India Vietnam Relations Strengthening Strategic Ties

In 2025, the Prime Minister of Vietnam made an official visit to India, underscoring the deepening relationship between the two nations. This visit signifies the ongoing enhancement of their bilateral ties, which have evolved from a Strategic Partnership in 2007 to a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership in 2016. Defense cooperation is a key element, with joint military exercises such as PASSEX, VINBAX, and MILAN. Additionally, both countries are actively involved in multilateral platforms, including the East Asia Summit (EAS) and the ASEAN Defence Ministers Meeting (ADMM). India has also implemented initiatives such as the Mekong-Ganga Cooperation (MGC) to strengthen ties with Southeast Asian nations. A notable example of this collaboration is India's 2023 transfer of the indigenously built missile corvette INS KIRPAN to Vietnam.

India and Vietnam: A Deepening Strategic Embrace in a Changing Asia

The state visit of the Vietnamese Prime Minister to India in 2025, though a singular event in the flow of international diplomacy, is more accurately understood as another chapter in a long-developing story of strategic alignment and growing cooperation between India and Vietnam. This visit, and the accompanying discussions, agreements, and symbolic gestures, should be viewed within the larger context of India's "Act East Policy," the evolving geopolitical landscape of Southeast Asia, and the ongoing efforts of both nations to navigate a complex and often challenging regional environment.

The Genesis of a Partnership: Historical Roots and Shared Interests

The relationship between India and Vietnam is not a recent phenomenon. It is rooted in a shared history of anti-colonial struggles, a mutual desire for peace and stability, and a growing convergence of strategic interests in the face of a changing global order. This shared history provides a strong foundation for the current partnership.

Historical Context:

India's engagement with Vietnam stretches back several decades. During the Cold War, India, as a proponent of non-alignment, provided crucial diplomatic and moral support to Vietnam during its struggle for independence and reunification. This early solidarity laid the groundwork for a relationship built on mutual respect and understanding. India did not hesitate in supporting the Vietnamese in the face of international pressure, demonstrating a commitment to the principles of self-determination and sovereignty. This historical context is crucial for understanding the current warmth and depth of the relationship. It is not simply a transactional alliance but one built on a foundation of shared values and a history of mutual support.

Shared Strategic Interests:

The alignment of interests between India and Vietnam has become increasingly evident in recent years. Both nations share a common concern about the rise of China's influence in the Indo-Pacific region. Vietnam, with its long coastline bordering the South China Sea, finds itself at the forefront of tensions related to China's assertive claims in the disputed waters. India, as a major regional power with significant maritime interests, is also concerned about maintaining freedom of navigation and upholding international law in the South China Sea. This shared concern has become a major driver of their strategic convergence.

The "Act East Policy" and its Significance:

India's "Act East Policy," a strategic initiative launched to enhance ties with Southeast Asia, provides the overarching framework for India's engagement with Vietnam. The policy, which evolved from the earlier "Look East Policy," is not merely a diplomatic initiative; it is a comprehensive strategy that encompasses political, economic, cultural, and strategic dimensions. Through the "Act East Policy," India seeks to strengthen its relationships with ASEAN member states, promote trade and investment, and enhance cooperation in areas such as defense, security, and connectivity. Vietnam is a key partner in this policy due to its strategic location, its growing economic potential, and its alignment with India's strategic objectives.

From Strategic Partnership to Comprehensive Strategic Partnership: A Framework for Cooperation

The evolution of the India-Vietnam relationship from a Strategic Partnership in 2007 to a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership in 2016 reflects the growing depth and scope of their cooperation. This upgrade signified a commitment to a more robust and multifaceted partnership, encompassing a wider range of areas, including defense, security, trade, investment, and cultural exchange.

Strategic Partnership (2007):

The initial Strategic Partnership, established in 2007, provided a framework for cooperation across a range of areas. It demonstrated the mutual recognition of shared interests and a willingness to collaborate on issues of mutual concern. This initial agreement laid the foundation for more intensive cooperation in subsequent years. It signaled a shift in India's foreign policy towards a more proactive engagement with Southeast Asia.

Comprehensive Strategic Partnership (2016):

The elevation of the relationship to a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership in 2016 represented a significant milestone. This upgrade reflected the growing trust and confidence between the two countries and a shared vision for the future. The Comprehensive Strategic Partnership went beyond the scope of the earlier agreement, encompassing a broader range of areas for cooperation. It signified a commitment to deeper cooperation in areas such as defense, security, trade, and investment.

