US Special Watch List And Countries Of Particular Concern

The United States, in 2018, placed Pakistan on a 'Special Watch List' due to severe violations of religious freedom and simultaneously withheld $1.15 billion in military aid. This action signals heightened scrutiny of Pakistan's handling of religious minorities and its overall commitment to religious liberty.

Concurrently, the US redesignated ten countries as 'Countries of Particular Concern' (CPC). This designation, rooted in the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998, is reserved for nations that engage in or tolerate systemic, ongoing, and egregious violations of religious freedom. The 2018 CPC list included Myanmar, China, Eritrea, Iran, North Korea, Sudan, Saudi Arabia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, highlighting a diverse range of geopolitical contexts where religious freedom is deemed severely compromised.

US Religious Freedom Watch List: Implications for Pakistan and Global Diplomacy

The United States' decision to place Pakistan on a Special Watch List and redesignate ten countries as Countries of Particular Concern (CPC) in 2018 represents a significant development in international relations, with implications reaching far beyond the immediate diplomatic fallout. These actions, rooted in the International Religious Freedom Act (IRFA) of 1998, underscore the US government's commitment to promoting religious freedom as a key pillar of its foreign policy. The decision to single out Pakistan, a long-time strategic partner, signals a potential shift in the dynamics of US-Pakistan relations, particularly in the context of counterterrorism efforts and regional stability. The redesignation of the CPC countries, many of which have been on the list for years, underscores the persistent challenges to religious freedom around the world and the limitations of US influence in addressing these issues.

The International Religious Freedom Act (IRFA) of 1998: A Foundation for US Action

The bedrock of the US actions lies in the International Religious Freedom Act (IRFA) of 1998. This landmark legislation enshrined religious freedom as a central tenet of US foreign policy. Prior to IRFA, while human rights were generally considered in foreign policy decisions, religious freedom lacked specific, targeted mechanisms for monitoring and enforcement. IRFA created a dedicated Office of International Religious Freedom within the State Department, headed by an Ambassador-at-Large for International Religious Freedom. This office is responsible for monitoring religious freedom violations globally, engaging with foreign governments, and advising the President and Secretary of State on policy matters.

A key provision of IRFA is the requirement for the State Department to annually identify and designate "Countries of Particular Concern" (CPCs). A CPC is defined as a country whose government engages in or tolerates "systematic, ongoing, and egregious violations of religious freedom." The Act outlines specific actions that the US government can take against CPCs, ranging from diplomatic engagement and public condemnation to economic sanctions and restrictions on trade.

The creation of the Special Watch List is a more recent development, serving as an intermediary step between countries with concerning religious freedom records and CPC designation. While IRFA doesn't explicitly mandate a Special Watch List, it evolved as a practical tool for highlighting countries that are trending in the wrong direction or where violations, while severe, may not yet meet the "systematic, ongoing, and egregious" threshold for CPC designation. Placement on the Special Watch List serves as a warning and encourages the targeted government to take corrective measures.

Pakistan's Inclusion on the Special Watch List: A Multifaceted Analysis

Pakistan's inclusion on the Special Watch List in 2018 was not an isolated event but rather the culmination of years of documented concerns regarding religious freedom within the country. These concerns encompass a complex interplay of legal frameworks, societal attitudes, and the actions (or inactions) of the Pakistani government.

Blasphemy laws in Pakistan are a primary source of concern. These laws, which carry severe penalties including the death penalty, are often vaguely worded and susceptible to abuse. They have been used to target religious minorities, as well as Muslims accused of insulting Islam. Accusations of blasphemy, even if unfounded, can incite mob violence and extrajudicial killings. The fear of blasphemy accusations often leads to self-censorship and restricts open discussion of religious issues.

The Pakistani government's enforcement of blasphemy laws has been criticized for its lack of due process and its failure to protect those accused of blasphemy. While the government has occasionally taken steps to condemn vigilante violence, these efforts have been largely insufficient to address the underlying problem. The acquittal of Asia Bibi, a Christian woman accused of blasphemy, by the Supreme Court of Pakistan in 2018 sparked widespread protests by religious hardliners, highlighting the deep divisions within Pakistani society on this issue.

Beyond blasphemy laws, religious minorities in Pakistan face discrimination and persecution in various aspects of life. They are often excluded from government jobs and face barriers to accessing education and healthcare. Religious minority communities are also disproportionately vulnerable to forced conversions, particularly of young Hindu and Christian girls. The government's response to these issues has been criticized as inadequate, with limited efforts to protect religious minorities and hold perpetrators accountable.

Sectarian violence, primarily between Sunni and Shia Muslims, is another persistent challenge in Pakistan. While the government has taken steps to combat terrorism, sectarian groups continue to operate with relative impunity. Attacks on mosques, religious processions, and other religious gatherings are common, contributing to a climate of fear and insecurity among religious minorities.

The US government's decision to place Pakistan on the Special Watch List was likely influenced by reports from various human rights organizations, as well as by the US State Department's own assessment of the religious freedom situation in the country. These reports document the range of religious freedom violations outlined above, providing concrete evidence to support the US government's decision.

Withholding Military Aid: A Tool of Leverage and Its Implications

The withholding of $1.15 billion in military aid to Pakistan, concurrent with its placement on the Special Watch List, added another layer of complexity to the US-Pakistan relationship. The US has long provided military assistance to Pakistan, primarily to support counterterrorism efforts in the region. However, the US has also expressed concerns about Pakistan's alleged support for terrorist groups and its nuclear weapons program.

The decision to withhold military aid was likely intended to send a strong message to the Pakistani government that the US was serious about its concerns regarding religious freedom and counterterrorism. By linking military aid to progress on these issues, the US hoped to incentivize Pakistan to take concrete steps to address these concerns.

However, the withholding of military aid also carries potential risks. It could weaken Pakistan's ability to combat terrorism, potentially destabilizing the region. It could also alienate the Pakistani government, making it less willing to cooperate with the US on other issues of mutual interest. The effectiveness of withholding military aid as a tool of leverage depends on a variety of factors, including the specific conditions attached to the aid, the Pakistani government's willingness to comply, and the broader geopolitical context.

Countries of Particular Concern (CPCs): A Global Landscape of Religious Persecution

The redesignation of Myanmar, China, Eritrea, Iran, North Korea, Sudan, Saudi Arabia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan as Countries of Particular Concern (CPCs) in 2018 underscores the global nature of religious persecution. These countries represent a diverse range of political systems, cultural contexts, and religious traditions, but they share a common thread of severe restrictions on religious freedom.

• Myanmar: The persecution of the Rohingya Muslim minority in Myanmar has been widely condemned by the international community. The Rohingya have been subjected to systematic discrimination, violence, and displacement, with many fleeing to neighboring Bangladesh. The Myanmar government has denied the Rohingya citizenship and restricted their access to education, healthcare, and other basic services.

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• China: The Chinese government has been accused of widespread human rights abuses, including restrictions on religious freedom. The government tightly controls religious organizations and requires them to register with the state. Religious groups that are not registered are often subjected to harassment, surveillance, and persecution. The government has also been accused of suppressing religious practices among ethnic minorities, particularly Tibetan Buddhists and Uighur Muslims.

• Eritrea: Eritrea is a highly authoritarian state with a long history of religious persecution. The government restricts religious freedom to four officially recognized religions: Eritrean Orthodox Christianity, Sunni Islam, Roman Catholicism, and Evangelical Lutheranism. Members of other religious groups are often subjected to harassment, arrest, and detention. The government has also been accused of torturing and killing religious prisoners.

• Iran: The Iranian government is a theocracy that severely restricts religious freedom. The government discriminates against religious minorities, particularly Baha'is, Christians, and Jews. Members of these groups are often subjected to harassment, arrest, and detention. The government has also been accused of executing religious prisoners.

• North Korea: North Korea is one of the most repressive countries in the world, with virtually no religious freedom. The government promotes a cult of personality around the Kim family and requires all citizens to worship the state. Religious activities outside of state-controlled organizations are strictly prohibited. Christians are particularly targeted for persecution.

• Sudan: The Sudanese government has a long history of religious persecution, particularly against Christians and other religious minorities. The government has imposed Islamic law (Sharia) on the entire country, leading to discrimination and violence against non-Muslims. The government has also been accused of destroying churches and other religious sites.

• Saudi Arabia: Saudi Arabia is an Islamic theocracy that severely restricts religious freedom. The government prohibits the public practice of any religion other than Islam. Religious minorities are often subjected to discrimination and harassment. The government has also been accused of exporting its strict interpretation of Islam to other countries.

• Tajikistan: The Tajik government has been accused of restricting religious freedom, particularly against Muslims who are not affiliated with state-controlled religious organizations. The government has banned certain religious clothing and restricted the construction of new mosques. The government has also been accused of harassing and detaining religious leaders.

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• Turkmenistan: The Turkmen government tightly controls religious organizations and restricts religious freedom. The government requires all religious groups to register with the state. Religious groups that are not registered are often subjected to harassment, surveillance, and persecution. The government has also been accused of torturing and killing religious prisoners.

• Uzbekistan: The Uzbek government has been accused of restricting religious freedom, particularly against Muslims who are not affiliated with state-controlled religious organizations. The government has banned certain religious clothing and restricted the construction of new mosques. The government has also been accused of harassing and detaining religious leaders.

The redesignation of these countries as CPCs underscores the persistence of religious persecution around the world and the challenges faced by the US government in addressing these issues.

The Broader Implications for Indian Foreign Relations

The US actions regarding religious freedom, particularly the placement of Pakistan on the Special Watch List, have implications for Indian foreign relations. India has long expressed concerns about religious persecution in Pakistan, particularly against Hindu and Sikh minorities. The US decision to highlight this issue may be seen as vindication of India's concerns.

However, the US actions also raise questions about India's own record on religious freedom. While India is a secular democracy, there have been increasing concerns about religious intolerance and discrimination against religious minorities, particularly Muslims. The US State Department's annual report on international religious freedom has highlighted these concerns.

The US actions may put pressure on India to improve its own record on religious freedom. The Indian government may also face increased scrutiny from the international community regarding its treatment of religious minorities.

Furthermore, the US actions could impact the broader geopolitical landscape in the region. The US and India have been strengthening their strategic partnership in recent years, particularly in the context of countering China's growing influence. However, differences in opinion on issues such as religious freedom could create friction in the relationship.

The Role of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play a crucial role in monitoring and advocating for religious freedom around the world. These organizations conduct research, document human rights abuses, and lobby governments to take action.

Several NGOs have been actively involved in monitoring religious freedom in Pakistan and the other CPC countries. These organizations provide valuable information to the US government and the international community, helping to inform policy decisions.

NGOs also play a role in advocating for victims of religious persecution. They provide legal assistance, humanitarian aid, and other forms of support to those who have been targeted for their religious beliefs.

Challenges and Limitations of US Policy

The US government's efforts to promote religious freedom around the world face several challenges and limitations. One challenge is the difficulty of balancing religious freedom concerns with other foreign policy objectives. The US may be reluctant to impose sanctions on countries that are important strategic partners, even if they have poor records on religious freedom.

Another challenge is the limited effectiveness of US influence in some countries. Some governments are resistant to external pressure and may be unwilling to change their policies, regardless of the consequences.

Furthermore, the US government's own record on human rights has been criticized, particularly in the context of counterterrorism efforts. This criticism can undermine the credibility of the US as a champion of human rights.

Future Outlook: Uncertainties and Potential Shifts

The future outlook for religious freedom in Pakistan and the other CPC countries remains uncertain. The US government is likely to continue to use the tools at its disposal, including the Special Watch List and CPC designations, to pressure governments to improve their religious freedom practices.

However, the effectiveness of these tools will depend on a variety of factors, including the specific conditions in each country, the willingness of governments to comply, and the broader geopolitical context. The US may also need to consider new approaches to promoting religious freedom, such as engaging with civil society organizations and supporting local initiatives.

