation'. These initiatives aimed to address the longstanding energy deficits and enhance economic interdependence within the region, often classified as one of the most energy-starved areas globally. However, Pakistan's reluctance to endorse these proposals threatened to derail the summit. The tension between the two nations was palpable, though a brief exchange between India's Foreign Minister Sushma Swaraj and Pakistan's foreign affairs advisor Sartaj Aziz offered a glimmer of hope for de-escalation. Nevertheless, interactions were limited due to the prevailing diplomatic standoff.
Despite the friction with Pakistan, Modi's engagements were not entirely hindered. He seized the opportunity to meet bilaterally with leaders from Afghanistan, Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Maldives, and Sri Lanka during the summit, reinforcing India's commitment to nurturing partnerships with its neighbors. The Nepalese leadership, embodying the mediatory spirit, worked diligently to ensure that dialogue continued, ultimately leading to a handshake between Modi and Pakistan's Prime Minister Sharif, albeit primarily as a gesture to salvage the summit's integrity. Ultimately, the signing of the 'SAARC Framework Agreement for Energy Cooperation' served as a strategic compromise, allowing member nations to leave the Kathmandu summit with a semblance of progress in the face of prevailing tensions.
India's Engagement with APEC
While India is not a member of the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), its relationship with the organization has seen encouraging developments in recent years. During the 2014 APEC summit held in Beijing, Chinese President Xi Jinping extended an invitation to Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi to attend as a guest. This gesture reflects a broader willingness from China to support India's ambitions for membership in APEC, a crucial platform for promoting economic growth and regional integration among the Pacific Rim nations.
India's bid for APEC membership garners backing not only from China but also from other significant member states like Russia and Vietnam. These endorsements highlight India's growing influence in the region and its strategic partnerships aimed at enhancing economic collaboration with key economies. Additionally, India's burgeoning economic base and its potential as a market make it an attractive candidate for APEC membership, further prompting discussions around its enhanced participation in multilateral economic frameworks.
Despite the invitation to attend the summit, Prime Minister Modi opted not to participate, citing a busy diplomatic schedule and a planned state visit to China the following year. This decision underscores India's careful diplomatic balancing act in navigating relationships with regional powers while also considering its own strategic interests. The absence from the summit, however, does not diminish India's intention to strengthen ties with Asia-Pacific nations and engage in dialogues that can lead to future collaboration and integration within the region's dynamic economic landscape.
As India continues to expand its footprint in international affairs, particularly in the Asia-Pacific region, it is likely to revisit its strategy towards APEC. Strengthening economic relations through trade agreements and participation in forums can play a pivotal role in India's quest for membership, ultimately aiming to foster closer ties with the economy-driven states of the Asia-Pacific basin.
International Agency for Solar Technologies and Applications
Under the leadership of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, India has made significant strides in promoting renewable energy on a global scale. One of the hallmark initiatives is the formation of the International Agency for Solar Technologies and Applications (INSTA), which unites 120 nations in a collaborative effort to harness solar energy. This alliance reflects Modi's commitment to addressing climate change and promoting sustainable energy solutions while facilitating technology transfer and knowledge sharing among member countries.
The establishment of INSTA aims not only to foster solar energy adoption but also to enhance energy security and resilience across different regions. By bringing nations together, the coalition seeks to create a comprehensive framework for cooperation in solar technologies and applications, facilitating joint research and development projects, capacity building, and the sharing of best practices. This initiative aligns with India's broader goals of achieving significant renewable energy targets, including the ambition to generate 500 gigawatts of renewable power by 2030.
Furthermore, the INSTA initiative underscores India's role as a leader in the global renewable energy movement. By championing solar energy, India seeks to set an example for other countries, particularly those with abundant sunlight and energy needs. The collaboration not only positions India as a key player in the renewable energy landscape but also encourages investments in green technology, stimulates economic growth, and helps mitigate the adverse impacts of climate change on a global scale. The establishment of such partnerships is crucial for achieving the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals, particularly in relation to affordable and clean energy.
Asia Africa Growth Corridor (AAGC)
The Asia Africa Growth Corridor (AAGC) represents a significant strategic initiative established in November 2016, during a summit between Japan's Prime Minister Shinzo Abe and India's Prime Minister Narendra Modi. This collaboration is rooted in a shared vision to foster robust industrial corridors and an expansive industrial network aimed at stimulating growth across Asia and Africa. The mutual acknowledgment of the shifting dynamics of global economic activities towards the Indo-Pacific is paramount in the development of the AAGC, positioning it as a vital player in the evolving economic landscape.
At the heart of the AAGC initiative is the ambition to offer an alternative development model that emphasizes the importance of partnership between developed and developing nations. This model is designed not only for mutual benefit but also seeks to address the diverse needs of participating regions through enhanced interconnectivity, infrastructure development, and capacity building. By facilitating infrastructure investments and technology transfers, the AAGC aims to empower African nations and promote sustainable development.
This collaborative framework also aims to complement existing efforts, such as China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), by presenting an inclusive approach that prioritizes transparency, sustainability, and the welfare of all stakeholders involved. Through the AAGC, India and Japan are not only looking to advance their economic interests but also to contribute positively to the socio-economic fabric of Africa, fostering conditions for long-term growth and development.
In practice, the initiatives under the AAGC focus on sectors critical to both regions, including human resource development, technology sharing, and infrastructure projects that can spur economic activities. Joint ventures in education, healthcare, and renewable energy are examples of potential areas where India and Japan can work collaboratively with African nations. This integrated approach showcases a commitment to creating a win-win scenario that nurtures growth, while respecting the unique cultural and developmental contexts of the countries involved.
As the AAGC progresses, it will likely evolve to encompass additional stakeholders and areas of cooperation, further solidifying the Indo-Pacific's role as a central hub of global economic activity. Through sustained engagement and investment, the Asia Africa Growth Corridor has the potential to redefine development paradigms, ensuring that future economic growth is both inclusive and equitable.