Key Areas of Cooperation:

The Comprehensive Strategic Partnership has led to enhanced cooperation in several key areas:

• Defense and Security: This is a critical pillar of the partnership. India and Vietnam have increased their cooperation in areas such as military training, joint exercises, and the transfer of defense equipment.
• Trade and Investment: Both countries have committed to boosting bilateral trade and investment. India has been actively encouraging Indian companies to invest in Vietnam, and both countries are exploring ways to facilitate trade and reduce barriers.
• Connectivity: India and Vietnam are collaborating on projects to improve connectivity, including infrastructure development and the promotion of maritime links. This is critical for facilitating trade and investment and strengthening people-to-people ties.
• Cultural Exchange: Both countries recognize the importance of cultural exchange in strengthening their relationship. They are promoting cultural programs, educational exchanges, and tourism to foster greater understanding and goodwill.

Defence Cooperation: A Cornerstone of the Relationship

Defence cooperation has emerged as a vital aspect of the India-Vietnam partnership, reflecting a shared interest in regional security and stability. India's support for Vietnam's defence capabilities is a key element of this growing cooperation.

Joint Military Exercises:

The two countries have increased the frequency and scope of their joint military exercises. These exercises serve to enhance interoperability, build trust, and improve the ability of both militaries to operate together. Key examples include:

• PASSEX (Passage Exercise): These are naval exercises conducted between the navies of India and Vietnam. They focus on various aspects of maritime operations, including anti-piracy, search and rescue, and surface warfare.
• VINBAX: This is a bilateral military exercise between the Indian and Vietnamese armies. It focuses on enhancing interoperability and cooperation in counter-terrorism operations.
• MILAN: This is a multilateral naval exercise hosted by India. Vietnam has been a participant, providing an opportunity for its navy to interact with other regional navies and build relationships.

Transfer of Defence Equipment:

India's transfer of the INS KIRPAN, an indigenously built missile corvette, to Vietnam in 2023 is a significant example of the deepening defence cooperation. This transfer demonstrates India's commitment to supporting Vietnam's naval capabilities. The transfer of the corvette is not only a symbol of goodwill but also a tangible contribution to Vietnam's defence modernization efforts. This transfer has strategic implications, demonstrating India's willingness to support its partner in the region.

Capacity Building and Training:

India has been providing training and capacity-building assistance to the Vietnamese armed forces. This includes training in areas such as maritime security, counter-terrorism, and information technology. Such initiatives are designed to strengthen Vietnam's defence capabilities and enhance its ability to address regional security challenges.

Strategic Implications of Defence Cooperation:

The growing defence cooperation between India and Vietnam has significant strategic implications. It signals a shared commitment to regional security and stability. It also serves to enhance Vietnam's ability to safeguard its maritime interests and counter potential threats. This cooperation is viewed with interest in the region, with many observers seeing it as a factor that promotes a more balanced security environment.

Multilateral Engagement: Working Together in Regional Forums

India and Vietnam actively collaborate within various multilateral frameworks, demonstrating their commitment to regional cooperation and dialogue. These platforms provide opportunities for both countries to address shared challenges and promote their strategic interests.

The East Asia Summit (EAS):

The EAS is a premier forum for strategic dialogue and cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region. It brings together leaders from ASEAN member states and key partners, including India, China, Japan, South Korea, Australia, New Zealand, Russia, and the United States. The EAS provides a platform for discussing a wide range of issues, including regional security, economic cooperation, and sustainable development. India and Vietnam use the EAS to coordinate their positions, exchange views on regional developments, and promote their shared interests.

ASEAN Defence Ministers Meeting (ADMM) and ADMM-Plus:

The ADMM is the primary platform for ASEAN Defence Ministers to discuss regional security issues and cooperation. The ADMM-Plus is an expanded format that includes the Defence Ministers of ASEAN member states and eight dialogue partners, including India, China, Japan, South Korea, Australia, New Zealand, Russia, and the United States. The ADMM and ADMM-Plus provide opportunities for India and Vietnam to engage in dialogue on defence and security matters, share information, and explore opportunities for cooperation.

Mekong-Ganga Cooperation (MGC):

The MGC is an initiative involving India and five ASEAN countries: Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam. The MGC focuses on promoting cooperation in tourism, culture, education, transport, and communication. It aims to strengthen ties between India and the Mekong region and promote sustainable development. This is a crucial initiative as it facilitates economic development and cultural exchange in the region.