The US-Pakistan relationship is likely to remain complex and multifaceted. The US will continue to rely on Pakistan for counterterrorism cooperation, but it will also continue to raise concerns about religious freedom and other human rights issues. The future of the relationship will depend on the ability of both countries to manage these competing interests. The role of India will also be important, as it continues to build its relationship with the United States.

The US designation of Pakistan on the Special Watch List and the redesignation of the CPC countries were significant events in 2018, highlighting the ongoing challenges to religious freedom around the world. These actions underscore the importance of continued monitoring, advocacy, and engagement to promote religious freedom for all. These actions have reverberated throughout the international community, impacting bilateral relations, security concerns, and the overall pursuit of human rights.

The Significance of Timing and Geopolitical Context

The timing of the US actions in 2018 is also significant. The Trump administration had adopted a more assertive foreign policy, emphasizing national interests and challenging existing international norms. The decision to place Pakistan on the Special Watch List and redesignate the CPC countries can be seen as part of this broader trend.

The geopolitical context in the region was also evolving. The US was seeking to withdraw from Afghanistan, and it needed Pakistan's cooperation to achieve this goal. However, the US was also concerned about Pakistan's alleged support for the Taliban. The decision to withhold military aid can be seen as an attempt to pressure Pakistan to take a more cooperative approach.

The rise of China as a global power was another factor shaping the US actions. The US has been increasingly concerned about China's human rights record, particularly its treatment of Uighur Muslims. The redesignation of China as a CPC can be seen as a signal of US resolve to address this issue.

The Perspective of Religious Minorities

The voices and experiences of religious minorities are often overlooked in discussions of international religious freedom. However, their perspectives are essential for understanding the true impact of government policies and societal attitudes.

Religious minorities in Pakistan and the other CPC countries often face discrimination, persecution, and violence. They may be denied equal access to education, employment, and healthcare. They may be subjected to harassment, intimidation, and physical attacks. They may be forced to flee their homes or convert to another religion.

The US actions can provide a sense of hope and solidarity to religious minorities. However, they also raise concerns about the potential for backlash. Religious minorities may fear that the US actions will lead to increased repression and violence.

It is important for the US government to consult with religious minority communities when developing and implementing its religious freedom policies. Their input can help ensure that these policies are effective and do not inadvertently harm those they are intended to protect.

The Importance of Multilateral Cooperation

While the US plays a leading role in promoting international religious freedom, it cannot achieve its goals alone. Multilateral cooperation is essential for addressing this global challenge.

The United Nations has several mechanisms for promoting religious freedom, including the Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief. The UN Human Rights Council also addresses religious freedom issues.

Regional organizations, such as the European Union and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, also play a role in promoting religious freedom. These organizations can exert pressure on governments to improve their religious freedom practices.

The US should work with other countries and international organizations to promote religious freedom through diplomatic engagement, technical assistance, and other means.

The Need for a Comprehensive Approach

Promoting religious freedom requires a comprehensive approach that addresses the underlying causes of religious persecution. This includes promoting education, fostering interfaith dialogue, and strengthening the rule of law.

Education can help to combat religious intolerance and promote understanding between different religious groups. Interfaith dialogue can help to build bridges between communities and address misunderstandings. Strengthening the rule of law can help to ensure that all citizens are treated equally under the law, regardless of their religious beliefs.

The US government should support programs that promote education, interfaith dialogue, and the rule of law in countries where religious freedom is at risk.

The Enduring Relevance of Religious Freedom

Religious freedom is a fundamental human right that is essential for a just and peaceful society. It allows individuals to practice their faith without fear of persecution or discrimination. It promotes tolerance and understanding between different religious groups. It strengthens democracy and the rule of law.

The US government's commitment to promoting international religious freedom is a testament to its values and its leadership in the world. By continuing to monitor religious freedom violations, advocate for victims of persecution, and work with other countries and organizations, the US can help to create a world where all people are free to practice their faith in peace. The pursuit of religious freedom remains an ongoing and vital aspect of international relations, demanding sustained attention and collaborative efforts.