Understanding the Role of Parliamentary Committees in India

The Parliament of India is a large and complex organization. It is responsible for discussing and making decisions on many important issues. However, because of its size and the range of topics it needs to cover, Parliament often finds it challenging to discuss everything in detail. This difficulty arises from the fact that there is not enough time during the sessions, and many members may not have the specialized knowledge needed to evaluate every legislative matter thoroughly.

To help with this challenge, Parliament relies on various committees. These committees play significant roles in managing the vast number of legislative tasks and ensuring that the work of Parliament is carried out effectively. Although the Indian Constitution mentions these committees in different articles, it does not provide specific details on how they should be formed, their duration, or their functions. Instead, these aspects are outlined in the rules of the two Houses of Parliament: the Lok Sabha (House of the People) and the Rajya Sabha (Council of States).

A parliamentary committee is defined by several key characteristics. Firstly, it is either appointed or elected by the members of the House, or it may be nominated by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha or the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. Secondly, the committee operates under the guidance of the Speaker or the Chairman, ensuring that it aligns with the broader goals of the Parliament. Thirdly, it must present its reports either to the House itself or to the Speaker/Chairman, making its findings public for further action. Lastly, the Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha provides a secretariat to support the committee's work by handling administrative tasks and documentation.

It is important to note that not all groups that involve members of Parliament are considered parliamentary committees. For example, consultative committees, which also include members from both Houses, do not meet the four criteria mentioned earlier. They function differently, often acting more as advisory groups than as formal committees responsible for legislative scrutiny.

In the Indian Constitution, various articles reference the existence of committees. Article 105 provides the framework for parliamentary privileges and states that members of Parliament have the right to freedom of speech within the Houses. Additionally, the rules governing the functioning of committees can be found in the Rules of Procedures of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.

The presence of these committees is crucial for the effective functioning of the Parliament. They allow for more focused discussions on specific issues, enabling members to dive deeper into the topics that matter most to the people of India. By bringing together expertise and different perspectives, committees help ensure that the legislative process is thorough and well-informed, ultimately leading to better governance.

Classification of Parliamentary Committees in India

In India, parliamentary committees play a significant role in the functioning of the government. They are primarily classified into two main types: Standing Committees and Ad Hoc Committees. Standing Committees are permanent in nature, usually constituted every year, and work continuously on various issues. In contrast, Ad Hoc Committees are temporary and are formed for a specific purpose, ceasing to exist once their assigned task is completed.

Standing Committees

Standing Committees can be categorized based on the functions they perform into six main groups:

1. Financial Committees: These include key committees like the Public Accounts Committee, Estimates Committee, and the Committee on Public Undertakings. Their main role is to oversee government expenditure and ensure that public funds are being utilized efficiently and lawfully.

2. Department-Related Standing Committees: There are a total of 24 such committees, and each is linked to specific departments. They review the functioning and performance of various ministries and departments.

3. Committees to Inquire: This group includes the Committee on Petitions, Committee of Privileges, and the Ethics Committee, which are responsible for investigating issues raised by the public or members of Parliament.

4. Committees to Scrutinize and Control: These committees focus on the oversight of government commitments, subordinate legislation, and welfare initiatives. For example, the Committee on Government Assurances checks that the government fulfills its promises.

5. Committees Relating to Daily House Business: These include the Business Advisory Committee, Rules Committee, and others that manage the daily functioning of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha sessions.

6. Housekeeping Committees: These committees look after the services and facilities available to members of Parliament, such as the Library Committee and the Joint Committee on Salaries and Allowances of Members of Parliament.

Ad Hoc Committees

Ad Hoc Committees are temporary and can be split into two primary categories: Inquiry Committees and Advisory Committees.

Inquiry Committees are set up as needed to investigate specific issues and report back. Examples include the Railway Convention Committee, which looks into railways' functioning, and the Committee on Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS), which reviews the development initiatives in members' constituencies.

Advisory Committees mainly focus on scrutinizing specific bills. When a bill is presented in Parliament, it can be referred to a Select Committee or a Joint Committee, which reviews the bill in detail. The committee examines each clause, suggests amendments, and takes testimonies from experts or organizations related to the bill. After reviewing, the Committee submits its report to the House, which can include dissenting opinions from members who disagree with the majority’s views.

Notable Committees and Their Functions

One of the most important Standing Committees is the Public Accounts Committee. Formed in 1950, it consists of 22 members, elected annually from both the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. This committee examines annual audit reports provided by the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India. Its main tasks include checking if public funds have been spent legally and efficiently. The committee also looks for instances of waste or misuse of resources.

The Estimates Committee was established in 1950 and consists of 30 members, all from the Lok Sabha. This committee's role is to analyze budget estimates and suggest improvements to ensure that public expenditure is managed wisely. Importantly, the committee cannot affect policy decisions made by Parliament and can only provide advisory recommendations.

Another important committee is the Committee on Public Undertakings, established in 1964. This committee reviews the functioning of public enterprises and assesses whether they are following sound business practices. Like the other committees, its recommendations are non-binding, meaning they do not have the authority to enforce changes.

Limitations of Parliamentary Committees

Even though parliamentary committees are crucial for oversight and accountability in governance, they face several limitations. For instance, their recommendations are advisory and are not legally binding on the ministries. They primarily perform evaluations after expenditures have already occurred rather than before. Additionally, they typically focus on selected departments each year rather than having a broad oversight capacity across all government operations.

Relevant Constitutional Provisions

The structure and functioning of parliamentary committees in India are guided by various articles and rules in the Constitution and Parliamentary procedures. Article 105 and Article 118 of the Constitution outline the powers and privileges of the Parliament and its members, indirectly supporting the establishment of committees to function effectively. The Rules of Procedure of both Houses of Parliament set guidelines for the formation and operations of these committees.

Parliamentary committees are essential for ensuring responsible governance in India. Their work helps maintain checks and balances within the government and promotes transparency in the use of public resources. Understanding these committees can provide insight into how the Indian parliamentary system operates and its commitment to democratic principles.

Department-Related Standing Committees in India

In India, the Department-Related Standing Committees (DRSCs) are important structures in the Parliament designed to enhance accountability and oversight of the Executive branch, primarily the Council of Ministers. These committees were established in 1993 based on recommendations from the Rules Committee of the Lok Sabha, initially consisting of 17 committees. In 2004, the number increased to 24, with seven additional committees set up to cover all the ministries and departments of the central government more effectively.

The DRSCs play a crucial role in enhancing financial accountability within the Parliament. Their primary responsibilities include reviewing the budget, examining bills related to specific ministries, and analyzing annual reports submitted by these ministries. Each DRSC comprises 31 members—21 from the Lok Sabha (the lower house) and 10 from the Rajya Sabha (the upper house). Members from the Lok Sabha are nominated by the Speaker, while those from the Rajya Sabha are nominated by the Chairman. Importantly, ministers cannot be members of these committees; if a nominated member becomes a minister, they must resign from the committee.

The term of each DRSC lasts for one year after its formation. Out of the 24 committees, 16 operate under the Lok Sabha, and 8 function under the Rajya Sabha. Each DRSC focuses on the budgets and policies related to specific ministries, ensuring detailed scrutiny before any financial discussions take place in the Lok Sabha.

The committees have specific functional responsibilities, such as reviewing the demands for grants of respective ministries before these are discussed in the Lok Sabha. They are also tasked with examining any bills presented that pertain to their assigned departments. They must consider annual reports and national policy documents related to the functioning of ministries.

While DRSCs hold significant power, they also face certain limitations. They do not typically address routine administrative matters of the ministries and do not generally consider subjects already under review by other parliamentary committees. It is also essential to note that their recommendations are advisory and not mandatory for the Parliament.

The procedure for reviewing financial demands starts with a general discussion in Parliament, followed by its adjournment for a fixed period. During this time, the DRSCs assess and report on the financial demands of the ministries, with a specified timeline for submission.

DRSCs bring several advantages to the parliamentary process. They operate in a non-partisan manner, and their procedures offer more flexibility compared to the Lok Sabha. This system enables a closer, more detailed, and continuous review of executive actions. Consequently, ministries are more cautious about their budget requests, knowing they will be closely examined.

Moreover, DRSCs engage all members of Parliament, allowing them to understand the government's functioning better and contribute effectively. The committees can also invite experts to share their views, enriching the discussions and reports produced.

The influence of DRSCs on the functioning of the government is significant. Their recommendations often lead to meaningful changes, as ministries are generally responsive to them. Instances where ministries fail to implement the recommendations convincingly are rare. Furthermore, DRSCs improve parliamentary debates by providing vital information, thus creating an informed legislative process.

The effectiveness of the DRSC system can be assessed based on four main indicators: accountability of officials, the dissemination of information, the impact on the Parliament and the public, and the influence on government decisions. Overall, DRSCs have shown their value by creating a "corpus of knowledge," enhancing understanding of governmental policies. This results in more informed discussions and better policymaking.

In the context of Indian constitutional provisions, Articles 105 and 118 govern the powers and privileges of Parliament and its committees. These articles empower the Parliament to make rules for its own proceedings and ensure effective checks and balances on the government, further emphasizing the importance of committees like the DRSCs in maintaining a vibrant democracy in India.

Committee on Petitions in India

The Committee on Petitions is an important group within the Indian Parliament that focuses on examining various petitions submitted by citizens regarding legislative bills and other matters of significant public concern. This committee plays a crucial role in ensuring that the voices of the people are heard in the legislative process.

In India, there are two houses of Parliament: the Lok Sabha (House of the People) and the Rajya Sabha (Council of States). Each of these houses has its own Committee on Petitions. The Lok Sabha’s committee is made up of 15 members, while the Rajya Sabha’s committee is composed of 10 members. These members are responsible for reviewing the petitions and concerns brought to their attention, influencing how laws and policies are shaped.

When it comes to the process of handling petitions, the committee entertains representations not only from individual citizens but also from various associations and organizations. This means that anyone, whether a single person or a group, can bring issues to the attention of the Parliament through this committee. These issues might involve requests for new laws, changes to existing laws, or concerns related to Union subjects—matters that fall under the jurisdiction of the central government.

According to the Indian Constitution, the right to petition is an important aspect of democracy. While the Constitution does not have a specific article solely dedicated to petitions, the broader framework of Articles 14 (Right to Equality) and 19 (Freedom of Speech and Expression) lays the groundwork for individuals to express their concerns and grievances openly. Through the Committee on Petitions, Parliament provides a structured way for the public to participate in the democratic process.

Additionally, this committee examines various aspects of the petitions submitted to it. This includes considering the validity of claims made in the petitions, whether the issues raised are of public interest, and the necessity of legislative action. Once the committee reviews a petition, it can recommend necessary actions to either the respective house of Parliament or suggest that issues be addressed by the concerned ministries.

Moreover, after the committee prepares its recommendations, these are presented to the members of the Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha. Debates may be held based on these recommendations, and if necessary, the government may be urged to take action on the issues highlighted in the petitions.

The Committee on Petitions plays a vital role in bridging the gap between the citizens and the legislative process, ensuring accountability and responsiveness from the government. This fosters a healthy democratic environment where the government is more in touch with the needs and concerns of the people it serves.

Committee of Privileges in India

The Committee of Privileges is an important part of the Indian parliamentary system. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the rights and privileges of the Houses of Parliament and their members. The committee examines situations where the privileges of the House or its members may have been violated and suggests what actions should be taken in response.

Functions and Responsibilities

The primary duty of the Committee of Privileges is to investigate cases where the rights of parliament members or the institution itself may have been compromised. This includes situations where a member may have faced unfair treatment or where someone has disrespected the authority of the House. The committee operates in a semi-judicial manner, meaning it has some aspects similar to a court in how it reviews cases and decides on appropriate actions.

For example, if a member of Parliament believes that their right to speak freely in the House has been violated, they can bring this issue to the committee. The committee will then look into the matter, review the facts, and make recommendations based on their findings.

Composition of the Committee

The Committee of Privileges consists of different numbers of members based on the House in which it operates. In the Lok Sabha, which is the lower house of Parliament, there are 15 members on this committee. In the Rajya Sabha, the upper house, the committee consists of 10 members. These members are selected from among the elected representatives and include members from various political parties, ensuring a diverse representation.

Constitutional Framework

The privileges of Parliament and its members are laid out in the Indian Constitution. Article 105 of the Constitution specifically deals with the powers, privileges, and immunities of the Lok Sabha and its members. Similarly, Article 194 addresses the same issues for the Rajya Sabha. Both of these articles ensure that members can perform their duties without interference and are protected from legal actions related to their expressions made in the House.

These articles serve as the legal basis for the operations of the Committee of Privileges, giving it the authority to investigate breaches and recommend actions. When the committee finds that there has been a breach of privilege, it can recommend disciplinary measures, which might include reprimands or other actions against those responsible.

Conclusion

The Committee of Privileges is essential for upholding the dignity and authority of India’s Parliament. By examining cases of privilege violations, it ensures that members can operate effectively and freely, thereby maintaining the integrity of the parliamentary system. Understanding the functions and responsibilities of this committee, along with the constitutional laws that protect these privileges, is vital for recognizing how democracy functions in India. This ongoing process supports balanced governance and accountability, foundational principles for a flourishing democratic society.

The Ethics Committee plays a crucial role in the functioning of the Indian Parliament by ensuring the integrity and accountability of its members. The committee was first established in the Rajya Sabha in 1997 and later in the Lok Sabha in 2000. Its main responsibility is to enforce a code of conduct for Members of Parliament (MPs). This code of conduct outlines the expected behavior and ethical standards that MPs should uphold while performing their duties.

The committee takes on the important task of examining cases where MPs may have engaged in misconduct. Misconduct can include a variety of actions that violate the ethical standards set out in the code, such as corruption, bribery, misuse of parliamentary positions, or any other behavior that undermines the dignity of the Parliament. Based on its findings, the Ethics Committee makes recommendations on appropriate actions that should be taken against the involved MPs. This can include disciplinary actions ranging from warnings to suspension or expulsion from the House.

In terms of membership, the Lok Sabha's Ethics Committee consists of 15 members, while the Rajya Sabha's committee has 10 members. These members are appointed from among the MPs, representing different political parties to ensure a balanced approach to the enforcement of the ethical norms.

To understand the legal foundation of the committee's work, it's important to refer to the rules and articles of the Indian Constitution that pertain to the conduct of MPs. The code of conduct derives its significance from various provisions in the Constitution and the rules of procedure of both Houses of Parliament. Article 105 of the Constitution grants Parliament the authority to make rules for its own procedure, which includes the establishment of committees such as the Ethics Committee. Furthermore, the representation of the People Act, 1951, governs the conduct of elections and includes provisions to disqualify MPs on grounds of criminal misconduct, which supplements the work of the Ethics Committee.

In a broader context, the existence of the Ethics Committees reflects India's commitment to uphold democratic values and maintain transparency and accountability in governance. By monitoring the behavior of parliamentarians, these committees not only act as watchdogs but also contribute to the public's trust in the democratic process.

In summary, the Ethics Committee is vital in maintaining discipline and decorum within the Indian Parliament, ensuring that MPs adhere to ethical standards, and protecting the integrity of the legislative process. As India continues to evolve as a democracy, such committees and their functioning are essential in promoting good governance and public confidence in elected representatives.

Committee on Government Assurances

The Committee on Government Assurances plays a vital role in ensuring accountability within the Indian government. Its primary function is to review the promises and commitments made by ministers during debates or discussions in the Parliament, known as the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. The committee checks how well these promises have been fulfilled and reports its findings to the Parliament, promoting transparency in the government's functionality.

Established in 1953, the committee is made up of members from both houses of Parliament. In the Lok Sabha, it includes 15 members, while in the Rajya Sabha, it is made up of 10 members. The composition of the committee helps to ensure that a diverse range of opinions and perspectives are considered when evaluating government promises.

The Committee on Government Assurances is particularly important because it keeps the ministers accountable to the Parliament and, by extension, to the citizens of India. For example, if a minister promises to undertake a specific project during a session, the committee can later investigate whether that project has commenced, progressed, or was abandoned altogether. This process helps in maintaining a check on the executive branch of the government.

In terms of legal framework, the committee operates under the rules of procedure set by the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha and follows guidelines laid out in the Constitution of India. Though there isn't a specific article of the Constitution that exclusively deals with the Committee on Government Assurances, its workings are influenced by broader principles of parliamentary procedure and accountability outlined in Articles 105 and 122, which cover the privileges and powers of Parliament.

