History of Armenians in India
The historical connections between Armenians and Indians date back to ancient times, with some of the earliest documented references found in "Cyropaedia," an ancient Greek text authored by Xenophon between 430 BC and 355 BC. This work hints at the travels of Armenians to India, marking the beginning of an enduring relationship. An archival directory published in 1956 in Delhi reveals that an Armenian merchant and diplomat named Thomas Cana made his way to the Malabar Coast in 780 AD via an overland route. His journey signifies the early presence of Armenians in India and their engagement in trade and diplomacy.
The geopolitical landscape shifted during the 15th century with the Ottoman and Safavid conquests of the Armenian highlands, which led to a significant Armenian diaspora. Many Armenians migrated into various territories within the Ottoman and Safavid empires, ultimately reaching Mughal India. During the reign of Mughal Emperor Akbar, Armenians began to occupy prominent roles within the empire; notable figures included Akbar's wife, Mariam Begum Saheba, and the Chief Justice Abdul Hai, who contributed to the cultural and administrative fabric of Mughal society. They flourished in various cities such as Delhi, Lahore, and Bengal, where they established enclosed colonies and built churches, integrating their community while retaining their distinct cultural identity.
Armenians served in multiple capacities, including merchants, gunsmiths, priests, and military personnel, often within the armies of Nawabs in regions like Bengal and Punjab. Individuals such as Khojah Petrus Nicholas and Khojah Gorgin Khan emerged as significant contributors to military endeavors under various Islamic rulers. Thomas Cana, a notable merchant, primarily traded in spices and muslins and played a critical role in securing a copperplate decree from Malabar rulers that granted various commercial, social, and religious privileges to Christians in the area. Locally, he is revered as "Knayi Thomman" or "Kanaj Tomma," which reflects his merchant status.
The arrival of the British East India Company in the 17th century provided another pivotal moment for Armenian settlers in India. On June 22, 1688, an agreement was made in London through which the British sought to enhance Armenian commercial presence in India. This treaty granted Armenians special trading privileges and equal rights to British subjects, allowing them freedom of residence, travel, and access to civil offices. The lack of a homeland for Armenians made them attractive partners for European trading powers, who favored their involvement over that of their European counterparts during the age of mercantilism. Due to their reputation for honesty and reliability, Armenians became sought-after intermediaries between European traders, enhancing their status as prominent international traders.
As Armenia lacked a national state, their diaspora flourished in India, where they established wealthy communities. Their trade networks stretched from Manila to Amsterdam, though their most notable successes were found in Indian markets. Wealth generated through their trade empowered the Armenian community to create enduring institutions in various cities across India, resulting in the establishment of churches, newspapers, and notable cultural contributions, including the first Armenian constitution written in Madras in 1773 by Shahamir Shahamirian, preceding the American constitution by 14 years. Through these developments, Armenians left an indelible mark on India's history, contributing to its multicultural heritage and economic landscape.
Historical Context of Armenian Settlements in India
The Armenian presence in India spans several centuries, leading to the establishment of numerous settlements across various regions. These include significant urban centers such as Agra, Surat, Mumbai, Kanpur, Chinsurah, Chandernagore, Kolkata, Saidabad in Murshidabad, Chennai, Gwalior, and Lucknow. Additionally, cities that are now part of Pakistan and Bangladesh, such as Lahore and Dhaka, as well as Kabul in Afghanistan, were once home to Armenian populations during the era of Undivided India. Beyond the Indian subcontinent, the Armenian community also made its mark in Burma and Southeast Asia, reflecting a rich network of trade and cultural exchange.
Agra's Armenian Community
The Mughal emperor Akbar (1556–1605) recognized the skills and trading capabilities of Armenians, inviting them to settle in Agra during the 16th century. By the mid-19th century, the Armenian community in Agra flourished, benefitting from imperial decrees that granted them tax exemptions on their commercial activities. Such privileges allowed Armenians to thrive as merchants within the Mughal Empire, where foreign entry was otherwise restricted. In 1562, an Armenian church was established in Agra, signifying the community's permanence and its contribution to the cultural fabric of the region.
The Vibrancy of Armenians in Murshidabad
During the reign of Aurangzeb (1658–1707), another notable Armenian settlement emerged in Saidabad, a suburb of Murshidabad, then the capital of Bengal. The emperor's decree permitted Armenians to establish a trading community, reducing taxes on key commodities such as piece goods and raw silk. By the 18th century, the Armenians had become an influential merchant bloc, actively participating in the region's trade. The establishment of the Church of the Virgin Mary in Saidabad in 1758 further cemented their presence and cultural heritage.
Trading Legacy in Surat
The historical significance of the Armenian community in Surat is evidenced by gravestones from the 16th and 17th centuries that are intricate in design, embedded within the city's Armenian cemetery. This suggests that Armenians began arriving in Surat as early as the 14th century, and their numbers grew notably during the 16th century. Primarily engaged in trade of jewelry, precious stones, and textiles, the Armenian merchants operated through family networks, distinguishing them from other traders in the region. Their contributions played a vital role in the commercial success of Surat as a major port, facilitating trade connections with distant markets across the Mediterranean and beyond. The Armenian Church and the surviving tombstones serve as monuments to their vibrant trading legacy in the region.
Chennai's Armenian Contributions
In Chennai, traces of the Armenian presence and contributions continue to resonate today. Notable figures like the merchant Uscan significantly impacted the city's infrastructure by funding key projects, including the Marmalong Bridge over the River Adyar and the Chapel of Our Lady of Miracles. His investments in public amenities like rest houses for pilgrims are indicative of the Armenians' commitment to the welfare of their adopted communities. The Holy Virgin Mary Church in Georgetown, built in 1772, remains a testament to the lifestyle and faith of the Armenians who once thrived in Chennai.
Cultural Heritage in Kolkata
Near Kolkata, the Armenian community established itself in Chinsurah, where they built the Armenian Church of the Holy Nazareth in 1688. This structure holds the title of the second oldest Armenian church in Bengal and has remained well-preserved under the stewardship of the Calcutta Armenian Church Committee. The church symbolizes the enduring cultural and religious legacy of the Armenian community in the region, serving as a focal point for their historical identity in India.
The Armenian settlements across India not only reflect a rich tapestry of cultural integration but also underscore the community's role in the economic and religious life of the regions they inhabited. Their contributions in trade, architecture, and community building continue to be a point of pride and remembrance in India's diverse historical landscape.
Declining Population and Cultural Heritage
In the wake of Armenia's independence from the Soviet Union, a significant number of Armenian-Indians opted to return to their roots, causing a noticeable decline in the Armenian population in India. Today, the Armenian community in India has dwindled to approximately 100 individuals, primarily concentrated in Kolkata. This city holds the distinction of being home to about 150 Armenians who actively celebrate traditional Armenian holidays such as Christmas on January 6 and Easter. A vital ritual in their cultural life includes commemorating Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day at the Armenian Church in Kolkata, reflecting their historical awareness and cultural identity.
Historic Armenian Church in Kolkata
The Armenian Church of Holy Nazareth, situated on Brabourne Road, Kolkata, is a crucial landmark not only for the Armenian community but also for the city itself. Constructed in 1734, it stands as the oldest church in Kolkata, symbolizing the long-standing presence of Armenians in India. The church serves not just as a place of worship but as a cultural refuge for the Armenian community, providing them an avenue to maintain their religious and historical ties amidst a rapidly changing demographic landscape.
Educational and Social Institutions
In addition to their religious observances, the Armenian community continues to prioritize education and social engagement through institutions like the Armenian College and Philanthropic Academy, established in 1821. Often referred to simply as Armenian College, it was initially funded through generous endowments and donations. Recently, the governance of this prestigious institution was transitioned to the Armenian Holy See of Echmiadzin, led by a group of committed alumni, including Heros Avetoom. Currently, the college accommodates around 125 students from diverse backgrounds, including Armenia, Iran, Iraq, and the local community, ensuring the continuity of Armenian heritage and education.
Continued Engagement and Community Spirit
Another significant entity within the Armenian community in Kolkata is the Armenian Sports Club, founded in 1890, which remains an active hub for social interaction and sporting events. This institution plays a crucial role in fostering community spirit and bringing together Armenians of all ages. Despite the challenges posed by a declining population and growing global ties, the Armenian community in India continues to thrive by celebrating its rich heritage and maintaining its cultural institutions, ensuring that their identity remains intact for generations to come.
Religion among Armenians in India
The Armenian community in India primarily follows the Apostolic Orthodox faith, with the overwhelming majority adhering to the Armenian Apostolic Church. This church is governed by the Holy See of Echmiadzin, which is located in Armenia. The teachings and traditions of the church play a significant role in preserving the cultural heritage of Armenians, both in Armenia and among the diaspora around the world, including India. The Armenian Apostolic Church is known for its unique liturgical practices and its deep historical roots, tracing back to the early Christian era.
In February 2007, a notable event occurred when Karekin II, the Catholicos of All Armenians, visited India. His journey included important meetings in key cities such as Delhi, where he met with the President of India, emphasizing the connection between the Armenian community and the Indian government. His travels led him to the vibrant cities of Chennai, Mumbai, and Kolkata, where he engaged with the local Armenian populations, fostering a sense of unity and community among Armenians living in the diaspora.
India is home to several significant Armenian Apostolic churches that serve not only as places of worship but also as cultural centers for the Armenian community. Kolkata hosts multiple churches, including the Armenian Church of Holy Nazareth and the Armenian Church of St. John the Baptist. These churches are not merely religious structures; they represent a historical legacy and offer educational services, such as the Armenian College and Philanthropic Academy, which focuses on preserving Armenian culture and language among younger generations. Additionally, the Holy Trinity Chapel, also known as the Church of Tangra, reflects the community's deep-rooted presence in Kolkata.
Beyond Kolkata, there are other notable Armenian churches across India, including the Armenian Church in Chennai and St. Peter's Armenian Apostolic Church in Mumbai. The St. Mary Armenian Church located in Saidabad, Murshidabad, further showcases the rich tapestry of the Armenian diaspora in India, demonstrating how the faith continues to thrive outside its homeland. These institutions not only serve spiritual needs but also act as hubs for cultural activities, community gatherings, and celebrations that strengthen the identity of Armenians in India, ensuring that their traditions and heritage are preserved for future generations.
Armenia–India relations have been fostered through various high-profile visits and treaties that underscore the mutual respect and cooperation between the two nations. The groundwork for these diplomatic ties was laid in December 1995 when President Levon Ter-Petrossian made a significant visit to India. During this trip, he signed a Treaty of Friendship and Co-operation, focusing on enhancing political, economic, and cultural relations. This initial step opened doors for further diplomatic exchanges and collaborations, indicating a shared commitment to nurturing bilateral ties.
In subsequent years, both nations have continued to engage at multiple levels. Foreign Minister Vartan Oskanian's trip to India in December 2000 further cemented these ties, allowing the two countries to discuss various areas of cooperation, including trade, defense, and cultural exchange. The diplomatic interactions have also been reciprocal, as seen in July 2003 when India's Minister of State for External Affairs, Mr. Digvijay Singh, visited Armenia. Such exchanges are crucial for building a robust partnership based on trust and mutual interests.
The relations deepened even further with the visit of President Robert Kocharian in October–November 2003. Accompanied by a delegation of ministers and a strong business group, Kocharian's visit highlighted Armenia's interest in fostering economic partnerships with India. During this visit, discussions likely revolved around trade opportunities, investment prospects, and collaborations in technology and education. Such initiatives continue to be critical as both countries seek to tap into each other's strengths for mutual benefit.
On the cultural front, the Armenia-India Friendship Society plays an essential role in commemorating pivotal events that symbolize the bond between the two nations. The Society, which operates within the Armenian Society for Friendship and Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries, regularly celebrates India's Republic and Independence Days. These commemorations not only affirm the shared historical ties but also promote cultural understanding and appreciation, fostering a greater sense of community among Armenians in India and vice versa. As both nations continue to evolve, the significance of these diplomatic relations and cultural exchanges remains vital for enhancing bilateral cooperation.
Prominent Figures in Armenian Indian History
The Armenian community in India has produced several prominent figures who played significant roles in the country's history, especially during the Mughal Empire. One of the most notable individuals was Abdul Hai, who served as the Chief Justice under Emperor Akbar. His legal contributions and insights helped shape the judicial framework of one of the most illustrious periods in Indian history. His position enabled him to influence legal reforms and ensure justice during a time marked by complex socio-political dynamics.
Another remarkable figure was Khwaja Israel Sarhad, a Judeo-Persian merchant of Armenian descent, whose business acumen thrived in Bengal during the late 17th and 18th centuries. Originating from New Julfa in Isfahan, Iran, he was the nephew of Khwaja Fanous Kalantar, an influential figure in establishing trade relations with the English East India Company. Sarhad's authorization from Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb to lease three villages in Calcutta signifies the importance of the Armenian merchants in facilitating trade with the British, contributing to the economic landscape of the era.
The connections of the Armenian community to British royalty are further exemplified by Eliza Kewark, also known as Kevork. With Armenian roots, she was married to Theodore Forbes, establishing a lineage that eventually connected her to Lady Diana Spencer. This illustrates not only the intercultural exchanges that occurred during this period but also the blending of Armenian heritage with British aristocracy.
Additionally, Gauhar Jaan, born Angelina Yeoward, emerged as a prominent cultural figure in Calcutta as a celebrated singer and dancer of Armenian origin. Her contributions to Indian music and dance reflect the deep cultural integrations of Armenians in Indian society during the British Raj.
Juliana, believed to be a sister of one of Akbar's Armenian wives, also made her mark as a physician within the royal harem. Notably, she constructed the first church in Agra, symbolizing the presence and influence of Christianity within the Mughal courts. Her subsequent marriage to Jean Philippe de Bourbon, a descendant of French royalty, further emphasizes the interconnections between Armenian and European aristocracy.
Another significant figure was Mariam Zamani Begum, one of Akbar’s wives, who is thought by some historians to have had Armenian roots. Her palace in Fatehpur Sikri stands as a testament to her legacy. Recent scholarship largely identifies her as a Hindu princess of Amber rather than Armenian, showcasing the complex identities and narratives within royal circles.
Mariam Begum Saheba, also known as Vilayati Begum, married into the royal family of Oudh when British colonial powers conferred a kingly title upon her husband in 1814. Her life serves as an example of how Armenian women navigated the intricacies of royal alliances during the colonial period.
Mirza Zul Quarnain, the adopted son of Akbar and his Armenian wife, was a prominent figure in administrative roles throughout the Mughal Empire. His fluency in multiple languages and his involvement in various provinces showcase his versatility and influence in governance, while also marking his poetic contributions to the cultural tapestry of the time.
Lastly, Sarmad Kashani, an influential scholar and mystic during Aurangzeb's reign, left an indelible mark with his poetic talents. His execution in 1671 highlights the often perilous relationship between artistic expression and political authority during this period. His legacy continues to echo through the poetic traditions of the time, cementing his position as a significant cultural figure in Armenian history in India.
These prominent figures demonstrate the rich contributions of the Armenian community to India's history, culture, and economics, leading to their lasting legacy in shaping the subcontinent's multifaceted heritage.
Contributions of Armenian Medical Professionals in India
The Armenian community in India has made significant contributions to the field of medicine, with several renowned professionals impacting healthcare practices and services. One notable figure is Arthur Zorab, an eye specialist whose innovative approach to treating glaucoma led to the development of the "Zorab operation," which has become a standard procedure in ophthalmology. His pioneering work exemplifies the commitment of Armenian medical professionals to advanced healthcare solutions in India.
Frederick Joseph Satur represents the contributions of Armenians in military medicine. An alumnus of Madras Medical College, Satur served in the Army Medical Corps and showcased his skills in challenging environments during World War II and later conflicts, including the Indo-China War of 1962. His experiences in the UN peacekeeping force's hospital in Congo in 1960 highlight the significant role of medical professionals in international operations. Satur's retirement in 1969 marked the end of a distinguished career devoted to public health and military service.
The achievements of Joseph Marcus Joseph, who joined the Indian Medical Service in 1852, further underscore the influence of Armenians in the military healthcare sector. Rising to the rank of Deputy Surgeon General by 1880, Joseph played a crucial role in shaping medical practices within the Indian Army during the British Raj. His leadership contributed to the increased effectiveness of military medicine, which was essential during intense colonial conflicts.
Marie Catchatoor stands out as a pioneering figure in women's medical history in India, being appointed the first woman Presidency Surgeon of West Bengal. Retiring in the early 1980s as the superintendent of Lady Dufferin Hospital in Calcutta, Catchatoor's legacy continues to inspire women in medicine, emphasizing the significance of female leadership in healthcare.
Sargis Avetoom's military career exemplifies the intersection of medicine and service. Serving in the British Army's campaigns in Afghanistan, Egypt, and Burma, he was awarded multiple honors for his bravery and medical contributions, including medals from the British Government. His multilingual abilities, encompassing Armenian, Russian, English, German, Hindi, Belugi, and Pashto, allowed him to communicate effectively in diverse settings, enhancing his service in various locales.
Stephan Manouk, the son of a prominent businessman, achieved notable success after obtaining a Diploma of Doctor Surgeon from the Royal Medical University in London in 1862. His contributions during a cholera epidemic earned him a Certificate of Honors, recognizing his vital role in public health during a critical time in India's history.
Finally, Stepen Owen Moses played a transformative role in emergency medical care by pioneering St. John's Ambulance Courses in Calcutta and initiating the first Red Cross ambulance service in the city during World War I. His efforts laid the groundwork for organized emergency response systems, emphasizing the importance of preparedness in medical emergencies.
Together, these Armenian medical professionals illustrate a rich legacy of dedication to healthcare in India, showcasing how their skills and humanitarian efforts have profoundly shaped the medical landscape. Their contributions not only improved clinical practices but also laid a foundation for future generations in the field.
Legal Profession in the Armenian Community
The Armenian community in India has made significant contributions to the legal profession, showcasing their capability and dedication in various legal capacities. One of the notable figures in this context is Gregory Paul, an alumnus of the prestigious Cambridge University. His educational background laid a strong foundation for his legal career, leading him to serve in various esteemed positions in India’s High Court system. Paul's journey exemplifies the level of education and professionalism that Armenians have brought to the Indian legal landscape.
Another prominent figure is M. P. Gasper, who stands out in history as a distinguished barrister at the Calcutta High Court. He is particularly recognized for being the first Armenian to pass the Indian Civil Service Examination in 1869, marking a significant milestone not just for himself, but for the Armenian community as a whole. Gasper’s achievement opened doors for future generations of Armenians to enter the civil service and other legal professions in India, thereby solidifying their presence in the judiciary and administrative frameworks of the country.
Moreover, the influence of these Armenian professionals extended beyond their immediate roles in the legal system. They contributed to the maintenance of social justice and legal integrity throughout their legal careers, promoting values such as fairness and equity. Their legacy continues to inspire contemporary Armenian lawyers and students pursuing careers in law, creating a continuous thread of dedication within the community that emphasizes the importance of education and public service in shaping a diverse and inclusive society in India.
Prominent Armenian Figures in India
In the historical tapestry of the Armenian community in India, several key individuals have made their mark through significant contributions in various fields. One of the most notable figures was Coja Petrus Uscan, who played a crucial role in the Armenian community in Madras. His contributions to infrastructure are exemplified by the Marmalong Bridge, which gracefully spans the River Adyar, and the meticulously designed steps leading to the chapel atop St. Thomas Mount. His work reflects the Armenian community's larger narrative of not just surviving but also contributing positively to the civic landscape of their adopted homeland.
Another illustrious personality was Gregory Charles Paul, born in 1831 in Calcutta and educated at the esteemed Cambridge University. His legal career saw him serve as the Advocate General of Bengal for over three decades during British rule. His esteemed position was recognized with a knighthood, commemorating his dedication to public service. Gregory Charles Paul's legacy is found not just in his legal contributions; his burial in the Greek Cemetery, Narkeldanga, instead of the Armenian Church, signals an interesting intersection of community and identity. Alongside other prominent Armenian barristers, he was instrumental in establishing the Calcutta Armenian Trusts in 1888. This initiative was pivotal in managing the Armenian Charity Trusts and the Armenian College and Philanthropic Academy, which have played a vital role in sustaining the small yet vibrant Armenian community in India even today.
Further emphasizing the community’s intellectual contributions, Harutyun Shmavonyan launched the first Armenian language newspaper, Azdarar, in Madras on October 14, 1794. This publication not only served as a crucial medium for the dissemination of information but also fostered a sense of unity and cultural pride among Armenians in India, illustrating the vital role of communication in preserving community identity.
In the field of archaeology, Joseph David Beglar stands out as a distinguished figure. He worked within the Public Works Department of British India and was recognized for his significant archaeological excavations, most notably in the Mahabodhi Temple complex in Bodh Gaya. His work not only contributed to the preservation of historical sites but also showcased the Armenian community's involvement in the broader historical and cultural narrative of India.
Thomas Malcolm, who served as the Warden of the Armenian Church for an impressive fifty years from 1837 to 1918, marked his journey from Bushire, Persia to Calcutta, where he led with dedication until his passing. His resting place at the Armenian Church Cemetery on Lower Circular Road stands as a tribute to his commitment to the community.
Finally, Catchick Paul Chater, a businessman born on September 8, 1846, in Kolkata, also reflects the global nature of the Armenian diaspora. His life, spent primarily in Hong Kong, illustrates the wider reaches of the Armenian business community and the entrepreneurial spirit that characterized many Armenians in India and beyond.
Through these individuals, the Armenian community in India has not only survived but has thrived, contributing richly to the cultural and social fabric of the nation. Their legacy continues to resonate today, reminding us of the profound impact that diaspora communities can have on their host countries.
Sports
Mac Joachim, a notable figure in the sporting realm of India, was born in 1925 in Calcutta, a city known for its rich cultural heritage. His dedication to boxing was evident from an early age, and he quickly rose through the ranks to become one of the most promising athletes of his time. Representing India in the 1948 Summer Olympics in London, Joachim became a symbol of inspiration for many young athletes from the Indian diaspora. Competing on an international stage not only showcased his talent but also highlighted the presence of the Armenian community in India, which has a long and storied history with various contributions to the country’s cultural and sporting life.
Boxing, which requires immense discipline, resilience, and skill, was a fitting sport for Joachim, allowing him to express his competitive spirit. The 1948 Olympics were particularly significant as they marked the first Olympics held after World War II, fostering a spirit of renewal and hope. Although he did not medal, Mac Joachim's participation helped elevate the profile of Indian boxing and encouraged future generations of boxers to pursue their dreams on the world stage. His legacy is remembered not just for his Olympic journey but also for his role in promoting the sport among the youth, ensuring that boxing continued to thrive in India.
The Armenian community in India, known for its resilience and adaptability, has contributed richly to various facets of Indian society, including sports. Alongside Mac Joachim, many other Armenians have made their mark in different disciplines, showcasing the diversity of talent within the community. Joachim's story is reflective of the larger narrative of how immigrant communities such as the Armenians have integrated into the Indian social fabric, enriching it with their cultural heritage while also making significant contributions in various fields, including sports. Through figures like Mac Joachim, we see a glimpse of a vibrant and dynamic lineage of athleticism that continues to inspire new generations.