Background of the G20 Summit in India
India's journey to hosting the G20 summit has been marked by significant diplomatic negotiations and strategic considerations. Originally, the G20 summit was scheduled to take place in Italy for 2022, with India slated to host the event in 2021. During the G20 summit held in Buenos Aires in 2018, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi took the initiative to propose a reshuffling of the hosting schedule. He requested Italy to front-load its hosting, allowing India to take the lead in 2022 to coincide with the 75th anniversary of its independence. Italy considered this strategic request favorably, recognizing the strengthening ties between the two nations, and agreed to the change.
However, further developments led to an adjustment in the plans. In early 2022, Indonesian Foreign Minister Retno Marsudi made a request to India regarding the G20 presidency, suggesting that India should exchange its hosting year with Indonesia. Indonesia was preparing to chair the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 2023, and this scheduling adjustment would allow for a more coherent diplomatic presence during this pivotal year. India, acknowledging the importance of ASEAN in regional and international affairs, agreed to this proposal. Consequently, the G20 presidency was passed to Indonesia for 2022, and India was set to host the summit in New Delhi in 2023.
The decision to host the G20 summit in India in 2023 not only represents a significant moment for the country but also reflects India's growing influence on the global stage. As the world's largest democracy and a rising power in the global economy, India is expected to bring its unique perspective on critical issues such as climate change, sustainable development, and inclusive economic growth to the table. The summit serves as an opportunity for India to showcase its achievements, foster deeper economic and political ties with member countries, and facilitate discussions aimed at addressing some of the most pressing challenges faced by the international community today.
G20 New Delhi Summit Leadership
The G20 New Delhi Summit, a significant global event in 2023, is presided over by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi. This leadership marks a key phase for India, as the nation began its G20 presidency on December 1, 2022. The presidency is a critical role within the G20 framework, providing an opportunity for India to influence discussions on pressing global issues such as economic recovery, climate change, and sustainable development at a crucial juncture as the world recovers from the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.
The ceremonial transition of the G20 presidency took place during the conclusion of the Bali summit in 2022, where the gavel symbolizing presidency was officially transferred from Indonesian President Joko Widodo to Prime Minister Modi. Indonesia, having successfully hosted the previous summit, set the stage for India’s tenure, emphasizing continuity and collaboration among member nations. This transition ceremony symbolizes not just a change in leadership, but a commitment to collective action and global governance.
As the summit approached in the third quarter of 2023, India's presidency was characterized by a focus on inclusivity and sustainable development, with a projection to deepen cooperation among member states. Modi's leadership has been pivotal in guiding discussions toward fostering economic growth that values equity and sustainability. Following this summit, the presidency is set to be handed over to Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, the President of Brazil, marking another phase in the G20's ongoing commitment to address shared challenges. India's tenure will officially conclude on November 30, 2023, emphasizing a collaborative approach to international relations, underscoring the importance of dialogue and partnership in the G20 framework.
Agenda Priorities
During the G20 summit held in New Delhi, India has established six key agenda priorities that will steer discussions and initiatives aimed at addressing pressing global issues in 2023. These priorities encapsulate India's vision for a collaborative approach to achieving sustainable development and economic resilience.
The first priority, Green Development, Climate Finance & Life, emphasizes the urgent need for innovative solutions to combat climate change while fostering sustainable livelihoods. This includes mobilizing financial resources for climate initiatives and promoting environmentally friendly practices among nations, especially those in developing regions. Understanding the interconnectedness of environmental sustainability and economic prosperity, India aims to lead initiatives that not only mitigate climate impact but also create green jobs and preserve biodiversity.
The second priority focuses on Accelerated, Inclusive & Resilient Growth. India advocates for growth strategies that are inclusive and equitable, ensuring that all segments of society benefit from economic advancements. This involves tackling structural inequalities and preparing economies to withstand future shocks, such as pandemics or market fluctuations, enhancing overall resilience.
Another significant focus is on Accelerating Progress on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). India aims to rejuvenate global commitment towards the SDGs, particularly in light of the setbacks caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. This involves collaborative efforts between nations to expedite actions in sectors critical to achieving these goals, ensuring that development is not just rapid but also sustainable and inclusive.
Technological Transformation & Digital Public Infrastructure addresses the imperative shift towards digital economies. India proposes harnessing technology to bridge gaps in public services and amplify service delivery, especially in health, education, and governance. Emphasizing the need for equitable access to digital tools, this priority aims to empower underserved communities while fostering innovation across diverse sectors.
The establishment and reform of Multilateral Institutions for the 21st century is another crucial agenda. India seeks to enhance the effectiveness and relevance of international organizations to reflect contemporary global realities. This would involve rethinking governance structures to ensure that voices from developing countries are adequately represented, enabling more balanced decision-making.
Lastly, Women-led Development is a priority that speaks to the need for empowering women and integrating gender perspectives into economic growth strategies. Recognizing the critical role women play in development, India strives to create an environment that fosters women’s leadership in various sectors, ensuring that their contributions are acknowledged and valued.
In a statement made during an interview on 26 August 2023, Prime Minister Modi articulated his optimism regarding the evolving agenda among G20 nations under India's leadership. He highlighted a shift towards a human-centric development paradigm, particularly echoing the concerns of the Global South. The agenda includes comprehensive approaches to combat climate change, facilitate debt restructuring through the G20's Common Framework for Debt, and explore regulatory measures for global cryptocurrencies—a critical area given the rise of digital currencies in recent years. This strategic approach aims to foster united efforts among member states, promoting stability and equity in global economic governance.
Financial Preparations and Budgeting
For the successful hosting of the G20 summit in New Delhi, the Indian government allocated a substantial budget of Rs. 990 crore, equivalent to approximately US$120 million. This budget was designated for various preparatory activities, including infrastructure improvements, security measures, and the overall coordination of the event. The summit was a critical opportunity for India to showcase its capabilities on an international platform, and the significant financial investment reflects the government's commitment to ensuring a successful gathering of world leaders.
Impact on Marginalized Communities
The preparations for the G20 summit had far-reaching implications for marginalized communities in New Delhi, as authorities undertook a mass demolition campaign targeting homeless shelters and slum neighborhoods. The Archaeological Survey of India played a significant role in this initiative, which ultimately led to the eviction and displacement of an estimated 250,000 to 300,000 people. The demolition affected nearly 25 slum areas, including well-known settlements like Yamuna Bank, Tughlaqabad, and Mehrauli. Such actions prompted concerns from the 'Concerned Citizens' collective, highlighting the social implications of prioritizing event preparations over the welfare of vulnerable populations.
Animal Management Strategies
In an effort to maintain the aesthetic appeal of the city for the summit, local authorities implemented unique strategies to manage the presence of wildlife, particularly the rhesus macaque monkeys that are commonly found in New Delhi. The New Delhi Municipal Council placed life-size cutouts of langurs throughout the city, aiming to deter these smaller macaques. Furthermore, the Municipal Corporation of Delhi initiated a campaign to round up approximately 1,000 stray dogs, relocating them to shelters. These actions underscored the lengths to which the government went to ensure a controlled environment for international guests, albeit raising ethical questions regarding the treatment of local wildlife and stray animals.
Comprehensive Security Measures
Recognizing the importance of security during such a high-profile event, the Indian government mobilized an extensive security framework, deploying around 130,000 personnel. This contingent included 80,000 police officers from the Delhi Police, tasked with ensuring the safety of delegates and the general public. Comprehensive measures were put in place, reflecting a growing trend in major global gatherings where security is prioritized to prevent any untoward incidents.
Public Shutdown and Restrictions
In preparation for the influx of international dignitaries, the Delhi government enforced a strict shutdown of services and businesses affecting the city’s 32 million residents. For three consecutive days, all schools, workplaces, markets, restaurants, and non-food retail outlets were mandated to close. Traffic restrictions were also imposed, significantly limiting movement on the roads. Food delivery services were suspended, and residents were advised to remain indoors. Such extensive measures significantly impacted daily life, raising questions about balancing security and public service during high-stakes international events.
Key Leaders in Attendance
The G20 Summit held in New Delhi in 2023 saw significant representation despite the absence of some prominent world leaders. Notably, Russian President Vladimir Putin and Chinese President Xi Jinping opted not to attend the summit in person, which drew attention in the context of global geopolitics and international relations. Their decision not to make the trip reflects not only the complexities of current diplomatic ties but also the ongoing geopolitical challenges that both nations face.
In lieu of Putin, Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov stepped into the role of representing Russia at the summit. Lavrov is known for his extensive diplomatic experience and has been a key figure in Russia's foreign policy decisions, particularly in the wake of Western sanctions and increasing scrutiny. His presence at the G20 demonstrates Russia's commitment to engaging with other major economies, even amid rising tensions with the West.
Similarly, Chinese Premier Li Qiang represented China in the absence of Xi Jinping. Li Qiang, who has been a significant figure in the Chinese government since his appointment, was tasked with addressing global issues such as economic recovery and climate change at the summit. His participation highlighted China's strategic interests in maintaining a cooperative stance within the multilateral forum, even while navigating the complex dynamics of U.S.-China relations and regional stability.
The rearrangement of representation at the summit underscores the shifting landscape of global leadership and the importance of continued dialogue among the world’s major economies. This event served as a platform not only for addressing pressing economic issues but also for fostering collaborative approaches to global challenges such as health, security, and sustainable development, even amidst notable absences of key figures.
Historic Inclusion of the African Union
One of the most significant outcomes of the 2023 G20 New Delhi summit is the acceptance of the African Union as a permanent member of the G20. This marks a historic milestone since the group's inception in 1999, reflecting a commitment to inclusivity and addressing the needs and perspectives of Africa in global economic discussions. With this inclusion, the G20 aims to better represent emerging economies and enhance international cooperation on issues such as trade, climate change, and sustainable development that are crucial for African nations.
Launch of the Global Biofuel Alliance
In a move towards sustainable energy practices, the summit also witnessed the launch of the Global Biofuel Alliance (GBA). This organization is dedicated to promoting the development and adoption of biofuels that meet sustainability standards. By establishing relevant certifications and encouraging best practices, the GBA seeks to facilitate the transition to a more sustainable energy landscape. This initiative is critical as nations worldwide aim to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and combat the climate crisis while ensuring energy security.
Adoption of the New Delhi Leaders Declaration
The leaders of the participating nations reached a significant consensus with the adoption of the New Delhi Leaders Declaration. This document underscores a unified commitment to addressing pressing global challenges, including economic recovery post-pandemic, climate change, and food security. By aligning their policies and initiatives, the G20 leaders aim to foster a cooperative international environment that encourages equitable growth and development.
India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor
Another noteworthy agreement from the summit was the establishment of the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor. This ambitious initiative involves collaboration between India, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Jordan, Israel, and the European Union. The corridor aims to enhance connectivity and facilitate trade among these regions through a multi-modal transport network that includes both rail and shipping routes. This project holds the potential to significantly boost economic ties, enhance regional cooperation, and contribute to broader geopolitical stability by creating an integrated economic framework linking South Asia with the Middle East and Europe.