The function of this committee aligns with the democratic principles of governance, ensuring that elected representatives honor their commitments made to the citizens of India. It promotes a culture of openness and responsibility among those in power, thereby strengthening the democratic processes in the country.

In conclusion, the Committee on Government Assurances serves as an essential watchdog of the commitments made by ministers, advocating for the importance of fulfilling promises and maintaining trust with the electorate. Its establishment and ongoing work reflect the conscience of democracy in India, safeguarding the pillars upon which the government operates.

Committee on Subordinate Legislation

The Committee on Subordinate Legislation is an important body in the Indian Parliament that checks how the executive branch uses the powers given to it. The executive can create regulations, rules, sub-rules, and bye-laws based on the authority given by laws passed by Parliament or as stated in the Constitution. The main job of this committee is to review these exercises of power to make sure everything is being done properly and according to the law.

This committee is made up of 15 members from both Houses of Parliament: the Lok Sabha (House of the People) and the Rajya Sabha (Council of States). It was established in 1953 and has played a key role in ensuring that the laws enacted by Parliament are followed accurately by the executive branch. This is vital for maintaining the rule of law and protecting the rights of citizens.

Role and Functions

The committee carefully examines all the rules and regulations that come under its review. It assesses whether the regulations are consistent with the provisions of the parent law (the original law passed by Parliament) and whether they respect the principles of democracy and justice. If the committee finds that the executive has overstepped its bounds, it can report this to Parliament. Such reporting can lead to discussions and necessary changes to ensure accountability.

Constitutional Framework

The power to create subordinate legislation is derived from Articles 245 and 246 of the Indian Constitution. Article 245 allows Parliament to make laws for the whole or any part of India, while Article 246 provides for the distribution of legislative powers between the Union and the States. Once these laws are passed by Parliament, they can give authority to the executive branch to develop detailed rules and regulations on how those laws will be applied in practice.

Moreover, Article 298 provides the executive with powers to make regulations for the conduct of its business, which is crucial for the functioning of various government departments. However, the Committee on Subordinate Legislation ensures that these powers are not abused and are exercised within the framework set by the Parliament and the Constitution.

Importance of the Committee

The work of the Committee on Subordinate Legislation is crucial for several reasons. It helps maintain checks and balances within the government. By overseeing the actions of the executive, the committee ensures transparency and accountability. It provides a platform for legislators to voice concerns and seek clarification on matters that may affect the general public or legal standards.

In a country as diverse and complex as India, where regulations can impact various sectors such as healthcare, education, and the economy, it is vital to have oversight mechanisms like this committee in place. The objective is not just to review but also to improve how laws are implemented and ensure they are beneficial to the citizens.

In conclusion, the Committee on Subordinate Legislation serves as a guardian of parliamentary authority, playing a key role in ensuring that laws passed by Parliament are implemented properly by the executive. Its oversight helps to ensure that the spirit of the law is maintained, promoting good governance in Indian democracy.

The Committee on Papers Laid on the Table is an important part of the Indian parliamentary system. This committee was formed in 1975 to ensure transparency and accountability in how the government operates. It plays a key role in reviewing documents presented in Parliament, specifically the papers laid before the House by various ministers.

The committee consists of two parts: the Lok Sabha Committee, which has 15 members, and the Rajya Sabha Committee, which has 10 members. The composition reflects the importance of having representation from both the lower and upper houses of Parliament, ensuring that different viewpoints are heard.

The main function of this committee is to check all papers submitted by ministers to see if they follow the rules set out in the Constitution of India and relevant laws. This is crucial because it helps in maintaining the integrity of the parliamentary process. For instance, the committee looks at various types of documents, including reports, statements, and other papers, to ensure that they are in accordance with legal provisions.

However, it’s important to note that this committee does not review statutory notifications and orders that are under the jurisdiction of the Committee on Subordinate Legislation. The latter committee specifically deals with the rules and regulations framed by the executive under the authority of the law, ensuring that they are not exceeding their powers.

The framework for the operations of the Committee on Papers Laid on the Table can be linked to various articles of the Indian Constitution. Articles 107 and 108 outline the legislative procedure and the responsibilities of Parliament, while Article 166 focuses on the role of the Governor in the executive branch. Understanding these articles helps in grasping how various committees, including the Committee on Papers, fit into the broader system of governance in India.

In addition, the Rules of Procedure of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha provide detailed guidelines on how these committees should operate. This includes procedures for electing members, conducting meetings, and reporting findings, which ultimately contributes to a more effective parliamentary process.

By examining the papers laid on the table, this committee supports the principle of accountability and provides a check on the executive branch, ensuring that the government remains answerable to Parliament and, by extension, to the citizens of India. This function not only enhances good governance but also reinforces the democratic framework within which the Indian polity operates.

Committee on Welfare of SCs and STs

The Committee on Welfare of Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) is an important group within the Indian Parliament. It has a total of 30 members, which includes 20 representatives from the Lok Sabha, the lower house of Parliament, and 10 from the Rajya Sabha, the upper house. This committee plays a vital role in ensuring the rights and welfare of marginalized communities in India.

One of the primary functions of the committee is to review and consider the reports provided by the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes. These commissions are responsible for monitoring the implementation of various laws and policies aimed at protecting the rights of SCs and STs and ensuring their upliftment. By examining these reports, the committee can assess how effectively the government is working to support these communities.

In addition to reviewing reports, the committee also looks into various issues associated with the welfare of SCs and STs. This includes checking how well the government is enforcing constitutional protections and legal provisions that are designed to help these communities. Such safeguards are crucial because they offer protection against discrimination and aim to promote equality and social justice.

The Indian Constitution itself contains specific articles that focus on the rights of SCs and STs. For instance, Article 46 encourages the State to promote the educational and economic interests of SCs and STs and to protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation. Moreover, Article 341 allows the President of India to specify the Scheduled Castes on the basis of the social and educational backwardness of these communities, which ensures that they receive the support they require.

The committee also evaluates the implementation of various welfare programs aimed at SCs and STs. These programs include initiatives related to education, employment, land distribution, and healthcare. The goal is to ensure that the benefits of these programs reach those who need them most and that there is a tangible improvement in their living conditions.

In summary, the Committee on Welfare of SCs and STs is essential for promoting the interests of these communities in India. Through its various functions, including reviewing commission reports and assessing government policies, the committee helps ensure that the constitutional protections and welfare programs are effectively implemented. This oversight is crucial for fostering equality and improving the quality of life for marginalized groups in the country.

Committee on Empowerment of Women

The Committee on Empowerment of Women was established in 1997 as part of India's efforts to promote gender equality and improve the status of women in society. This committee consists of 30 members, which includes 20 members from the Lok Sabha (the Lower House of Parliament) and 10 members from the Rajya Sabha (the Upper House of Parliament). The structure of this committee reflects the democratic principle of representation, ensuring that various regions and voices across the country have a say in matters concerning women’s issues.

The main role of this committee is to review and discuss reports provided by the National Commission for Women (NCW). The NCW is an essential body that advocates for women's rights and addresses issues related to women's welfare. One of the key tasks of the committee is to evaluate the measures taken by the Union Government to promote the status, dignity, and equality of women in various sectors, including education, health, employment, and political participation.

The committee examines the effectiveness of existing policies and programs aimed at empowering women. It ensures that the government's initiatives stay in line with the constitutional mandates and laws designed to uplift the status of women. Several articles in the Indian Constitution, such as Article 14, which guarantees equality before the law, and Article 15, which prohibits discrimination on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth, serve as a foundation for women's rights.

Furthermore, Article 39(a) urges the state to provide equal pay for equal work, and Article 51A(e) emphasizes the duty of every citizen to renounce practices that are derogatory to the dignity of women. This framework encourages the committee to focus on issues like gender-based violence, discrimination at the workplace, and the need for greater representation of women in decision-making roles.

The empowerment of women is, therefore, not just an issue of social justice but also a fundamental aspect for national development. The committee plays a vital role in bringing forth issues that require urgent attention and influences policy changes, including laws like the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 and the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013.

Overall, the Committee on Empowerment of Women is a crucial part of India's parliamentary system, working towards the goal of creating a society where women enjoy equal rights and opportunities, free from discrimination and violence. Through its work, the committee aims to ensure that women's voices are heard and that their concerns are addressed in the political and legislative processes of the country.

Joint Committee on Offices of Profit

The Joint Committee on Offices of Profit is a significant body in the Indian parliamentary system that plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of elected representatives. This committee is responsible for examining various committees and other organizations that are established by the central government, the state governments, and the Union Territories. The main focus of this committee is to determine whether individuals holding certain positions or offices within these entities should be disqualified from being elected as members of Parliament.

The composition of the Joint Committee on Offices of Profit includes 15 members in total: 10 members are drawn from the Lok Sabha (the lower house of Parliament), and 5 members are from the Rajya Sabha (the upper house of Parliament). This blend ensures representation from both houses, allowing for a balanced view in their recommendations.

The term "offices of profit" generally refers to any position that comes with a salary or other benefits, which could create a conflict of interest for a member of Parliament. According to Article 102 of the Indian Constitution, a person can be disqualified from being elected to Parliament if they hold an office of profit under the government, except for certain positions sanctioned by law. This means that if an individual is in a position that could influence their responsibilities or decisions as a member of Parliament, they may be deemed unfit to serve.

The Joint Committee analyzes the nature of these offices and makes recommendations regarding whether those occupying them should be allowed to stand for election. Their findings can influence amendments to existing laws or lead to new legislation aimed at clarifying what constitutes an office of profit.

To maintain transparency and eliminate any potential conflicts of interest, it's crucial that the committee functions effectively and its recommendations are taken seriously by the legislative bodies. The committee thus plays an important role in upholding the standards of governance and public trust in elected representatives.

In summary, the Joint Committee on Offices of Profit serves a vital purpose within the Indian parliamentary framework. It not only examines the eligibility of individuals holding positions that may conflict with their roles as lawmakers but also plays a part in shaping legislative policies regarding such offices. Its work is pivotal in ensuring that elected officials remain accountable and that the democratic process is respected and upheld.

The Business Advisory Committee plays a crucial role in managing the schedule and agenda of the Parliament in India. Its main job is to decide how much time should be allotted for discussing various legislative matters and other business that the government wants to present in the House. This ensures that all essential issues are addressed in an organized manner, allowing for efficient use of parliamentary time.

In the Lok Sabha, which is the lower house of Parliament, the Business Advisory Committee is made up of 15 members. This includes the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, who serves as the chairman of the committee. The Speaker plays a vital role here, as they guide the processes of the House and ensure that discussions happen smoothly. On the other hand, in the Rajya Sabha, which is the upper house of Parliament, the Business Advisory Committee consists of 11 members. The Vice President of India serves as the ex-officio chairman of this committee, which means that they hold the position by virtue of their role as Vice President.

The importance of the Business Advisory Committee lies in its ability to bring order and structure to parliamentary proceedings. By overseeing the timetable and programme of the House, the committee helps set priorities for legislative work. This is particularly important because the Parliament has limited time in each session and numerous issues to discuss, ranging from new laws to petitions and discussions on public interest matters.

In terms of legal backing, the Business Advisory Committee operates under the rules set out in the Constitution of India, specifically in relation to the functioning of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. Articles 118 and 121 of the Constitution empower each House to make rules for its own procedure. These articles provide the framework within which the Business Advisory Committee functions, ensuring that it can effectively organize business in line with the rules of parliamentary procedure.

Furthermore, Lok Sabha Rule 235 and Rajya Sabha Rule 267 detail the specific provisions regarding the establishment and functioning of the Business Advisory Committee. These rules explain how the committee is constituted and outline the procedures it must follow when allocating time for various issues. The committee usually meets before each session of Parliament to discuss its agenda and set the timetable for that session.

In summary, the Business Advisory Committee is a key component of India's legislative process, responsible for organizing the business of Parliament efficiently. With 15 members in Lok Sabha and 11 in Rajya Sabha, including their respective chairpersons, this committee ensures that legislative functioning remains systematic and productive, adhering to the constitutional rules that govern its operations.

Committee on Private Members’ Bills and Resolutions

The Committee on Private Members’ Bills and Resolutions is a specialized group in the Lok Sabha, which is the lower house of India's Parliament. This committee plays a significant role in managing how legislative proposals put forward by Members of Parliament (MPs) who are not ministers (also known as private members) are handled. It is responsible for sorting out these bills and also deciding how much time should be allocated for discussing each one in the house.

This committee comprises a total of 15 members, including the Deputy Speaker, who acts as the chairman. The presence of the Deputy Speaker highlights the importance of this committee, as it helps ensure that private members get a fair chance to voice their legislative ideas and concerns in Parliament.

It's important to note that the Rajya Sabha, which is the upper house of Parliament, does not have a committee specifically for private members' bills and resolutions. Instead, this task falls under the Business Advisory Committee of the Rajya Sabha. This committee also allocates time for discussions but focuses on the overall parliamentary business of the house, which includes bills introduced by both the government and private members.

According to Article 107 of the Indian Constitution, a bill can be introduced in either house of Parliament. However, Article 118 specifies that each house may make rules for the conduct of its business, which is where the function of committees like the one for private members' bills becomes essential. These rules help organize discussions so that Parliament runs smoothly.

In summary, the Committee on Private Members’ Bills and Resolutions is vital for ensuring that all members of Lok Sabha, not just ministers, have the opportunity to participate in the legislative process. This reflects the democratic spirit of the Indian Parliament, allowing diverse voices and ideas to be heard and considered in the law-making process.

Rules Committee in the Indian Parliament

The Rules Committee plays a crucial role in the functioning of both houses of the Indian Parliament: the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha. This committee focuses on understanding and improving the procedures and rules that govern how business is conducted in the House. Essentially, it looks at how meetings are run and the regulations that facilitate smoother operation during discussions and decision-making.

In the Lok Sabha, the Rules Committee is made up of 15 members. This group includes the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, who serves as the ex-officio chairman of the committee. The term "ex-officio" means that the Speaker holds this position by virtue of their role as Speaker, not because they were elected to the committee. The Speaker's involvement is significant because they help guide the committee's discussions with their understanding of parliamentary procedures.

On the other hand, the Rajya Sabha's Rules Committee includes 16 members, with the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha also acting as the ex-officio chairman. Like the Lok Sabha, having the Chairman as part of this committee is essential, as they oversee legislative practices and ensure that discussions in the Rajya Sabha adhere to the set rules.

The work of the Rules Committee is vital because it ensures that the procedures used in the House are efficient and effective. Whenever there is a need for changes to the rules—be it to reflect new challenges or improve existing processes—the committee recommends amendments or additions. Such changes may include how debates are conducted, how voting is organized, or how inquiries into certain matters are handled.

The authority and functioning of the Rules Committee are also backed by the Constitution of India, particularly under Article 118, which provides each house of Parliament the ability to make rules for its own procedure. This article gives the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha the power to govern their procedures, and the Rules Committee helps in shaping those rules.

Moreover, these rules are not merely administrative; they carry legal weight. They are essential for maintaining order, discipline, and decorum in legislative proceedings. Following the rules allows members to participate effectively and voice their opinions democratically.

In summary, the Rules Committee is a fundamental component of India's parliamentary democracy. By examining and suggesting improvements to the procedural rules, it plays an instrumental role in ensuring that the legislative process remains transparent, orderly, and efficient. The work done by this committee aids in fostering a healthy dialogue within the Parliament, ultimately contributing to the effectiveness of governance in India.

Committee on Absence of Members from the Sittings of the House

In the Lok Sabha, which is one of the two houses of Parliament in India, there is a special group called the Committee on Absence of Members from the Sittings of the House. This committee has an important job: it looks at requests from Lok Sabha members who want to take leave and miss the meetings. When a member wants to be absent, they need to submit an application to this committee.

The committee also takes a closer look at members who have missed the House sessions for more than 60 days without asking for permission. This is vital because regular attendance is crucial for the functioning of the House and for representing the interests of the people effectively.

The Committee on Absence is made up of 15 members from the Lok Sabha. These members are regular lawmakers who work together to ensure that the absences are justified and that the functioning of the house is not disrupted. This kind of attention helps maintain order and accountability among the members, promoting a sense of responsibility regarding their roles.

In contrast, the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of Parliament, does not have a similar committee. Instead, any matters related to the absence of its members are handled directly by the House itself. This means that any issues or requests concerning absences in the Rajya Sabha are discussed and decided upon by all the members present in the House, rather than by a separate committee. This approach emphasizes collective responsibility among the members of the Rajya Sabha.

The functioning of these committees and their rules can be linked to various constitutional articles. For example, Article 101 of the Indian Constitution states that a member of Parliament can be disqualified for not attending the House for a period of 60 days. This underlines the significance of the Committee on Absence in the Lok Sabha, as it helps ensure that members adhere to this requirement.

In summary, the Committee on Absence of Members from the Sittings of the House plays a crucial role in maintaining attendance in the Lok Sabha. It ensures that members who wish to be absent have legitimate reasons, thereby supporting the effective operation of parliamentary democracy in India. Meanwhile, the Rajya Sabha takes a more collective approach to manage member absences. The rules and provisions outlined in the Constitution help to enforce these structures, thereby fostering accountability in governance.

General Purposes Committee in Indian Parliament

The General Purposes Committee is an important group within the Indian Parliament. Its main role is to look at issues concerning the workings of the House that do not belong to any other specific committee. This means that if there is a problem or topic that doesn’t fit into the categories of other committees, this committee can step in to provide guidance and advice.

Each House of Parliament in India has its own General Purposes Committee. The committee is chaired by the presiding officer; this is either the Speaker in the Lok Sabha (the Lower House) or the Chairman in the Rajya Sabha (the Upper House). Apart from the presiding officer, the committee is made up of several key members. This includes the Deputy Speaker in the Lok Sabha and the Deputy Chairman in the case of the Rajya Sabha.

Furthermore, members of the panel of chairpersons, which includes vice-chairpersons in the Rajya Sabha, along with the chairpersons of all the departmental standing committees, are also part of this committee. Leaders of recognized parties and groups within the House are included as well, along with other members who are nominated by the presiding officer. This diverse makeup ensures that various perspectives are considered in discussions.

In terms of constitutional backing, the functioning of such committees is not explicitly defined in the Indian Constitution, but they operate under the rules and procedures set by each House. The rules for the formation and functioning of the General Purposes Committee can be typically found in the parliamentary rules of procedure, which guide how parliamentary committees should operate.

These rules are often derived from the 14th Lok Sabha and successive Lok Sabha guidelines, complemented by rulings and practices established over time. Understanding the role of the General Purposes Committee is essential for anyone interested in how the Indian Parliament organizes its work and addresses issues that arise in its functioning.

The General Purposes Committee plays a crucial role in enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of parliamentary proceedings by dealing with various administrative and procedural matters, ensuring that the House runs smoothly and efficiently. The committee often discusses problems related to the conduct of the House, scheduling of business, and the functioning of various other committees, which are all vital for maintaining the legislative process.

Thus, the General Purposes Committee is a key component of the parliamentary system in India, facilitating smoother operations and addressing diverse concerns that may arise and change as political dynamics evolve in the country.

House Committee in Indian Parliament

The House Committee is an important part of the Indian parliamentary system in both the Lok Sabha (the Lower House) and the Rajya Sabha (the Upper House). This committee is responsible for overseeing the living arrangements and various facilities provided to the members of Parliament while they are in the capital, Delhi.

The committee's main focus is to ensure that the accommodation of the members is comfortable. This includes providing them with a place to stay, food services, medical care, and other amenities while they are working in Delhi. These arrangements are crucial because Members of Parliament often travel from their constituencies across the country to attend sessions, debates, and other parliamentary functions. Having a supportive environment helps them perform their duties effectively.

Each House of Parliament has its own House Committee. In the Lok Sabha, the committee comprises 12 members, while in the Rajya Sabha, it has 10 members. These members are usually elected from among their peers in each house, ensuring that the committee consists of individuals familiar with the needs and concerns of their fellow members.

The functioning of the House Committee is also guided by various constitutional articles and rules. Although there might not be specific articles directly mentioning the House Committee, the broader framework for the functioning of Parliament is laid out in Articles 79 to 122 of the Constitution of India. These articles discuss the composition, powers, and functions of the two Houses of Parliament, including the establishment of committees. The rules regarding the formation and functioning of such committees are further outlined in the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business for each house.

In addition to accommodation, the committee may also address issues like the upkeep of property used by members, security arrangements, and improvements to the overall living standards provided to Parliament members in the capital. This ensures that they can focus on their legislative duties without worrying too much about their personal living conditions.

Overall, the House Committees play a vital role in supporting the work of MPs, ensuring their basic needs are met while they serve the public. This enables them to concentrate on governance and representation, which are crucial for the functioning of democracy in India. They promote a collaborative environment and carry out essential work that often goes unnoticed but is integral to the smooth operation of Parliament.

Library Committee of the Indian Parliament

The Library Committee is an important group that focuses on all things related to the libraries of the Indian Parliament. Its main purpose is to help the members of Parliament, known as MPs, make the most of the library's resources and services. This includes providing access to documents, research materials, books, and other information that can assist MPs in their legislative work.

The committee is made up of nine members in total. Out of these, six members are chosen from the Lok Sabha, which is the lower house of Parliament, while three members come from the Rajya Sabha, the upper house. This mix ensures that both houses of Parliament are represented when it comes to managing and improving the library services.