Significance of Multilateral Engagement:

Participation in these multilateral forums is essential for both India and Vietnam. It allows them to:

• Promote Regional Stability: By working together in these forums, India and Vietnam contribute to regional security and stability.
• Address Shared Challenges: These forums provide a platform for addressing shared challenges, such as terrorism, climate change, and maritime security.
• Advance Strategic Interests: These forums allow India and Vietnam to advance their strategic interests and promote their shared values.
• Enhance Diplomatic Influence: Active participation in multilateral forums enhances the diplomatic influence of both countries.

Economic Dimensions: Trade, Investment, and Connectivity

Beyond the strategic and security dimensions, the India-Vietnam relationship is marked by a growing economic partnership. Both countries recognize the importance of strengthening trade, investment, and connectivity to promote economic growth and prosperity.

Trade and Investment:

Bilateral trade between India and Vietnam has been growing steadily in recent years. India is actively encouraging Indian companies to invest in Vietnam, particularly in sectors such as manufacturing, infrastructure, and information technology. Both countries are also working to reduce trade barriers and promote greater economic integration.

Key Sectors for Trade and Investment:

• Manufacturing: Vietnam's manufacturing sector is growing rapidly. India is investing in this sector, including in areas such as pharmaceuticals, automobiles, and textiles.
• Infrastructure: India is involved in infrastructure projects in Vietnam, including port development, road construction, and power generation.
• Information Technology: India's IT sector is well-developed, and Indian companies are investing in Vietnam's IT sector, providing services and expertise.
• Energy: India has shown interest in cooperating with Vietnam in the energy sector, including renewable energy projects.

Connectivity Initiatives:

India and Vietnam are collaborating on projects to improve connectivity, including:

• Maritime Connectivity: Both countries are working to improve maritime links, including port development and the promotion of shipping routes.
• Air Connectivity: Direct flights between India and Vietnam have increased, facilitating trade, tourism, and people-to-people exchanges.
• Infrastructure Development: India is involved in infrastructure projects in Vietnam, which will improve connectivity within the country and with other countries in the region.

Economic Implications:

The growing economic partnership between India and Vietnam has significant implications:

• Economic Growth: Increased trade and investment will contribute to economic growth in both countries.
• Job Creation: Investment in various sectors will lead to job creation in both countries.
• Regional Integration: Stronger economic ties will promote greater regional integration and cooperation.
• Diversification of Partnerships: For Vietnam, closer economic ties with India diversify its economic partnerships, reducing its reliance on any single trading partner.

Challenges and Opportunities: Navigating a Complex Geopolitical Landscape

The India-Vietnam relationship is not without its challenges, but the opportunities for further cooperation are considerable. Both countries must navigate a complex geopolitical landscape to achieve their strategic objectives.

Challenges:

• China's Influence: China's growing influence in the region poses a challenge for both India and Vietnam. The two countries must carefully manage their relationships with China while also pursuing their strategic interests.
• South China Sea Disputes: The disputes in the South China Sea are a source of tension in the region. India and Vietnam must coordinate their positions and support international law and freedom of navigation.
• Economic Competition: Both countries face economic competition from other countries in the region. They must work to enhance their competitiveness and attract investment.
• Bureaucratic Hurdles: Bureaucratic hurdles and red tape can hinder trade and investment. Both countries must work to streamline procedures and reduce barriers.

Opportunities:

• Deepening Strategic Partnership: There is potential for further deepening the strategic partnership, including enhanced cooperation in defence, security, and other areas.
• Expanding Economic Cooperation: There is significant potential for expanding trade and investment, particularly in sectors such as manufacturing, infrastructure, and information technology.
• Strengthening Connectivity: Further strengthening connectivity through infrastructure development and the promotion of maritime and air links will benefit both countries.
• Cooperation in Multilateral Forums: Continued cooperation in regional and international forums will enhance their diplomatic influence and promote their shared interests.
• People-to-People Exchanges: Promoting cultural exchanges, educational programs, and tourism will foster greater understanding and goodwill between the two countries.

The Future of the Partnership: A Vision for Cooperation

The state visit of the Vietnamese Prime Minister to India in 2025 is a testament to the strength and resilience of the India-Vietnam relationship. The trajectory of the relationship suggests that the future will be one of even closer cooperation and strategic alignment.

Key Trends:

• Enhanced Defence and Security Cooperation: The two countries are likely to continue to strengthen their defence and security cooperation, including joint military exercises, the transfer of defence equipment, and capacity building.
• