Foreign Relations Initiatives
As the Chief Minister of Gujarat, Narendra Modi made significant strides in enhancing the state's global visibility and economic prospects through extensive foreign relations initiatives. His frequent foreign trips were strategically aimed at creating and promoting business relations with key Asian economies. Notably, his engagements with Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe during meetings in 2007 and 2012 helped cultivate a strong personal rapport between the two leaders. This relationship not only emphasized the potential for bilateral cooperation but also highlighted Japan's investment interests in India, particularly in areas like infrastructure and technology.
Modi's diplomatic endeavors extended beyond Japan, as he actively sought to foster deeper economic ties with other nations such as China and Israel. His outreach to China reflected the desire to attract investment into Gujarat and strengthen trade relations that could enhance regional economic growth. Meanwhile, his relationships with Israel were particularly focused on broadening cooperation beyond traditional sectors like defense and agriculture. Ambassador Alon Ushpiz's insights indicate that Modi's proactive diplomatic approach was instrumental in diversifying the Indian economy's collaborative landscape, opening doors for advancements in sectors like technology and innovation.
Modi's efforts culminated in the Vibrant Gujarat initiative, a biannual international business summit he organized to attract global investment into his home state. The summit significantly contributed to establishing Gujarat's reputation as a business-friendly environment. By showcasing the state's development potential and facilitating interactions between international investors and local businesses, Modi effectively positioned Gujarat as a premier investment destination in India. This initiative not only augmented his image as a pro-development leader but also laid a foundation for broader foreign investment strategies that would be pivotal in his later role as Prime Minister of India.
Modi's 2014 general election campaign was marked by an unorthodox approach to foreign policy discussions, prioritizing domestic concerns over extensive geopolitical rhetoric. While he did not deliver major foreign policy speeches, he notably addressed China's potential aggression along the contested border between the two nations, asserting a firm stance on national security. Additionally, he highlighted the issue of "illegal immigration" from Bangladesh, emphasizing the need for policies that cater to the concerns of states like Assam and West Bengal. Modi framed the narrative around Hindus living abroad, proposing that those facing persecution would have a pathway to asylum in India, which resonated with his base and showcased his commitment to minority rights from a nationalist perspective.
In acknowledging the significance of his role as the first Prime Minister born post-independence, Modi signaled a shift in India’s global outlook. He recognized the necessity of evolving traditional diplomatic ties and pledged to pursue a robust foreign policy that would not only enhance India's standing on the global stage but also deepen economic engagements. His approach indicated a readiness to negotiate and trade with neighboring China while ensuring that the External Affairs Ministry shifted its focus towards developing trade agreements rather than being solely preoccupied with geopolitical complexities.
Modi's initial foreign policy vision emerged as early as 2013 when he participated in the Think India dialogue platform. During this session, he articulated his priorities, emphasizing the importance of strong relations with neighboring countries. He asserted that fostering peace and stability in South Asia was paramount for realizing his broader development goals for India. Additionally, his innovative idea of "paradiplomacy" underscored the need for Indian states and cities to engage directly with other nations, potentially creating a more dynamic foreign relations framework. This initiative aimed not only to enhance trade relations but also to empower regional entities in the global arena.
Furthermore, Modi's international diplomacy began to take shape following his electoral victory, as he responded warmly to congratulatory messages from global leaders. This early outreach laid the groundwork for a more active and engaged Indian presence in international politics. His government quickly moved to solidify relationships with various nations, enhancing India's strategic partnerships while promoting bilateral trade as the engine of India’s foreign policy. By combining economic interests with diplomatic efforts, Modi set a transformative tone for India’s foreign relations that has continued to evolve under his leadership.
In his inaugural ceremony as Prime Minister, Narendra Modi strategically extended an invitation to the leaders of neighboring countries, signaling a shift in India’s foreign policy approach. Prior to the ceremony, Modi had notably worked to soften his public image, which had been characterized by his past as a hardliner. By inviting all heads of state and government from the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), Modi aimed to convey a message of unity and cooperation in the region. This move underscored his intention to prioritize diplomatic relations with neighboring nations right from the start of his leadership.
The attendance at the inauguration was significant, with key leaders from the SAARC nations present, such as Afghanistan's Hamid Karzai, Pakistan's Nawaz Sharif, and Nepal's Sushil Koirala. The participation of these leaders was indicative of the importance they placed on their relationship with India and also highlighted Modi's commitment to fostering stronger ties within the region. Additionally, not only leaders from the SAARC attended, but also Mauritius’ Navin Ramgoolam, representing a broader engagement strategy that included countries beyond direct neighbors.
The inclusion of a diverse set of attendees also showcased India's diplomatic reach, as it welcomed Lobsang Sangay, the Prime Minister of the Central Tibetan Administration. His presence at the event represented Modi's nuanced approach to sensitive issues relating to Tibet, differing from previous administrations. Furthermore, the international media's positive reception of the ceremony was a notable contrast to prior critiques of Modi's foreign policy stance, suggesting a potential for improved perceptions and relations globally as India navigated its international engagements going forward.
By creating an environment of camaraderie and cooperation among South Asian leaders, Modi's inauguration marked a significant turning point in India's foreign policy, opening doors for deeper collaboration and dialogue, as well as setting a diplomatic tone that would resonate throughout his tenure.
Approach of P5 Nations
The ascent of Narendra Modi to the premiership of India marked a pivotal moment in the country's foreign relations, particularly with the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (P5). In a clear demonstration of interest and intent, envoys from all P5 nations – the United States, United Kingdom, Russia, China, and France – made significant visits to India within the first three months of his administration. This was indicative not only of Modi’s eagerness to foster deeper geopolitical ties but also of India’s enduring aspirations for a permanent seat on the UNSC, which remains a point of significant discourse in international diplomacy, considering India’s growing economic and military clout.
China was quick to engage with India following Modi's election, as evidenced by the visit of Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi to New Delhi on June 8, 2014. This visit underscored a mutual willingness to resolve long-standing border disputes, highlighting the strategic importance both nations place on their relationship amid shifting regional dynamics. It also illustrated Modi's diplomatic approach of seeking to stabilize relationships with neighboring countries while navigating complex historical tensions.
Russia continued its long-standing friendship with India showcasing diligence in diplomatic outreach through the visit of Deputy Chairman Dmitry Rogozin in mid-June 2014. Their discussions revolved around strengthening defense cooperation, particularly in joint defense production—a highlighted priority in Modi's governmental agenda. A meeting between Modi and President Vladimir Putin during the BRICS summit in Brazil further reinforced this partnership, signaling an ongoing commitment to collaborative defense and energy projects, which are crucial elements given India's defense modernization needs and Russia’s role as a major arms supplier.
France, recognizing India's potential as a partner, also took significant steps to solidify ties. French Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius's visit from June 29 to July 2, 2014, included high-level discussions focused on defense and strategic partnerships. The urgency surrounding the completion of the Dassault Rafale jet deal was a primary focus, considering the delays faced in the Medium Multi-Role Combat Aircraft (MMRCA) project. France's proactive stance reflected the competitive landscape of defense procurement and the necessity for timely agreements to enhance bilateral cooperation.
From the UK, Foreign Secretary William Hague's visit further emphasized the competitive nature of defense negotiations, as he advocated for the consideration of the Eurofighter Typhoon as an alternative to the Rafale jets. This overt lobbying underscored the ongoing quest for India to diversify its defense partnerships while simultaneously navigating the intricacies of both existing agreements and potential future procurements.
The United States, through Secretary of State John Kerry, showcased an interest in bolstering relations with India as a key element in the broader Indo-Pacific strategy. Kerry's comments, referencing Modi's campaign slogan "Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikaas," resonated with India's vision of inclusive development, subsequently laying the foundation for Modi's anticipated visit to the U.S. In the context of the 2014 Ukraine crisis, the diplomatic exchange also underscored India's careful balancing act of maintaining traditional ties with Russia while engaging with Western powers—a clear signal of continuity in India's foreign policy transcending political transitions, as articulated by External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj. This portrays an India that is steadily asserting its place on the global stage with a commitment to a pragmatic and consistent foreign policy agenda.
2019 General Election Campaign
During the 2019 general election in India, Prime Minister Narendra Modi's campaign strategy was notably distinct from previous electoral efforts. Unlike earlier elections where he actively engaged in extensive campaigning, Modi largely delegated the responsibility to Amit Shah, who was then the president of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). This shift indicated a strategic pivot towards allowing party leaders to take the forefront while he maintained his position as the prime ministerial candidate.
Modi's campaign was characterized by a strong focus on national security, particularly in the context of India-Pakistan relations. The backdrop of the Pulwama attack in February 2019, where a terrorist attack claimed the lives of 40 Indian paramilitary personnel, served as a critical turning point in Modi's rhetoric. He condemned the attack vehemently in his rallies and framed his government as a robust defender of national sovereignty. The subsequent Balakot airstrike, which was carried out by the Indian Air Force in response to the attack, became a pivotal topic throughout his campaign, underscoring Modi's narrative of decisive leadership in combating terrorism.
This emphasis on national security resonated with many voters and played an essential role in shaping the electoral landscape. Modi effectively utilized social media platforms and public rallies to amplify his message, portraying himself as a strong leader capable of taking necessary actions to ensure safety and security. His strategy smartly blended emotional appeals with nationalist sentiments, tapping into the electorate's concerns about safety and the integrity of the nation. Overall, Modi's approach in the 2019 general election not only reinforced his image as a decisive leader but also highlighted the BJP's prioritization of national security as a cornerstone of its governance agenda.
Inauguration of India’s 16th Prime Minister
Narendra Modi commenced his second term as the 16th Prime Minister of India on May 30, 2019, following his swearing-in ceremony that marked a significant milestone in Indian politics. The event was attended by an array of dignitaries, including heads of state from all the countries within the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) framework. This presence was notably historic as it showcased India's emphasis on strengthening regional ties with its neighbors in Southeast Asia and South Asia.
The ceremony not only set the tone for Modi's new term but also emphasized the importance of multilateral diplomacy in India's foreign policy approach. By inviting BIMSTEC leaders, Modi aimed to reinforce the strategic partnership and economic cooperation among member states, which include countries like Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. The previous administration had laid a foundation for these relations, but Modi’s involvement was seen as a renewed commitment to achieving greater economic integration and political collaboration among these nations.
In addition to focusing on regional dynamics, Modi's government has continued to address global challenges, such as terrorism and climate change, working closely with international partners. The presence of these leaders at the ceremony highlighted India’s growing influence in regional geopolitics and its commitment to fostering a collaborative approach towards shared issues that affect the collective security and economic prosperity of the BIMSTEC nations. Modi's tenure has thus not only been about domestic policies but also about enhancing India's stature on the global stage through strategic alliances and dialogues.
Foreign Policy Team and Key Appointments
Under the leadership of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, India's foreign policy witnessed a significant transformation, reflecting the nation's growing influence on the global stage. Sushma Swaraj, a senior Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) leader, was appointed as the Minister of External Affairs. Her appointment was particularly noteworthy as she became the first woman to take up this critical portfolio, marking a significant moment in Indian politics. Swaraj had previously served as the leader of the opposition in the Lok Sabha from 2009 to 2014, during which she engaged with numerous international dignitaries. This extensive exposure allowed her to develop a nuanced understanding of global diplomatic dynamics, instrumental in shaping India's foreign relations during her tenure.