Role and Functions

The Library Committee has several key functions. First, it reviews the functioning of the library, suggesting improvements or changes to make sure it meets the needs of all parliamentary members effectively. It also looks at the collection of books and materials available, ensuring that they are up-to-date and relevant to the legislative process.

Additionally, the committee plays a role in promoting the use of library services among Members of Parliament. This could involve organizing informational sessions about how to access resources or introducing new digital tools that make research easier.

Relevant Constitutional Articles and Laws

The functioning of the Library Committee is guided by certain rules and regulations laid out in the Indian Constitution and the Parliamentary Procedures. While the Constitution of India does not specifically outline provisions for the Library Committee, it exists under the broader framework of parliamentary committees, which are established to enhance the effectiveness of parliamentary operations.

For a deeper understanding of how parliamentary committees function, one can refer to Article 118 of the Constitution, which discusses the powers of Parliament to make rules for its own procedure. Moreover, the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha outline the operational procedures for various parliamentary committees, including the Library Committee.

Importance of the Library Committee

The role of the Library Committee cannot be underestimated, as access to high-quality information directly impacts the legislative process. By providing resources and support, the committee ensures that MPs are well-informed and able to make educated decisions on the laws and policies they craft. In an age where information is abundant yet often overwhelming, the Library Committee's work to streamline access to knowledge is vital for effective governance and a well-functioning democracy.

In summary, the Library Committee plays a critical role in supporting Parliament’s work by managing library affairs and ensuring that Parliamentarians have access to the resources they need. Its multi-house representation and focus on improving library services contribute significantly to the efficiency and quality of legislative processes in India.

Joint Committee on Salaries and Allowances of Members of Parliament

The Joint Committee on Salaries and Allowances of Members of Parliament plays an important role in determining the remuneration and benefits given to the elected representatives of India. This committee was created under the Salary, Allowances, and Pension of Members of Parliament Act, 1954. This Act specifically outlines the frameworks for how members of Parliament (MPs) are compensated for their work, including their salaries, allowances, and pensions.

The committee is made up of 15 members, which includes 10 members from the Lok Sabha, the lower house of Parliament, and 5 members from the Rajya Sabha, the upper house. This mix ensures that both houses of Parliament are represented when decisions are made about the payments and benefits available to MPs.

One of the key functions of this committee is to develop rules that regulate how salaries, allowances, and pensions are paid to MPs. This includes setting the amount of salary they receive, determining what kinds of allowances are permitted, and establishing the pension structure for MPs after they retire from active politics.

In terms of laws, the committee operates within the framework provided by the Constitution of India, particularly under Article 106, which allows Parliament to determine the salaries and allowances of its members. According to this article, the salaries and allowances of the MPs are to be fixed by law, and it is this provision that gives the Joint Committee the authority to create rules and recommendations regarding compensation.

Additionally, the committee's work contributes to a transparent governance framework by ensuring that MPs are fairly compensated for their service while also being held accountable to the public. By regulating these payments, it attempts to provide a balanced approach to parliamentary benefits that reflects both the responsibilities of MPs and the expectations of the electorate.

The discussions and recommendations put forward by the Joint Committee can have a significant impact on public perceptions of political leaders, especially in times of economic difficulty when the issue of government spending is widely discussed. Ultimately, this committee serves as a vital body in upholding the standards of parliamentary conduct through its management of MPs' compensation.

In summary, the Joint Committee on Salaries and Allowances of Members of Parliament is an essential part of India’s parliamentary system, ensuring that the compensation for MPs is both fair and regulated. Its work is rooted in constitutional provisions that empower Parliament to set the framework for these salaries and allowances, combining representation from both houses to create a balanced approach to parliamentary compensation.

Consultative Committees in India

Consultative committees are important groups that work alongside different ministries and departments of the Central Government in India. These committees include members from both houses of Parliament—the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha. The Minister or Minister of State who is in charge of a particular ministry serves as the chairman of that ministry's consultative committee.

The main purpose of these committees is to provide a space for informal discussions about government policies and programs. This allows ministers and members of Parliament to converse openly about how policies are formed and executed. The Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs is responsible for setting up these committees, which involves creating guidelines on how they should be composed, what their functions are, and how they operate.

Meetings for these committees can take place during Parliament sessions or during breaks between sessions. Membership in these committees is voluntary, meaning members can choose whether or not to participate. The number of members in a committee can range from a minimum of 10 to a maximum of 30. After general elections, when a new Lok Sabha (House of the People) is formed, these committees are established. This means they dissolve when each Lok Sabha is dissolved and are reformed when a new Lok Sabha is elected.

In addition to the general consultative committees, there are also separate Informal Consultative Committees for each Railway Zone in India. Members of Parliament who represent a specific Railway Zone get nominated to their respective committee. This setup allows them to discuss issues and concerns specific to the zone they represent, facilitating better communication and addressing local needs effectively.

Relevant Articles and Laws

The existence and functioning of consultative committees are linked to various provisions in the Indian Constitution and parliamentary practices. While there isn’t a specific article in the Constitution that explicitly mentions consultative committees, the functioning and establishment of such committees harmonize with the principles of parliamentary democracy laid out in Article 80 and Article 81 concerning the composition of the Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha, respectively.

The rules governing these committees are further embedded in the Parliamentary Procedures, which guide how Parliament operates. The Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs formulates the guidelines on the functioning of consultative committees, making sure that they align with the overall legislative framework of the country.

These committees play a crucial role in bridging the gap between the government and the Parliament, ensuring that the concerns and insights of lawmakers are taken into consideration in the formation and implementation of policies. This collaborative approach fosters a more inclusive governance structure, allowing for diverse voices to contribute to the decision-making process.