Modi's government also placed a great emphasis on national security by appointing Ajit Doval, a distinguished intelligence officer, as the National Security Advisor (NSA). Doval's extensive experience in intelligence and counter-terrorism informed his approach to national security, aligning closely with Modi's vision of a robust and proactive foreign policy. This duo was pivotal in navigating regional challenges, especially regarding India's neighbors, such as Pakistan and China, and addressing issues related to terrorism and security threats.
A significant shake-up occurred on January 28, 2015, just one day after the successful visit of U.S. President Barack Obama to India. The Modi administration dismissed Foreign Secretary Sujatha Singh and brought in Subrahmanyam Jaishankar as her successor. Jaishankar, who served as India's ambassador to the United States prior to his appointment, was recognized for his adept diplomatic skills, particularly in revitalizing the Indo-U.S. relationship. Modi's dissatisfaction with Singh's diplomatic effectiveness contrasted sharply with his admiration for Jaishankar's capabilities, exemplifying a strategic pivot towards cultivating stronger international partnerships. Additionally, Modi's foreign policy team included other key figures like Arvind Gupta, who served as deputy NSA, and MJ Akbar, appointed as Minister of State for External Affairs, further strengthening the government's diplomatic framework.
Overall, the Modi administration's approach to foreign policy emphasized strategic appointments and the strengthening of diplomatic relationships, aiming to position India as a leading player on the world stage. The focus on security, combined with a more assertive diplomatic stance, characterized the era, as the government sought to address not only immediate concerns but also long-term strategic interests. This holistic approach has had lasting implications for India's role in international affairs, allowing it to engage effectively with major world powers and regional partners alike.
Strategic Incoherence Critique
Former National Security Adviser and Foreign Secretary Shivshankar Menon has expressed concerns regarding the foreign policy direction of the Modi Government, describing it as one marked by "strategic incoherence." According to Menon, this approach lacks an overarching conceptual framework, which could provide a more cohesive strategy in India's international dealings. Critics argue that without a clear and unified vision, foreign policy initiatives may be reactive rather than proactive, leading to a fragmented global presence and diminished strategic partnerships.
Recent Policy Initiatives
Despite the critiques, the Modi Government has embarked on numerous foreign policy initiatives that have drawn significant attention on the global stage. The "Neighborhood First" policy aims to strengthen ties with neighboring countries, promoting regional stability and cooperation. This initiative highlights India's commitment to enhancing connectivity through initiatives like the India-Sri Lanka Economic Cooperation Agreement and the India-Bangladesh Land Boundary Agreement. Strengthening relationships with South Asian nations is crucial, as it helps address mutual security concerns and fosters economic collaboration.
Engagement with Major Powers
In addition to focusing on its immediate neighborhood, the Modi Government has actively sought to deepen relationships with major global powers, including the United States, Russia, and Japan. The strategic partnership with the United States has become a cornerstone of Indian foreign policy, underscored by defense cooperation and shared interests in countering regional threats. The Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad), which includes India, the U.S., Japan, and Australia, represents a collective effort to ensure a free and open Indo-Pacific, reflecting a commitment to democratic values and regional stability.
Balancing Partnerships in a Multipolar World
Moreover, India's foreign policy under Modi has attempted to navigate the complexities of a multipolar world. By engaging with a spectrum of countries, including traditional allies and emerging powers, India aims to position itself as a key player on the global stage. The Modi Government has also placed emphasis on India's role in multilateral organizations, seeking to reform institutions like the United Nations Security Council to reflect contemporary geopolitical realities. This engagement not only highlights India’s aspirations but also underscores the importance of adapting its foreign policy to a rapidly changing international landscape.
Cultural Diplomacy and Soft Power
In addition to strategic and diplomatic efforts, the current government has recognized the role of cultural diplomacy as a vital component of foreign policy. Initiatives like the International Day of Yoga have showcased India's cultural heritage on a global platform, enhancing its soft power and fostering people-to-people connections. Soft power strategies, including Bollywood, Indian cuisine, and festivals, have been employed to improve India's image abroad and facilitate stronger ties with various countries, appealing to shared values and interests.
Conclusion
In summary, while critiques from figures like Shivshankar Menon highlight potential shortcomings in the Modi Government's foreign policy approach, the administration has nonetheless been active in pursuing a variety of initiatives aimed at enhancing India's global presence. From engaging neighbors to strengthening ties with major powers and promoting cultural diplomacy, India's foreign policy under Modi reflects a multifaceted approach that seeks to navigate a complex global environment while addressing the aspirations of its citizens.
Act East Policy
The Modi government has revitalized India's foreign policy by placing significant emphasis on improving relationships with ASEAN nations and other countries in East Asia. This approach builds upon the foundational framework established by the Look East Policy, which was initiated during Prime Minister Narasimha Rao's tenure in 1992. Originally formulated to enhance economic engagements with India's eastern neighbors, the Look East Policy has evolved over the years. Successive administrations have effectively transitioned it into a multifaceted strategy aimed at establishing robust strategic partnerships and fostering security cooperation, especially with key nations such as Vietnam and Japan.
During her recent visit to Hanoi, Vietnam, Sushma Swaraj articulated the necessity of adopting an "Act East Policy" to supersede the more passive contours of the Look East Policy which has guided Indian diplomacy for over twenty years. She emphasized that India must take on a more proactive stance in the East Asian region, addressing the complexities of contemporary geopolitical dynamics and engaging more meaningfully with regional players. The Act East Policy aims not only at enhancing economic ties but also at strengthening defense cooperation and regional security frameworks, thereby positioning India as a significant player in East Asia's evolving strategic landscape.
This shift towards the Act East Policy reflects India's recognition of the growing importance of the Indo-Pacific region, characterized by increased economic interdependence and multifaceted challenges, including territorial disputes and maritime security issues. By fostering closer ties with ASEAN, Japan, and other strategically vital countries, India seeks to contribute to regional stability and counterbalance the influence of with China in the region. As part of this endeavor, India has enhanced its military partnerships, participated in joint exercises, and contributed to capacity-building initiatives, underscoring its commitment to a collaborative security architecture in East Asia.
In conclusion, India's Act East Policy not only symbolizes a significant shift in diplomatic engagement but also illustrates India's ambition to play a crucial role on the global stage. Through stronger ties with East Asia, India hopes to bolster its economic growth, enhance security cooperation, and promote a stable and prosperous Indo-Pacific region, thereby aligning its strategic interests with those of its regional partners. The proactive measures embedded in this policy are essential for addressing the challenges and opportunities presented by an increasingly interconnected world.
Neighbourhood First Policy
One of the cornerstone initiatives of Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s foreign policy is the "Neighbourhood First" strategy, which underscores India's commitment to strengthening and revitalizing its relationships with countries in South Asia. This approach emphasizes the importance of regional stability and progress, reflecting a shift from previous paradigms to prioritizing immediate neighbors. The foundation of this strategy can be traced back to the Gujral Doctrine, which established five guiding principles for fostering positive relations with neighboring countries. Through this framework, India aimed to engage with its neighbors without expecting reciprocation, promoting goodwill and cooperation.
Even prior to officially taking office, Modi made it clear that his administration would prioritize enhancing diplomatic ties with South Asian nations. This commitment was showcased dramatically at his inauguration, during which he extended invitations to the leaders of all South Asian countries. This notable gesture was followed by a series of bilateral talks that took place on his second day in office, which garnered significant media attention and was dubbed a "mini SAARC summit." This immediate engagement set the tone for Modi’s foreign policy, emphasizing his intent to build a collaborative regional framework.
In a further demonstration of this policy's commitment, Modi announced the development of a dedicated SAARC satellite during a ceremony at the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). This satellite aims to facilitate the sharing of technological advancements, particularly in sectors such as telemedicine and e-learning, among the South Asian countries. The initiative complements existing programs like the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme, fostering a spirit of collaboration and mutual benefit in the region. The satellite not only represents a technological milestone but also symbolizes India’s readiness to lead in providing resources and support for regional development.
Overall, the "Neighbourhood First" policy signifies a transformative approach in India’s foreign relations with South Asia, seeking to establish a framework of peace, cooperation, and development. By actively engaging with neighboring nations, addressing common challenges, and sharing resources, the Modi government aims to create a robust collaborative atmosphere that transcends historical tensions and fosters unity in the region.
The Significance of the Indian Ocean Region
The Indian Ocean Region (IOR) has historically been regarded as India's maritime backyard, a crucial area for its economic and security interests. However, in recent years, the region has attracted significant international attention, particularly due to China's increasing strategic footprint through initiatives like the Maritime Silk Road. This growing presence of China has prompted India to reevaluate and bolster its own engagement with neighboring countries within the IOR. By fostering stronger economic and security ties, India aims to counterbalance Chinese influence and maintain its traditional sphere of influence in the region.
Strategic Diplomacy Initiatives
The turning point in India's engagement with the IOR came during the visit of Sri Lankan President Maithripala Sirisena to New Delhi in February 2015. This meeting heralded a new phase of diplomatic outreach, focused on reaffirming India's commitment to regional stability through collaboration. Prime Minister Narendra Modi's subsequent visits to Mauritius, Seychelles, and Sri Lanka further emphasized the importance of these relationships, showcasing India's proactive stance in the IOR. While the trip initially included the Maldives, political unrest there necessitated a last-minute adjustment to the itinerary, highlighting the complexities India faces in regional diplomacy.
Reasserting Influence Ahead of Key Summits
In the lead-up to Modi's visit to China in May 2015, India was keen to illustrate its strategic supremacy over the Indian Ocean. This positioning was not merely about countering China but also about showcasing the cordial and cooperative relationships India had built with its maritime neighbors. By nurturing these ties, India sought to project an image of strength and reliability, contrasting with China’s more aggressive maritime posture in areas such as the South China Sea. The IOR thus became a focal point in India's broader foreign policy strategy, demonstrating its commitment to safeguarding its interests while promoting regional peace and cooperation.
Regional Cooperation through Development
In addition to strengthening bilateral relations, India has also focused on multilateral initiatives aimed at fostering stability in the IOR. India's approach includes providing development assistance to island nations and engaging in maritime security cooperation to ensure safe navigation and combat piracy. Initiatives like the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) further reflect India's eagerness to build a collective regional architecture that prioritizes economic development and security collaboration. By positioning itself as a leader in the IOR, India seeks to create an environment conducive to long-term peace, ultimately countering any hegemonic aspirations that may emerge from external powers, particularly China.
Through these concerted efforts, India's foreign policy under Prime Minister Modi has not only reinforced its influence in the Indian Ocean but has also laid the groundwork for a more integrated and cooperative regional framework that can withstand external pressures while promoting mutual interests.
Project Mausam: A Strategic Initiative
In the context of rising Chinese naval presence in the Indian Ocean, which India asserts as its zone of influence, the Modi government has launched an ambitious initiative known as Project Mausam. This project is perceived as a strategic counter to China's Maritime Silk Road (MSR) initiative, which aims to expand China's economic influence through maritime routes. Project Mausam, utilizing the word for 'weather' or 'season' in various South and Southeast Asian languages, acknowledges the historical significance of seasonal monsoon winds that once facilitated maritime trade and cultural exchanges across the region.
The essence of Project Mausam lies in its focus on revitalizing ancient trade routes and cultural connections while enabling modern maritime collaboration among countries surrounding the Indian Ocean. This initiative places India at the heart of a network that includes nations from Southeast Asia to East Africa, where it not only looks to foster economic ties but also seeks to enhance cultural diplomacy. By emphasizing shared heritage and common historical ties, India aims to strengthen its influence and leadership in maritime matters while promoting a collaborative environment for development, trade, and sustainable practices among its maritime neighbors.
As Project Mausam continues to evolve, it is crucial for India to craft well-defined strategies that integrate historical narratives with contemporary geopolitical realities. This approach can potentially lead to stronger partnerships, increased trade volumes, and joint initiatives in areas such as maritime security, disaster management, and environmental sustainability. Engaging with regional stakeholders through this multifaceted project could help mitigate tensions arising from China's expanding presence in the Indian Ocean, thus enabling India to solidify its maritime security and assert its position as a dominant player in the region.
Strengthening Ties with the Pacific Islands
In a calculated move to reinforce India's presence in the South Pacific, Prime Minister Narendra Modi chose to visit Fiji shortly after the restoration of democracy in the island nation, which had been under a prolonged suspension of democratic governance for nearly eight years. This visit held special significance as it laid the groundwork for heightened engagement between India and the Pacific Islands. During his brief but impactful trip, Modi not only held bilateral discussions with Fijian leaders but also convened a meeting with heads of state and government from 14 Pacific Island nations. The key outcome of this gathering was Modi's proposal for a regular 'Forum for India-Pacific Islands Cooperation' (FIPIC), aimed at promoting collaborative efforts tailored to the unique development priorities of these nations.
Modi's commitment to the Pacific Islands was underscored by a series of ambitious initiatives designed to strengthen India's ties with the region further. Among these was the announcement of a substantial 'special fund of $1 billion' dedicated to addressing climate change challenges and promoting clean energy solutions tailored to the specific vulnerabilities of Pacific Island countries. This funding proposal signified India's recognition of the existential threats posed by climate change to island nations, who are often on the frontlines of this global crisis. Additionally, the establishment of a 'trade office' in India was envisioned to facilitate deeper economic ties and promote bilateral trade opportunities.
Recognizing the importance of modern communication and connectivity, Modi proposed the creation of the 'Pan Pacific Islands e-network.' This initiative aims to bridge the significant physical distance between the islands through improved digital connectivity. By enhancing communication infrastructure, these islands could better access information and resources essential for their socio-economic development. Another notable measure included the extension of visa-on-arrival facilities for citizens of all fourteen Pacific Island countries traveling to India, aimed at boosting tourism and fostering people-to-people connections.
The Prime Minister also highlighted the potential for 'space cooperation' in advancing technologies that can directly improve the living conditions of inhabitants of the Pacific Islands. This could involve satellite-based applications in various sectors, such as agriculture, disaster management, and maritime security, which are critical for the region's development. Furthermore, Modi's initiative to train diplomats from Pacific Island nations was envisaged to promote mutual understanding and enhance diplomatic relations between India and these nations.
In a demonstration of the geopolitical importance of the region, it is worth noting that just two days after Modi's visit, Chinese President Xi Jinping visited Fiji as well, engaging with the same leaders Modi had met. This parallel diplomatic engagement underscored the intensifying competition for influence in the South Pacific between India and China, as both nations seek to solidify their relationships with these strategically located island countries. As both nations vie for influence, the outcomes of these visits will likely shape the future of India's foreign policy strategy in the Pacific and the balance of power in the region.
Fast-track Diplomacy: A New Approach
In the wake of Narendra Modi's government, the concept of "Fast Track Diplomacy" emerged, marking a notable shift in India's foreign policy strategy. Shortly after the first 100 days of the Modi administration, the External Affairs Ministry released a comprehensive booklet titled "Fast Track Diplomacy," which provided a detailed account of the government's achievements on the international front. This initiative was spearheaded by External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj, who articulated a vision for Indian diplomacy that centered around three critical pillars: being proactive, strong, and sensitive.
The proactive nature of this strategy indicated an intent to engage more dynamically with other nations, ensuring India actively shapes international narratives rather than merely reacting to them. The strong aspect emphasized the need for India to assert itself on the global stage, particularly in areas of national interest and regional stability. Lastly, sensitivity underscored the importance of understanding diverse cultural, political, and economic contexts while engaging with other countries, ensuring that India’s diplomatic actions resonate positively across different societies.
Furthermore, to operationalize this diplomatic framework, Sushma Swaraj held round-table meetings with all Indian heads of missions covering several critical regions, including SAARC, ASEAN, and the Middle East. These meetings served as pivotal follow-up actions to capitalize on the leads generated through high-profile visits and exchanges initiated during Modi's initial term. By bringing together India’s diplomatic corps, Swaraj aimed not only to reinforce existing relationships but also to identify new opportunities for collaboration in various fields such as trade, security, and cultural exchange.
This dynamic diplomatic approach reflects India’s broader ambitions to enhance its status as a key player on the world stage, fostering deeper ties with neighboring countries and beyond. As the Modi administration continues to navigate complex global challenges, the principles of fast-track diplomacy are likely to play a crucial role in shaping future foreign policy initiatives, aimed at maintaining India's strategic interests while promoting peace and cooperation through strengthened alliances.
Para Diplomacy
One of the noteworthy innovations introduced by the Modi administration in India's foreign policy is the concept of paradiplomacy. This approach encourages individual states and cities within India to actively engage and establish unique relationships with foreign nations or specific regions in other countries. By promoting these local-level diplomatic initiatives, the government aims to foster a multifaceted international presence that complements its broader national strategy. This decentralization of diplomatic efforts not only enhances cultural and economic exchanges but also empowers regional administrations to contribute to India's global standing.
In conjunction with the anticipated visit of Chinese President Xi Jinping, significant agreements are poised to be formalized, reflecting the growing importance of these partnerships. Notably, a Town Twinning agreement is expected to be signed between Mumbai and Shanghai, as well as between Ahmedabad and Guangzhou. Furthermore, an agreement on 'sister states' is likely to take shape between Gujarat and Guangdong. These agreements are designed to stimulate direct interaction and collaboration between these cities, which can result in shared best practices in governance, trade, and cultural exchange. This initiative reflects India's intent to not only strengthen its bilateral ties with China but also to harness the capabilities and resources of its states in this endeavor.
The impact of paradiplomacy has already been observed in various engagements, such as the partnership agreement signed between Varanasi and Kyoto, Japan. This collaboration aims to leverage the cultural heritage and tourism potential of both cities, thereby fostering deeper ties that go beyond mere governmental relations. Such initiatives demonstrate the Modi government's belief in the power of local actors in foreign policy, allowing them to pursue their interests and aspirations on the international stage. By integrating paradiplomacy into the overarching framework of Indian foreign policy, the government is not merely redefining diplomatic engagement but is also paving the way for localized global diplomacy that reflects the diverse tapestry of India's regional identities.
East Asia and South East Asia Policy
From the onset of his administration, Prime Minister Narendra Modi has made it unequivocally clear that strengthening relations with ASEAN and East Asian nations will be a cornerstone of India's foreign policy. This strategic pivot is rooted in India's Look East policy, originally laid out during P. V. Narasimha Rao's tenure in 1992, which was intended to enhance economic relations with eastern neighbors. Over the years, successive governments have successfully evolved this policy into a comprehensive framework for strategic partnerships and security cooperation, particularly with key countries like Vietnam and Japan. Modi’s government seeks to build upon this foundation by adopting a more proactive and dynamic approach to engage these regions.
The Modi administration has recently emphasized the importance of an Act East policy, which was highlighted during Sushma Swaraj's visit to Hanoi, Vietnam. This proposed shift aims to supersede the Look East Policy that has guided Indian diplomacy for over two decades, advocating for a more assertive role for India in East Asia. In light of the region's rising significance in the global economic and political landscape, there is a strong impetus for India to deepen its strategic ties, enhance trade partnerships, and collaborate on security initiatives that align with the broader objectives of regional stability and prosperity.
In line with this focus on East Asia, Modi and his foreign minister have prioritized a series of bilateral engagements with key Asian nations. Within the first 100 days of his administration, Modi made noteworthy state visits to Bhutan, Nepal, and Japan, setting an ambitious tone for India’s foreign policy. These visits were followed by engagements with Myanmar and Australia, further reinforcing India's commitment to foster collaborations in the region. The hosting of prominent leaders such as Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott, Chinese President Xi Jinping, and Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyễn Tấn Dũng alongside inviting SAARC leaders to his inauguration highlights the significance Modi places on regional diplomacy.
In parallel, External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj has actively pursued diplomatic relations, making official visits to numerous Asian capitals, including Dhaka, Kathmandu, Naypyidaw, and Hanoi, among others. These efforts reflect a comprehensive strategy aimed at strengthening and expanding India’s geopolitical influence throughout the region. By cultivating ties with nations as diverse as the Maldives, Afghanistan, and the United Arab Emirates, India is positioning itself as a formidable actor in East and South East Asia, aware of the complexities and challenges that define international relations in the 21st century. Through these diplomatic endeavors, the Modi government is affirming its commitment to an interconnected Asia, where India plays a pivotal role in shaping the regional order.
Significance of the South China Sea to India
While India's exclusive economic zone does not encompass the South China Sea, this maritime region holds paramount importance in India’s geopolitical landscape, primarily due to its role as a crucial trade route. A significant portion of India's trade, including oil imports and various goods, traverses these waters, making stability in the South China Sea a national interest. Understanding that about 55% of India’s trade with East Asia passes through the region, the Indian government recognizes the need for a vigilant approach towards developments in this area.
Modi's Act East Policy
Under Prime Minister Narendra Modi's leadership, India has adopted a more assertive foreign policy in the Indo-Pacific region, characterized by the Act East policy. This initiative marks a strategic pivot, focusing on strengthening ties with countries in East and Southeast Asia, thereby fostering economic engagement and security cooperation. By acting as a stabilizing force in the Indo-Pacific, India aims to promote a rules-based order that safeguards maritime navigation and trade. Enhanced partnerships with regional powers can facilitate collective efforts to ensure freedom of navigation, which is increasingly challenged in the South China Sea.
Regional Partnerships and Diplomacy
Modi's government has sought to deepen relationships with key players in the region, including Japan, Australia, and the United States, through forums like the Quad, which promotes a collaborative approach to regional challenges. Maritime security, in particular, remains a focal point of discussions among these nations, emphasizing the importance of international law, including the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Through these diplomatic channels and collaborations, India is voicing its commitment to maintaining peace and stability in the South China Sea, actively countering any unilateral attempts that threaten this balance.
Future Implications
The strategic significance of the South China Sea to India underlines the importance of a multifaceted approach to foreign policy that includes humanitarian outreach, economic partnerships, and military readiness. As tensions in the region continue to evolve, India's role as a stabilizing force is crucial not only for safeguarding its own national interests but also for ensuring a stable and prosperous Indo-Pacific region for all allied nations. Modi's vision for India encompasses a proactive stance wherein enhanced regional engagement could lead to a more secure India, while concurrently contributing to the collective security framework of the Indo-Pacific.
South Asia Policy Under Modi
Even before assuming the role of Prime Minister, Narendra Modi signaled a significant shift in India's foreign policy, particularly focusing on strengthening relationships with its immediate neighbors. This approach has been widely referred to as the "neighborhood first" policy. The emphasis on fostering deeper ties within South Asia reflects Modi's recognition of the region's importance for India's security, economic advancement, and diplomatic influence. Demonstrating his commitment to this policy, Modi made a striking gesture during his inauguration by inviting all heads of state and government from South Asian countries to attend the ceremony. This proactive engagement continued with a series of bilateral talks held on the very next day after his swearing-in, an event that was aptly dubbed a mini SAARC summit by the media.
The "neighborhood first" policy is not merely a diplomatic slogan; it encapsulates Modi's intention to enhance regional cooperation across various fields. One of the most noteworthy initiatives was his ambitious proposal for a dedicated SAARC satellite during an event at the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). This satellite was envisioned as a tool to provide services such as telemedicine and e-learning, aimed at improving access to essential resources in neighboring countries. Such initiatives are designed to promote technological collaboration and build a sense of shared progress among South Asian nations, paving the way for greater interdependence and mutual prosperity.
Moreover, Modi's administration has strived to address long-standing issues within the region, such as trade barriers and cross-border connectivity. The Prime Minister has highlighted the need for infrastructure projects, such as roads, railways, and energy corridors, that enhance connectivity not only between India and its neighbors but also within the region itself. By fostering an environment of cooperation, Modi seeks to present India as a responsible and pivotal player in South Asia, promoting peace, stability, and development.
The neighborhood first policy has also been marked by an increased emphasis on cultural and people-to-people connections. Initiatives encouraging tourism, educational exchanges, and cultural dialogue have become a cornerstone of Modi's foreign policy in South Asia. This multifaceted approach underscores the belief that deeper ties at the grassroots level can lead to stronger diplomatic relations, facilitating a nurturing atmosphere of understanding and collaboration. In essence, Modi's engagement with South Asia aims not only at political alliances but also at fostering a collective regional identity that can tackle the common challenges faced by these nations.
West Asia Policy
India's approach to West Asia, often referred to as the Middle East in Western discourse, underscores a nuanced understanding of the region, emphasizing its historical and cultural significance. By labelling it as West Asia, the Indian External Affairs Ministry seeks to infuse a sense of regional identity that reflects its geopolitical considerations. This perspective aligns with India's broader strategy of fostering robust diplomatic ties beyond conventional categories. The strategic location of West Asia not only enhances its relevance to India but also signifies the importance of collaborative partnerships in addressing regional security and development issues.
The economic ties between India and West Asia are critical for both parties, with the region supplying nearly two-thirds of India's oil imports. This dependency on energy underscores the necessity for stable bilateral relations, especially with major oil-exporting nations like Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and Kuwait. In recent years, trade figures have surged, marking a significant uptick in economic interaction. The burgeoning trade relations reflect the integration of India's economic ambitions with the developmental goals of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, particularly as they diversify their economies away from oil dependency in light of changing global energy dynamics.
Moreover, the significant Indian diaspora in the Gulf plays a crucial role in strengthening ties between India and West Asia. Millions of Indian nationals, primarily from working-class backgrounds, have migrated to the region in search of better employment opportunities. Their contributions to the economies of Gulf states are manifold, helping to fuel local growth while also ensuring a steady stream of remittances back to India. These remittances constitute a critical financial lifeline for numerous families in India, thus playing a vital role in the Indian economy. The Indian government is cognizant of this dynamic and actively works to protect the interests and welfare of its citizens abroad, thereby enhancing the soft power of India in the region.
Furthermore, India's West Asia policy is increasingly intertwined with broader geopolitical shifts. As the region grapples with various challenges, such as conflict, radicalism, and humanitarian crises, India positions itself as a potential mediator and partner in promoting stability and development. This involves a careful balancing act of maintaining good relations across diverse factions, including relationships with Israel, Palestine, and Iran. By adopting a pragmatic and inclusive approach, India seeks to bolster its influence in a region where geopolitical allegiances can shift rapidly. Through engagement in multilateral frameworks and regional dialogues, India aims not just to safeguard its interests but also to contribute positively to the overall stability of West Asia.
Strengthening Ties with the West
Under the leadership of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, India's foreign policy has focused on establishing and strengthening ties with its western neighbors, particularly in the Persian Gulf region. This strategic initiative, termed the "Link West" policy, complements his broader "Act East" approach aimed at engaging with East Asia. While the term "Link West" suggests a wider geographical scope, the primary emphasis lies on fostering connections with the Middle East, an area of significant geopolitical and economic importance. The Modi government’s approach towards West Asia has gained momentum, actively redefining India's foreign relations and enhancing its presence in a region characterized by both cultural affiliations and shared strategic interests.
The West Asia Approach has enabled India to improve its diplomatic relations with several Middle Eastern countries since Modi assumed office. His administration has actively engaged in diplomatic visits, trade negotiations, and security partnerships, positioning India as a reliable ally. Enhanced engagement has stimulated bilateral trade, investment, and cultural exchanges, creating a mutually beneficial relationship. Additionally, Indian foreign policymakers have recognized the importance of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries in India’s broader economic landscape, particularly in terms of energy security, trade opportunities, and employment for Indian nationals residing in these countries.
The significance of remittances from GCC countries cannot be overstated, as they play a critical role in the Indian economy. Millions of Indians work in the Gulf region, and their contributions provide much-needed financial support to their families back home. This economic interdependence necessitates a stable and secure environment in the GCC, as any disruptions could impact the flow of these remittances. Consequently, India has positioned itself as a "Security Partner" in the region, showcasing its commitment to regional stability and collaboration in areas such as counter-terrorism and maritime security. Modi's diplomatic efforts have garnered attention and appreciation from Middle Eastern foreign policy experts, further solidifying India's standing as a significant player in this vital region.
In summary, the Link West policy under Modi not only aims to enhance India’s geopolitical footprint in the Middle East but also strives to safeguard economic interests that are paramount for the nation’s growth. By cultivating robust relationships with Middle Eastern nations, India seeks to secure its energy needs, foster trade, and support its diaspora, all while promoting peace and stability in a strategically crucial area of the world.
Stand Against ISIS
In a significant move to combat global terrorism, on December 16, 2014, India's then Home Minister Rajnath Singh made a pivotal announcement in Parliament regarding the designation of ISIS as a banned terrorist organization under the United Nations' framework. This decision reflected India's proactive stance in recognizing and addressing the growing menace posed by radical extremist groups. The government's acknowledgement of ISIS underscored India's commitment to international cooperation in the fight against terrorism and highlighted a concerted effort to safeguard national security.
Following the alarming trend of Indian nationals reportedly joining the ranks of ISIS, the Indian government intensified its efforts to dismantle any potential support networks within the country. On February 26, 2015, India took a decisive step by imposing fresh bans on the Islamic State and its various manifestations, including the Islamic States of Iraq and Syria, as well as the Islamic States of Iraq and Levant. This move was enacted under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, reinforcing India's legislative framework to counter the influence of terrorist organizations. By targeting affiliates and operatives of ISIS, the government aimed to prevent radicalization, recruitment, and the spread of extremist ideology.
India's stringent measures against ISIS were part of a broader strategy to bolster its counter-terrorism capabilities. Alongside legislative actions, there have been efforts to promote community engagement, counter-narratives to extremist propaganda, and enhanced intelligence sharing with international partners. This multi-faceted approach has been crucial in addressing not just the threat of ISIS but also the larger challenge of terrorism that has increasingly affected diverse regions across the globe. India's actions underscored its role in the international fight against terrorism, reflecting a commitment to both regional and global security in an interconnected world.
During the escalation of the 2014 conflict between Israel and Hamas in July, India's diplomatic stance was notably measured. In a significant move, India publicly condemned the violence while urging both parties to de-escalate. However, this condemnation particularly focused on Israel's "disproportionate use of force" in Gaza, which many observers interpreted as a shift from India's traditional, more vocal support for the Palestinian cause. This nuanced position aimed to strike a balance between maintaining strong ties with both Israel and Palestine, reflecting India's broader interest in promoting stability in the region while upholding its commitment to the principles of human rights.
External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj played a critical role in articulating India's position amidst rising tensions. She emphasized that there was "absolutely no change in India's policy towards Palestine," reaffirming the country's long-standing support for the Palestinian cause. Her statements underscored India’s commitment to a dual approach—one that seeks to nurture its relationship with Israel while advocating for Palestinian rights. However, she also resisted calls from opposition members in the Rajya Sabha for a stronger denunciation of Israel, which could have risked India's diplomatic relationships in the region.
In a further reflection of India's diplomatic balancing act, the country later aligned with other BRICS members at the United Nations Human Rights Council by voting in favor of an inquiry into the alleged human rights violations in Gaza. This decision generated a mixed response from the media and analysts in India, highlighting the complexities and sensitivities involved in Indian foreign policy. Many viewed this vote as a necessary step to address humanitarian concerns without undermining the country’s strategic partnerships. Thus, India's approach during the 2014 Israel-Hamas conflict exemplified its broader foreign policy objective of maintaining a delicate equilibrium between its commitments to human rights, regional stability, and bilateral relations.
Overseas Indian Crisis: Iraq, Libya, and Yemen
The rise of ISIS in northern Iraq posed a significant threat to the safety of Indian migrant workers residing there, estimated in the hundreds of thousands. In response to this escalating crisis, the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) promptly established a 24-hour helpline at the Indian embassy in Baghdad on June 16. The situation turned dire when reports emerged of 46 Indian nurses being abducted from the city of Mosul, although they were ultimately rescued and returned safely to India. However, the fate of 39 Indian construction workers, predominantly from Punjab, remained shrouded in uncertainty. Speculations regarding their tragic demise grew when a report surfaced on November 27, 2014, suggesting that they had been killed, an assertion neither confirmed nor denied by External Affairs Minister (EAM) Sushma Swaraj. Instead, she reaffirmed the MEA's commitment to continuing the search for these individuals, ensuring that the nation remained hopeful for a resolution.
In Libya, a similar precarious situation unfolded as escalating armed conflict in Benghazi left numerous Indian nationals stranded. Swaraj informed the Parliament that the ministry was exploring all viable options for the safe evacuation of Indian citizens from both Iraq and Libya. Coordinated efforts led to a successful repatriation of over 200 Indians via a chartered flight from Djerba, Tunisia. On August 8, an additional 216 nationals were evacuated, with the total number reaching about 1,500, indicating the enormity of the crisis. The Indian embassy in Tripoli became a hub for evacuation activities, receiving registrations from approximately 3,000 nationals who sought to return home. Among those evacuated were 44 nurses on a special Air India flight, primarily hailing from Kerala, with others from Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Conversely, three Goan nationals reported that they were gainfully employed and not seeking repatriation at that time, showcasing the varied experiences of Indian workers in Libya.
The situation in Yemen escalated drastically following the coup by Houthi rebels, leading to a series of aerial attacks by the Saudi-led coalition. In light of this humanitarian crisis, the Indian government launched Operation Raahat, a large-scale rescue mission to evacuate non-residential Indians caught in the conflict. General V K Singh, the Minister of State for External Affairs, took a direct role in overseeing the operation, which involved coordination from the battleground towns of Sana'a and Aden to the Indian base of operations in Djibouti. The Indian Navy played a vital role by deploying frontline naval vessels, including INS Mumbai and INS Sumitra, while the Indian Air Force utilized its C-17 Globemaster tactical airlifter for swift airlifts. The national carrier, Air India, also contributed by facilitating the transportation of evacuees. Operation Raahat was widely recognized for its success, not only in rescuing thousands of stranded Indians but also providing aid to numerous foreign nationals in the region, which garnered international acclaim for India's humanitarian efforts during times of conflict.
These operations underscore the commitment of the Indian government to ensure the safety and security of its citizens abroad, particularly in volatile regions. The proactive measures taken by the MEA and the coordination among various branches of the Indian Armed Forces illustrate a paradigm of responsiveness that has become a hallmark of India's foreign policy under Narendra Modi's leadership, aimed at safeguarding Indian nationals in times of crisis.
Relations with the United States
The initial skepticism regarding Narendra Modi's potential as Prime Minister of India stemmed from an incident during his tenure as Chief Minister of Gujarat, where he was denied a U.S. visa in 2005 due to concerns surrounding his human rights record. However, as the political landscape shifted leading up to the 2014 elections, diplomatic outreach from U.S. officials, including U.S. Ambassador Nancy Powell, signaled a changing attitude towards Modi and his party, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). His electoral victory was subsequently met with a congratulatory phone call from President Obama and an invitation for an official visit, highlighting a robust desire to re-establish and strengthen ties.
In September 2014, Modi made his first official visit to the United States as Prime Minister, a crucial milestone that included a notable address at the United Nations General Assembly and an open invitation extended to American businesses to invest in India's Make in India initiative. This trip was pivotal not only for bilateral relations but also for positioning India as an emerging powerhouse in global manufacturing. The encounter between Modi and Obama was characterized by mutual respect, with Obama recognizing Modi as a "Man of Action." The unfolding relationship was further solidified by significant diplomatic appointments, such as Richard Rahul Verma as the U.S. Ambassador to India.
A highlight of Modi's tenure was his invitation extended to President Obama to attend India's 66th Republic Day celebrations as the chief guest, marking a milestone where Obama became the first sitting U.S. president to visit India twice. This gesture exemplified the depth of the strategic partnership emerging between the two nations. Their continued dialogues and back-to-back summits, deemed a diplomatic coup by the media, underscored their commitment to elevating bilateral cooperation.
As Modi's term progressed, the partnership evolved under the Trump administration, with Modi meeting with President Donald Trump in June 2017 to discuss various issues including trade agreements related to airplanes and natural gas. The strategic dialogue shifted towards a comprehensive global partnership, emphasizing shared goals of combating radical Islamic terrorism and promoting a Free and Open Indo-Pacific. The discussions during this phase not only reinforced the collaborative spirit of the alliance but also aligned India firmly in the geopolitical framework of the Indo-Pacific region, a key focus for U.S. foreign policy in that era. Hence, what began with skepticism transformed into a multifaceted alliance, with both leaders committed to a vision of shared security, trade, and mutual respect.
Brazil
In July 2014, during the 6th BRICS summit held in Brasília, Narendra Modi engaged in an important dialogue with Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff. This meeting highlighted the significance of Brazil as a vital partner for India on the global stage. Modi recognized both countries as major emerging economies and democracies, possessing immense potential for bilateral cooperation. He emphasized their shared goals to strengthen each other in international forums and champion the interests of the developing world. President Rousseff echoed this sentiment, illustrating that Brazil's foreign policy held this relationship in high esteem. She expressed her congratulations to Modi on his electoral victory, wishing him success in fostering India's growth and prosperity. Together, the leaders underscored their commitment to enhancing and diversifying trade and investment flows, with a focus on sectors such as agriculture, dairy science, renewable energy, defense, cyber security, and environmental conservation.
The trajectory of Indo-Brazilian relations took another significant leap in January 2020 when Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro embarked on his inaugural official visit to India. This visit was particularly noteworthy, as it showcased a strong diplomatic rapport that emerged against the backdrop of Brazil's international isolation following events like the 2019 Amazon rainforest wildfires. The warm reception afforded to Bolsonaro by Modi and his government was instrumental in revitalizing Brazil's image and diplomatic standing abroad. This improved diplomatic environment facilitated productive discussions and collaborations across various sectors, reinforcing the ties between the two nations.
Subsequent to the visit, the unprecedented challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic prompted both governments to initiate cooperative programs aimed at tackling the health crisis affecting their populations. These initiatives not only showcased the resilience and adaptability of the bilateral relationship but also underscored the mutual commitment to work together in times of adversity. Through these collaborative efforts, India and Brazil sought to strengthen their partnership, that has the potential to contribute significantly to global governance and the collective response needed to address emerging global challenges.
Modi's Historic Visit to Canada
In April 2015, Prime Minister Narendra Modi made a historic visit to Canada, marking the first bilateral visit by an Indian Prime Minister in 42 years. This visit underscored a significant shift in India-Canada relations, characterized by mutual interest in strengthening economic and strategic ties. One of the key outcomes of this visit was a landmark nuclear agreement with Cameco, Canada’s largest producer of uranium. This five-year deal, valued at $280 million, aimed to supply uranium essential for fueling Indian nuclear reactors, with an announcement later revealing a long-term commitment for Cameco to sell 7.1 million pounds of uranium to India through 2020.
During his visit, Modi engaged in constructive bilateral talks with then-Prime Minister Stephen Harper. The discussions led to the signing of various Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs) across diverse sectors including cybersecurity, skill development, and cooperation in the railways and civil aviation. These agreements were seen as steps towards enhancing bilateral cooperation, fostering trade, and addressing common challenges.
Modi received an enthusiastic reception akin to that of a rockstar in Canada, exemplified by his address to a crowd of over 10,000 attendees at the Ricoh Coliseum Stage in Toronto. His popularity among the Indian diaspora and the Canadian populace alike highlighted the growing connections between the countries, particularly within the context of trade and cultural exchanges.
Recent Tensions in India-Canada Relations
However, the relationship faced new challenges in September 2023, when Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced that Canadian intelligence had uncovered a credible link between the murder of Sikh separatist Hardeep Singh Nijjar and the Indian government. This revelation significantly strained diplomatic relations, prompting Trudeau to call for India's cooperation in the investigation of the murder.
In response to the allegations, Canadian Foreign Minister Mélanie Joly took swift action, ordering the expulsion of a high-ranking Indian diplomat who was reportedly overseeing the operations of India's external intelligence agency, the Research and Analysis Wing, in Canada. This incident marked a notable escalation in diplomatic tensions and raised concerns regarding the implications for the ongoing relationship between the two nations.
As both countries navigate this complex situation, it remains crucial for them to address these issues through diplomatic channels, fostering open dialogue to mitigate tensions and work towards common goals. The evolving dynamics underscore the delicate nature of international relations, where historical ties can be challenged by contemporary issues, yet also reinforced through engagement and cooperation.
France as a Strategic Partner
France has emerged as a significant strategic partner for India in Western Europe, fostering strong ties across various domains such as culture, economy, social initiatives, technology, and military collaboration. Under Narendra Modi's leadership, the bilateral relationship has seen a concerted effort towards forging deeper connections, emphasizing shared values and mutual interests. Modi's first encounter with French President François Hollande took place at the G-20 Summit in Brisbane in 2014, where they engaged in comprehensive discussions addressing strategic, space, and defense cooperation, as well as a commitment to combat global terrorism collectively.
The changing geopolitical landscape necessitated closer cooperation against threats such as terrorism. Following the tragic Charlie Hebdo attacks in January 2015, Modi promptly condemned the violence and reached out to President Hollande to express condolences on behalf of India, reinforcing India's stance against acts of terror and exemplifying solidarity with France during its time of grief. Such gestures have cemented the diplomatic rapport between the two nations and reflected shared sentiments toward ensuring national and global security.
Critical Agreements and Cooperation
In response to stalled negotiations regarding defense deals, French Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius made multiple visits to India, aiming to expedite discussions surrounding the procurement of Dassault Rafale fighter aircraft for the Indian Air Force, as well as the ambitious 9900 MW nuclear power project in Jaitapur by French firm Areva. Modi's April 2015 visit to Paris marked a turning point as he made it his inaugural destination in Europe under his "Link West" outreach strategy. This visit culminated in a government-to-government agreement for the acquisition of 36 Dassault Rafale fighter jets in a fly-away condition, a significant enhancement to India's defense capabilities.
Moreover, during this visit, an initial agreement was signed between the Nuclear Power Corporation of India and Areva, paving the way for the establishment of the Jaitapur nuclear plant. Modi's interactions extended to the aerospace sector, where he toured assembly facilities of key French manufacturers like Dassault Aviation and Airbus, promoting the Make in India initiative. The response from Airbus was notably positive, with the company pledging to increase its outsourcing from India significantly, illustrating the potential benefits of closer industrial collaboration.
Climate Change Leadership
In a demonstration of India's leadership in climate initiatives, Modi participated in the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris (COP 21), where he collaborated with President Hollande to formally invite global leaders to join the International Solar Alliance (InSPA). This initiative is geared towards promoting sustainable solar energy technologies on a global scale, which aligns with India's long-term energy goals in the face of climate change challenges. The backdrop of the conference was intensified by the announcement of the United States' withdrawal from the Climate Change Treaty, showcasing India's proactive diplomatic engagement and commitment to international environmental goals.
India's invitation for François Hollande to be the chief guest at the Republic Day parade in New Delhi on January 26, 2016, further underscores the unique and profound relationship shared between the two nations. This marked the fifth time France was invited, underscoring its pivotal role within India’s strategic partnerships and celebrating the enduring friendship beyond mere diplomatic formalities. Through these actions, India continues to strengthen ties with France, fostering a robust alliance poised to tackle contemporary global challenges while maintaining a focus on shared values and aspirations.
Strengthening UK-India Relations
Following Narendra Modi's historic victory in the Indian elections, UK's Prime Minister David Cameron was one of the first world leaders to extend his congratulations. Modi and Cameron met for the first time on November 14, 2014, during the G20 leaders' summit in Brisbane. This interaction marked a significant step in UK-India relations, with Cameron emphasizing that enhancing ties with India was a paramount objective of the UK’s foreign policy. The British Prime Minister invited Modi to visit the United Kingdom, showcasing Britain's eagerness to strengthen diplomatic and economic relations with India.
The enthusiasm from the UK leadership regarding India's potential was evident when Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg attributed the projected growth of the South Asian economy to Modi’s ascendancy and his proactive measures aimed at economic revitalization. In particular, the UK's endorsement of Modi's "Make in India" initiative demonstrated confidence in India's capacity to emerge as a global manufacturing hub. This initiative not only aimed at fostering domestic manufacturing but also attracted foreign investments, with the UK showing interest in making significant investments in Rajasthan, promoting both economic collaboration and job creation.
In late 2015, Modi made an official state visit to the United Kingdom, which further solidified the bilateral relationship. During this visit, he met with Queen Elizabeth II and Prime Minister David Cameron, engaging in discussions focusing on various matters, including defense, trade, and cultural diplomacy. A highlight of this visit was Modi's address at the new Wembley Stadium on November 13, 2015, where approximately 60,000 attendees, predominantly of British Indian descent, gathered to hear him speak. This event underscored the strong ties within the diaspora community and Modi's stature abroad, while also celebrating the shared history and cultural connections between the two nations. Through these engagements, Modi's foreign policy towards the UK reflected a broader strategy of forging stronger global partnerships to support India's economic growth and influence on the world stage.
Germany
In April 2015, Prime Minister Narendra Modi made a significant visit to Germany, underscoring the importance of India-Germany relations. During this visit, he engaged in constructive bilateral discussions with Chancellor Angela Merkel, focusing on enhancing cooperation across various sectors. This trip marked a pivotal moment in India's diplomatic outreach, as it coincided with India's participation as the partner country at Hannover Fair 2015, the world's largest industrial exhibition.
At the Hannover Fair, Modi fervently advocated for the Make in India initiative, which aims to transform India into a global manufacturing hub. His remarks highlighted India's potential as a dynamic economy driven by its young workforce, democratic values, and growing consumer demand. He emphasized that the entire world was looking at India, suggesting that the global economic landscape is shifting in favor of countries that embrace innovation and development. This message resonated well with international stakeholders present at the fair, reinforcing India’s position in the global market.
Modi's trip also resulted in stronger collaborations in critical sectors such as energy, skill development, and science and technology. The discussions culminated in various announcements aimed at fostering partnerships that would benefit both nations. Initiatives like Digital India and Clean India were key focal points, showcasing India's commitment to modernization and sustainability. Through these initiatives, India aims to leverage technology to improve governance and enhance quality of life, while simultaneously addressing environmental concerns. Modi's visit to Germany, therefore, not only solidified bilateral ties but also positioned India as a proactive participant in global industrial advancements and sustainable development efforts.
India-Russia Strategic Partnership
The relationship between India and Russia, which has been a cornerstone of India's foreign policy for over fifty years, is characterized by a deep-rooted strategic partnership that is unparalleled in India's diplomatic history. Despite the significant historical ties, particularly during the Cold War, the partnership faced challenges and strains in recent years, especially following India's push to diversify its defense procurement away from a Soviet-centric model post the Cold War era. However, under the leadership of Prime Minister Narendra Modi and President Vladimir Putin, both known for their strong leadership styles, there has been a renewed focus on fortifying this bilateral relationship.
The 20th India-Russia Inter-Governmental Commission on Trade, Economic, Scientific, Technological, and Cultural Cooperation (IRIGC-TEC), held on November 5, 2014, in New Delhi, was a pivotal moment where Modi reaffirmed India's commitment to its long-standing strategic partnership with Russia. The meeting with Russian Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin emphasized mutual interests in expanding cooperation across various sectors. The two nations discussed critical collaborations in areas such as the International North-South Corridor (INSTC), a Free Trade Agreement with the Eurasian Customs Union, and enhancing economic partnerships in energy, civil aviation, and diamond trade. Modi's strategic engagement with Russia also highlighted its participation in India's ambitious Smart City initiative, further integrating Russian expertise into India's developmental plans.
In December 2014, President Putin's visit to New Delhi for the annual summit marked a significant milestone in this partnership, especially as it was the first instance of such high-level engagement following Modi's assumption of office. The discussions were largely centered around strengthening trade and energy ties, with an ambitious target set for bilateral trade to reach USD 30 billion by 2025. This ambitious economic agenda was set against the backdrop of international challenges, notably the sanctions imposed on Russia due to its actions in Ukraine. During this period, Russia had also secured a substantial energy deal with China, which pushed India to pursue similar agreements and to consider the feasibility of a gas pipeline through China.
The summit resulted in the signing of 16 various agreements and memorandums of understanding, further solidifying the commitment to long-term oil and gas cooperative efforts. This included partnerships between ONGC Videsh and Essar Oil of India with key Russian entities like Rosneft and Gazprom. Additionally, Putin's commitment to establishing ten more nuclear reactors over the next two decades, which would include expansions of the Kudankulam plant, signifies Russia's crucial role in India's energy security. A notable development in their trade relationship emerged in diamond trading, where Russia, as a leading producer of raw diamonds, agreed to export these resources directly to India. This collaboration positions India as a global hub for diamond cutting and polishing, thereby fostering significant economic ties in that sector.
Despite the positive trajectory, the nuances of international politics continued to influence the bilateral relations. The unofficial visit of Crimean leader Sergey Aksyonov to New Delhi during Putin's trip raised eyebrows in Washington, D.C., as it potentially aligned India closer to Russia’s stance on Crimea amidst ongoing geopolitical tensions. Overall, the evolving dynamics between India and Russia under Modi's administration reflect a complex interplay of historical ties, economic aspirations, and strategic partnerships that are essential for India's position on the global stage.
Defence Ties and Cooperation
During a significant summit, Prime Minister Narendra Modi emphasized the strengthening of defence ties between India and Russia, citing his experiences with the Russian-built aircraft carrier INS Vikramaditya as a testament to their burgeoning military cooperation. Acknowledging the diversification of India's defence partnerships, Modi asserted that Russia would remain India's foremost defence ally, signalling an enduring commitment to their collaborative relationship. This commitment was further reinforced by agreements to engage in joint production of Mil Mi-17 and Kamov Ka-226 helicopters, aligning with Modi's "Make in India" initiative intended to bolster domestic manufacturing capabilities in the defence sector.
In addition to helicopter production, the discussions also aimed to expedite longstanding projects, including the joint development and production of a light transport aircraft. Among major projects on the horizon is the fifth-generation joint fighter platform, Sukhoi-HAL FGFA, for which the final design contract is expected to be finalized soon after delays exceeding two years. This emphasis on co-development indicates a strategic pivot towards innovation and self-reliance within India’s defence manufacturing landscape, aiming to reduce dependency on foreign imports.
Moreover, India's decision to lease a second nuclear-powered Akula-class submarine following the operational deployment of INS Chakra in 2011 further underscores the depth of military collaboration between the two nations. Such moves are critical as they enhance India's naval capabilities amidst a shifting geopolitical landscape. However, these developments have been accompanied by notable concerns within India's strategic circles, particularly in light of Russian Defence Minister Sergei Shoigu's recent visit to Pakistan—the first such visit in over four decades. This engagement culminated in a defence cooperation pact that raised alarms in New Delhi, especially as media reports indicated that Russia might consider selling Mi-35 attack helicopters to Pakistan, marking a troubling potential shift in the regional balance of power.
While the official response from India remained diplomatic and measured, characterizing the developments as "significant," underlying apprehensions regarding Russia's evolving stance in South Asia were palpable. The Russian Ambassador to India, Alexander Kadakin, attempted to assuage these fears, assuring that Russia had no intention of undermining India's security. This sentiment was echoed by President Vladimir Putin, who, in a subsequent interview with India's PTI news agency, stated that improving Russia-Pakistan ties could ultimately serve India's long-term interests. Such remarks illustrate the complex interplay of alliances and partnerships that characterize the current defence landscape in the region, where India must navigate its strategic priorities amidst emerging dynamics involving historical allies and new relationships.
India-Africa Forum Summit
The India-Africa Forum Summit serves as a pivotal platform for enhancing the partnership between India and the African continent. The third summit was originally scheduled for December 2014 in New Delhi, India, but was subsequently postponed to 2015. The Indian Foreign Ministry, through its spokesperson Syed Akbaruddin, announced that the decision to delay the summit aimed to allow the inclusion of a broader representation of African leaders compared to previous summits, which had limited participation from only 10 to 15 countries. This was a strategic move to foster greater inclusivity and collaboration among a wider array of African nations.
The postponement, however, was not solely a logistical adjustment; reports indicated that the Ebola outbreak in Western Africa significantly influenced the decision. The health crisis posed substantial challenges for many African nations at that time, raising concerns about travel and attendance. By rescheduling the summit to 26–30 October 2015, India aimed to ensure that the discussions and collaborations would be more representative and effective, considering the pressing health issues facing certain regions in Africa.
The India-Africa Forum Summit has historically focused on various sectors, including trade, infrastructure, health, and education. With a larger number of African leaders expected to participate in the rescheduled summit, discussions could encompass a broader range of topics that address mutual concerns, such as sustainable development, climate change, and economic partnership. The Indian government is keen on strengthening ties, underpinned by initiatives like the Indian Development Aid, which seeks to promote growth and capacity building across Africa.
This summit plays an essential role in demonstrating India's commitment to establishing long-lasting, mutually beneficial relationships with African nations, reflecting a trend toward increased South-South cooperation. Through this summit and subsequent initiatives, India positions itself as a key partner in Africa's development trajectory, aiming to create a more interconnected and prosperous future for both India and the African continent.
Mauritius stands out as a significant partner for India, particularly in the context of Prime Minister Narendra Modi's foreign policy. Notably, it was the only nation outside South Asia whose head of government attended Modi's swearing-in ceremony in May 2014. This close connection is underpinned by the substantial population of Indian origin in Mauritius, fostering robust bilateral relations between the two nations. The diplomatic ties are enriched through cultural and historical connections, which have further encouraged mutual cooperation over the years.
In a significant diplomatic move, then-Foreign Minister Sushma Swaraj undertook her inaugural visit to Mauritius on November 2, 2014. The visit coincided with the celebration of Apravasi Divas, commemorating 180 years since the arrival of the first Indian indentured laborers in Mauritius. During her visit, she engaged in high-level discussions with President Rajkeswur Purryag and Prime Minister Navinchandra Ramgoolam, addressing both bilateral relationships and regional issues of mutual concern. A key focus of these discussions was the enhancement of maritime cooperation, acknowledging the strategic importance of the Indian Ocean. In a demonstration of India's commitment, three major warships from the Indian Navy were docked in Mauritian waters during this engagement, highlighting the shared interest in securing the maritime domain.
Prime Minister Modi's first state visit to Mauritius in March 2015 further solidified this partnership. As part of his broader initiative to strengthen ties with maritime neighbors, Modi participated in the celebrations of Mauritius' National Day on March 12, 2015. His presence underscored India's dedication to fostering enduring relationships in the Indian Ocean region. Additionally, he attended the commissioning ceremony of the MCGS Barracuda, an offshore patrol vessel (OPV) that Mauritius procured from the Kolkata-based Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers (GRSE). This transaction marked a significant milestone, as it represented India's first export of a warship, showcasing not only defense cooperation but also India's growing role in regional security architecture.
The ongoing engagement between India and Mauritius continues to reflect a shared vision of maritime security and regional stability, making Mauritius a critical ally in Modi's foreign policy agenda. The historical ties and contemporary initiatives reinforce the potential for deepening bilateral relations, ultimately enhancing both nations' interests in the expansive Indian Ocean region.
Active Role in Global Governance
India stands out as a prominent player in the realm of multilateral engagements, leveraging its position as one of the leading developing nations. It actively participates in significant global forums that shape international policies and governance structures. The United Nations remains at the forefront of India's diplomatic endeavors, where it advocates for reforms that reflect the changing dynamics of global power and prioritizes issues that resonate with developing nations. Additionally, India's role in the World Trade Organization underscores its commitment to promoting fair trade practices and addressing the concerns of emerging economies.
Participation in Key Summits
The G20 Leaders' Summit has emerged as a crucial platform for India, allowing it to influence economic policies and discussions on sustainable development. The East Asia Summit serves as another avenue where India can enhance its engagement with countries in the Asia-Pacific region, addressing security and economic challenges collectively. Furthermore, as a member of BRICS, India collaborates with other emerging economies to tackle issues such as economic growth, social development, and the reform of international financial institutions.
Emphasis on Regional Cooperation
In addition to its involvement in major global forums, India has strategically engaged in various regional groupings that foster cooperation and development. Organizations like the BASIC (Brazil, South Africa, India, and China) and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation allow India to strengthen its ties with neighboring countries while addressing shared concerns related to security and economic stability. Other regional frameworks, such as the Indian Ocean Rim Association and BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation), illustrate India's commitment to enhancing connectivity and collaborative development within South Asia and beyond.
A Voice for the Developing World
Often regarded as a representative of the 'Third World', India has consistently advocated for the interests of developing nations across these platforms. Through its active participation and assertive diplomacy, India seeks to ensure that the voices of smaller and less developed countries are heard in global discussions, challenging hegemonic practices that overlook their needs. This advocacy is evident in India's efforts to address climate change, sustainable development goals, and equitable access to technology and education, prioritizing the needs of its diverse population and those facing similar challenges globally.
Conclusion
India's extensive multilateral engagements underline its strategic approach to foreign policy, balancing its ambitions as a rising power while serving as a voice for the developing world. By participating in key global and regional platforms, India aims to not only influence global governance but also foster cooperation and solidarity among nations facing common challenges. As it continues to navigate this complex landscape, India's role is likely to evolve, reflecting its aspirations to enhance its global standing while championing the causes of its peers in the developing world.
Modi and the BRICS Summit
In his inaugural address at the BRICS summit, which comprises Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi emphasized the importance of unity and cooperation among member nations. Drawing on the ancient Indian philosophy of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam, which translates to "the world is one family," Modi's speech articulated a vision of collaborative resilience to confront the multifaceted global challenges that each member state faces. This notion of interconnectedness reinforces the diplomatic ethos of BRICS, promoting partnerships over competition in an increasingly complex geopolitical landscape.
Under Modi’s leadership, India has actively pursued further integration within the BRICS framework, focusing on the establishment of a financial institution to challenge the traditional dominance of Western financial entities like the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). This initiative, originally proposed during the 2012 summit in New Delhi by former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, gained traction in subsequent meetings. At the sixth BRICS summit in Fortaleza, Brazil, the member countries agreed to establish a New Development Bank with an initial capital of $100 billion, a strategic move aimed at addressing the developmental financing needs of emerging economies. However, one of the significant setbacks for Modi's government was the decision to locate the bank's headquarters in Shanghai, China, rather than New Delhi, suggesting nuances in intra-BRICS dynamics and the geostrategic interests of member countries.
The summit also marked an important engagement with the broader Latin American region. During a subsequent gathering in Brasília, BRICS leaders convened with heads of state from UNASUR (Union of South American Nations), signaling a renewed focus on strengthening diplomatic and trade relations beyond the traditional hubs of Europe, Asia, and the United States. Modi's advance to this summit included a stopover in Germany, which may reflect an intention to calibrate India's foreign policy approach through strategic partnerships with diverse regions. Furthermore, the Indian Ministry of External Affairs expanded its linguistic capabilities by adding Spanish to its list of languages, underscoring a commitment to enhancing communication and collaboration with Latin American countries.
Prime Minister Modi’s tenure has thus been characterized by proactive diplomacy, particularly through the BRICS platform. His calls for global solidarity and cooperation resonate amid rising protectionist sentiments worldwide, reinforcing India's role as a pivotal player in fostering multilateral ties that address both regional and global challenges. As India navigates its foreign relations, it is increasingly focusing on diverse partnerships that transcend conventional alliances, reflecting a more dynamic and inclusive approach to international diplomacy.
India's Role in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization
India has solidified its position as a full member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), an influential multilateral platform primarily focused on military and energy cooperation, and widely regarded as a China-backed bloc. Previously, India held observer status in the SCO since 2005, expressing its intention for a full membership, an aspiration finally realized on June 9, 2017, when both India and Pakistan were admitted as full members during a summit in Astana, Kazakhstan.
The journey to full membership was notably complex, largely hampered by China’s initial reservations about India's inclusion. However, a significant shift occurred when Chinese President Xi Jinping extended a welcoming gesture to Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi at the BRICS summit in Brazil. President Xi emphasized the importance of a united front against the evolving threats posed by Islamic extremism in Central Asia, particularly in light of the security vacuum anticipated following NATO's withdrawal from Afghanistan. This acknowledgment of mutual concerns regarding regional stability enabled India to advance its membership aspirations.
Following President Xi's endorsement, India's External Affairs Minister, Sushma Swaraj, attended the Dushanbe summit in Tajikistan on September 11-12, where India formally submitted its application for full membership. Chinese officials reportedly indicated that India's membership was likely to be approved, highlighting the transformation in SCO dynamics with India's inclusion. Prime Minister Modi subsequently participated in the heads of government summit in Astana in December, reinforcing India's commitment to engaging with regional security mechanisms and economic initiatives through the SCO framework.
This strategic alignment within the SCO not only marks a significant step in India's foreign policy but also reflects the broader geopolitical shifts in the region, as India seeks to enhance cooperation with its Central Asian neighbors and counterbalance the influence of other regional powers. India's full membership in the SCO is expected to facilitate joint initiatives aimed at combating terrorism, improving trade relations, and fostering economic development across member states, thereby playing a vital role in bolstering regional stability and security.
United Nations General Assembly
Narendra Modi made a significant impact on the global stage with his maiden speech at the sixty-ninth session of the United Nations General Assembly on September 27, 2014. In this address, he advocated for reforming and expanding the United Nations Security Council, highlighting India's long-standing aspiration for a permanent membership. Modi's arguments centered on the relevance of the UN in the contemporary geopolitical landscape, questioning the effectiveness of a 20th-century framework operating in a 21st-century world. He asserted that the performance of the UN over the past 70 years warranted a thorough evaluation and urged the organization to transition from being a collection of subgroupings, such as the G7 and G20, to a unified forum for global governance, which he referred to as "G-All."
Amid growing global concerns about terrorism, particularly in light of the ISIS threat in West Asia, Modi emphasized the urgency of implementing a 'Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism' through the UN. He framed India's experience, having been a victim of terrorism for decades, as a critical rationale for a proactive Indian role in global anti-terrorism initiatives. During the session, he also met with UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, alongside External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj, to discuss pertinent issues surrounding UN governance.
In an aside to the tensions in South Asia, Modi rejected any notion of multilateral intervention in the Kashmir dispute, countering remarks made by Pakistan's Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif. He reiterated India's willingness for bilateral talks, contingent upon a shift in Pakistan's approach to terrorism. Additionally, Modi touched upon the vital topics of climate change and the importance of clean energy, calling for collective global action. He made a unique cultural appeal by urging world leaders and UN officials to recognize International Yoga Day, highlighting the need to integrate ancient practices like yoga into contemporary lifestyles.
At the sidelines of the Assembly, Modi actively engaged in bilateral meetings, reaffirming his 'neighborhood first' policy by conferring with leaders such as Bangladeshi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina, Sri Lankan President Mahinda Rajapaksa, and Nepali Prime Minister Sushil Koirala. Notably, there was no meeting with Pakistan’s Nawaz Sharif, reflecting the prevailing strain in Indo-Pak relations. However, Modi did meet Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, marking the first dialogue between the two heads of government in 11 years. Netanyahu underscored the vast potential for enhancing bilateral relations, stating that "the sky is the limit," indicating a mutual interest in strengthening ties between India and Israel.
India-ASEAN Relations
The Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) is a ten-member bloc recognized as one of the most successful regional coalitions in the world. India has significantly shifted its focus towards this group since 1992, marked by the commencement of the ‘Look East Policy’. This strategic pivot highlighted India's intent to strengthen ties with Southeast Asian nations, which now stands as a cornerstone of its foreign policy in the region. The relationship between India and ASEAN has seen an institutionalization through the establishment of annual summits that began in 2002, demonstrating the increasing depth and intensity of their engagement.
During the 12th India-ASEAN summit, Prime Minister Narendra Modi made his inaugural appearance, underscoring India's commitment to fostering closer connectivity with Southeast Asian countries. He emphasized that "India and ASEAN can be 'great partners'", signifying potential opportunities for collaboration. Modi noted that his government had made relations with ASEAN a priority in the past six months, evolving India's ‘Look East’ policy into an ‘Act East’ policy. This transition illustrates a revitalized approach, aiming for tangible outcomes in terms of cooperation in commerce, cultural exchanges, and infrastructural connectivity. The two sides further entertained discussions about expanding their existing free trade agreement in the services sector, with projections indicating that India-ASEAN trade could reach USD 100 billion by 2015. These developments highlight the proactive nature of India’s approach to solidifying ties with its Southeast Asian neighbors.
Multilateral Engagement and Bilateral Meetings
In parallel with the ASEAN summit engagements, Modi also conducted a series of bilateral meetings with several regional leaders, including Thai Prime Minister Gen Prayuth Chan-ocha, Singapore’s Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, Sultan of Brunei Hassanal Bolkiah, and South Korean President Park Geun-hye. These discussions served to deepen diplomatic ties and explore avenues for cooperation in areas such as trade, security, and culture, enhancing India’s footprint in Southeast Asia.
India's broader engagement with ASEAN includes participation in the ASEAN Regional Forum, where India's former External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj marked her first appearance in multilateral discussions in 2014. The ASEAN Regional Forum serves as a platform for regional dialogue on political and security issues, reaffirming India's commitment to multilateralism and cooperative engagement in addressing shared challenges. Swaraj held numerous bilateral meetings on the sidelines with representatives from seven countries, including significant players like China, Australia, and Vietnam, thereby amplifying India's diplomatic outreach.
Navigating Territorial Disputes
One of the enduring contentious issues in Southeast Asia is the territorial dispute in the South China Sea, an area of significant strategic and economic interest to multiple ASEAN nations. India has investments in oil blocks in this region through ONGC Videsh, yet the Indian government remains clear in its stance. The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) has articulated that India does not seek to be involved in the dispute, emphasizing that any resolutions should occur peacefully between the disputing parties and conform to international law. This position not only reflects India's diplomatic prudence but also its strategic interest in maintaining stable relationships with ASEAN nations while navigating complex geopolitical dynamics in East Asia.
Through its evolving relationship with ASEAN and participation in multilateral frameworks, India positions itself as a key player in the regional landscape, balancing its national interests while promoting a cooperative approach to security and economic collaboration in Southeast Asia.
East Asia Summit: A Platform for Multilateral Dialogue
The East Asia Summit (EAS) has emerged as a pivotal dialogue forum in the Asia-Pacific region, encompassing a diverse group of 18 countries. This collection includes the 10 core ASEAN members along with influential nations such as Japan, China, South Korea, India, Australia, New Zealand, Russia, and the United States. Unlike its counterpart, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), which solely focuses on economic matters, EAS addresses a broader range of issues, including security, trade, environmental concerns, and so forth. As the primary multilateral body in the region, EAS facilitates crucial discussions about the interconnected challenges that confront Asia and the global community.
During the ninth East Asia Summit in Nay Pyi Daw, Myanmar, in November, Prime Minister Narendra Modi underscored the significance of this forum, emphasizing its unique capability to bring together countries with substantial demographic, economic, and military weight. He stated, "No other forum brings together such a large collective weight of global population, youth, economy, and military strength. Nor is any other forum so critical for peace, stability, and prosperity in Asia-Pacific and the world." This comment highlights not only the relevance of EAS but also India's role as a key player in regional and international diplomacy.
Modi's address at the summit also touched upon contentious issues such as the South China Sea dispute, where he urged the global community to uphold maritime regulations and maintain the freedom of navigation and secure sea lines of communication essential for trade. His assertion that "In a world of interdependence and globalisation, there is no option but to follow international laws and norms" reflects India's commitment to advocating for a rules-based international order. The call for adherence to internationally recognized laws in the South China Sea reaffirms India's interests in ensuring maritime security and the peaceful resolution of territorial disputes.
In addition to maritime security, Modi highlighted the need for collaborative efforts among EAS member countries to combat terrorism, a pressing challenge that threatens regional stability. His discussions also delved into cultural ties, including the re-opening of Nalanda University, an ancient center of learning, which represents a commitment to educational and cultural collaboration among member states. Furthermore, significant topics of economic cooperation were addressed, particularly the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), which aims to enhance economic integration in the region.
On the sidelines of the EAS, Modi engaged in several high-level bilateral meetings with leaders from Russia, the Philippines, China, and Indonesia, among others. These discussions not only reinforced India’s diplomatic relations but also highlighted Modi's efforts to foster collaborative initiatives that promote peace, stability, and economic growth throughout the Asia-Pacific region. Through its discussions, initiatives, and relationships forged, the East Asia Summit remains an essential framework for managing the multifaceted challenges that lie ahead for its member countries.
G-20 Leaders Summit and India's Role
The G-20, or Group of 20, serves as a platform for the world's leading economies, both advanced and emerging, to address issues of international financial governance. Established in response to the 2008 financial crisis, the G-20 aims to foster economic stability and growth among its member nations. India, with its remarkable standing as the fifth-largest economy based on nominal GDP and as one of the fastest-growing economies globally, has gained a pivotal role within this group since its inception. The highlight of India's participation came during the 2014 summit held in Brisbane, Australia, where Prime Minister Narendra Modi represented the country for the first time. This marked a significant transition from the previous representation by Dr. Manmohan Singh, a highly regarded economist.
The 2014 summit agenda, led by Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott, aimed at revitalizing fragile global economies by targeting an additional $2 trillion in the global economy through a 2% increase in global GDP over five years. While the United States advocated for discussions on climate change and carbon emission reduction—having recently reached a landmark agreement with China—India's interests were more aligned with Abbott's focus on economic rebooting. Modi’s arrival to the G-20 not only made headlines due to the significance of India's growing stature but also positioned him as a rising political figure on the world stage. His popularity at the summit was noted by various media outlets, including The Guardian, which referred to him as the "G20's political rock star."
Modi's diplomacy during the summit was characterized by an active engagement with leaders from over 40 nations, including a warm rapport with Abbott that generated buzz in the Australian media. The summit represented Modi's extensive ten-day diplomatic tour, marked by meetings in Brisbane, Sydney, Melbourne, and Canberra. One key issue raised by Modi at the summit pertained to the challenge of black money stored in overseas tax havens. This matter resonated deeply within India's domestic political landscape, as Modi called for greater international cooperation in amending laws that would promote transparency and facilitate information sharing about unaccounted wealth, emphasizing its links to potential terror funding.
Moreover, India, recognized as the largest recipient of remittances globally, with $71 billion sent back home in 2014, advocated for the reduction of remittance costs during the G-20 discussions. Modi's position reflected India's broader interests at the summit, which resulted in the G-20's commitment to lessen the average cost of remittances globally to 5%. This reform was particularly significant, given that some countries imposed fees as high as 10%. India's prior success in negotiating a reduction of remittance costs with Saudi Arabia to 3.5% exemplifies the ongoing challenges and achievements within this realm.
On the sidelines of the summit, Modi engaged in numerous bilateral discussions with key world leaders, including British Prime Minister David Cameron, German Chancellor Angela Merkel, French President François Hollande, and the President of the European Union, Herman Van Rompuy. Modi also participated in a special dinner hosted by Japan's Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, further solidifying bilateral ties with various nations. In a notable pre-summit meeting, the leaders of the BRICS nations gathered informally to address issues relevant to their group, such as the New Development Bank. Modi's dynamic participation in the G-20 served not only to elevate India's global profile but also to engage crucially with international financial and political discourse in a rapidly evolving geopolitical landscape.
Modi's South Asian Focus
Under the leadership of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, the Foreign Policy of India underwent a significant shift concerning its immediate neighbors in South Asia. The actions of previous administrations were often characterized by limited engagement with the region, but Modi set out to change this narrative by making South Asian relations a central component of his foreign policy agenda. Right from the outset, Modi demonstrated this commitment by inviting the heads of state from neighboring countries to his inauguration in 2014, signaling the importance of regional collaboration. He quickly prioritized holding a summit to address various issues affecting the region, such as trade enhancement, connectivity, infrastructure development, and improved transit facilities among SAARC member states.
During his first summit appearance in Kathmandu, Modi emphasized the need for increased people-to-people contact and established a vision for better commercial linkages within South Asia. This approach was crucial in fostering a sense of unity and mutual dependence among the nations involved. China's participation in the summit as an observer, represented by Vice Foreign Minister Liu Zhenmin, highlighted its growing ambitions in South Asia. China was keen to promote greater involvement in the region through initiatives like the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) and the ambitious Maritime Silk Road project, which aimed to extend China's influence across South Asian nations. Pakistan, a close ally of China, supported this notion of including observer nations in the SAARC processes, advocating for enhanced Chinese engagement. However, India remained wary of any proposals that might dilute its influence in the group.
In an attempt to foster cooperation, India had put forth three key proposals aimed at enhancing connectivity in the region: the 'Regulation of Passenger and Cargo Vehicular Traffic amongst SAARC Member States,' the 'SAARC Regional Agreement on Railways,' and the 'SAARC Framework Agreement for Energy Cooperation (Electricity).' These initiatives aimed to facilitate cross-border vehicular movement, establish international rail services, and promote energy trade in a region often termed as the world's most energy-starved. However, the negotiations faced setbacks, particularly from Pakistan, which resisted agreeing to any of the proposals, putting the entire summit in jeopardy.
Despite the underlying tensions between India and Pakistan, a brief interaction between Indian Foreign Minister Sushma Swaraj and Pakistan's foreign affairs advisor Sartaj Aziz was marked as a potential thawing of relations, although it was later downplayed by the Indian side as a mere courtesy call. The Nepalese delegation worked diligently to mediate between the two nations, ultimately contributing to a historic handshake between Modi and Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif at the summit's conclusion. This gesture, albeit symbolic, underscored the desire for dialogue amid ongoing tensions. The summit concluded with a consensus to sign the 'SAARC Framework Agreement for Energy Cooperation (Electricity),' serving as both a victory for Modi's approach to regional cooperation and a face-saving measure for all parties involved.
In parallel to the larger summit activities, Modi engaged in a series of bilateral meetings with leaders from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, the Maldives, and Sri Lanka, further solidifying India's diplomatic commitments in the region. Notably absent from this round of discussions was Pakistan, reflecting the ongoing stand-off between the two nations. Modi's vision for South Asia rests on fostering robust partnerships, strengthening economic ties, and enhancing regional stability, positioning India as a proactive participant in its immediate neighborhood.
India's Engagement with APEC
India's relationship with the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) has been marked by a growing interest in enhancing its participation in the regional economic forum, despite not being a member. During the 2014 APEC summit held in Beijing, Chinese President Xi Jinping recognized India's potential role in the region by extending an invitation to Prime Minister Narendra Modi. This invitation not only underscored India's importance in the Asia-Pacific region but also highlighted China's willingness to support New Delhi's ambitions to become a member of APEC.
Support for India's inclusion in APEC has also been echoed by other member nations, notably Russia and Vietnam. These endorsements reflect a broader recognition of India's economic growth and strategic significance in the region. The backing from these countries positions India favorably in its ongoing quest for deeper integration into APEC, suggesting a collective understanding of the benefits that India's participation could bring to the forum.
However, Modi's decision not to participate in the 2014 summit as a host partner country, akin to Pakistan and Bangladesh, demonstrates the complexities of international diplomacy and scheduling. Despite the opportunity to represent India on a significant global platform, Modi's packed diplomatic calendar, which included preparations for a potential state visit to China in the following year, ultimately influenced his absence. This decision highlights the intricate balance Modi aims to maintain between engaging with APEC and pursuing bilateral ties, particularly with China, as he navigates India's evolving position in regional geopolitics.
Modi's approach toward APEC is reflective of a broader strategy to enhance India's economic clout and foster collaborative ties with major economies in the Asia-Pacific region. As India seeks to leverage its growing market potential and increasing geopolitical influence, its participation in APEC remains a key objective for the Modi administration. Furthermore, India’s commitment to multilateralism and regional integration could pave the way for future discussions around membership, potentially reshaping the dynamics within APEC as it continues to adapt to the shifting global economic landscape.
Formation of the International Agency for Solar Technologies and Applications
Under the leadership of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, India has taken significant strides in promoting renewable energy, particularly solar power. One of the landmark initiatives is the establishment of the International Agency for Solar Technologies and Applications (INSTA), which aims to enhance worldwide cooperation in solar energy development. The agency has successfully brought together 120 countries, positioning itself as a collaborative platform for the advancement of solar technologies. This alliance demonstrates India's commitment to sustainability and the global transition towards renewable energy sources.
Goals and Objectives of INSTA
The primary goal of INSTA is to facilitate the sharing of knowledge, technology, and financing for solar energy projects on a global scale. It aims to encourage member nations to invest in solar technology and expand their renewable energy capacity. By fostering partnerships, INSTA seeks to overcome barriers to the implementation of solar projects, particularly in developing countries, where access to technological resources and funding can be limited. Additionally, the agency focuses on promoting solar applications in various sectors, including agriculture, healthcare, and transportation, thereby enhancing energy access and contributing to economic development.
India's Role in Global Energy Leadership
Through the formation of INSTA, Modi has positioned India as a leader in the global energy transition narrative. The initiative is in line with India's broader goal of generating 175 gigawatts of renewable energy by 2022 and 450 gigawatts by 2030. Modi's push for solar energy aligns with the Paris Agreement and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, showcasing India's dedication to tackling climate change and promoting sustainable development. Furthermore, by spearheading such an alliance, India not only strengthens its diplomatic ties but also enhances its soft power on the global stage, contributing to discussions on energy security and climate action.
Impact on Global Renewable Energy Landscape
The establishment of INSTA has the potential to significantly impact the global renewable energy landscape. By uniting countries under a common objective, the agency can drive innovations in solar technology and lower costs through economies of scale. It also opens up avenues for knowledge sharing and best practices, enabling nations to learn from one another's successes and challenges in solar energy deployment. As nations collaborate under this framework, INSTA could pave the way for more inclusive and sustainable energy solutions, ultimately contributing to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and mitigate the effects of climate change.
In summary, the International Agency for Solar Technologies and Applications stands as a testament to Narendra Modi's vision for a sustainable future powered by renewable energy, reflecting India’s proactive role in laying the groundwork for a collaborative approach to combatting climate change globally.
The Concept of the Asia Africa Growth Corridor
The Asia Africa Growth Corridor (AAGC) represents a significant diplomatic and economic collaboration aimed at enhancing the growth prospects of Asia and Africa through structured partnerships. Established during the November 2016 summit between Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, AAGC underscores the intent of both nations to foster industrial corridors that would facilitate mutual growth and connectivity. The initiative is built on the recognition that global economic activities are increasingly gravitating towards the Indo-Pacific region, which is playing a pivotal role in shaping the future of international trade and commerce.
Objectives and Benefits of AAGC
AAGC aims to offer an alternative development framework that contrasts with traditional models often dictated by Western nations. This partnership focuses on leveraging the strengths of both developed and developing nations to achieve comprehensive growth. Key objectives include enhancing interconnectivity through improved transportation and logistics networks, building critical infrastructure, and fostering capacity-building initiatives that empower local communities and economies. By prioritizing sustainable development, AAGC not only addresses economic aspirations but also considers social and environmental impacts, positioning itself as a progressive model for international development cooperation.
Strategic Partnerships and Collaborations
The AAGC initiative encourages the integration of various regional initiatives and promotes collaboration between countries. It seeks to engage multiple stakeholders from both the public and private sectors, encouraging investment in sectors such as infrastructure development, healthcare, education, and technology across Asia and Africa. By fostering such partnerships, the AAGC intends to create resilient supply chains and enhance economic autonomy within participating nations. Furthermore, as countries in Africa and Asia navigate the complexities of globalization, the AAGC serves as a platform for shared learning and innovation, enabling nations to adapt best practices suited to their socio-economic conditions.
The Broader Implications
The Asia Africa Growth Corridor embodies a broader vision of inclusive growth, regional cooperation, and mutual benefit, reflecting a shift in global geopolitics. As emerging economies in Asia and Africa seek to assert their position on the world stage, initiatives like the AAGC not only bolster economic ties but also contribute to a multipolar world order. By emphasizing solidarity among developing nations, the AAGC acts as a counterbalance to existing hegemonic practices and fosters regional stability. As such, the success of the AAGC may herald a new era in international relations, marked by collaborative approaches to development that prioritize the needs and aspirations of emerging economies.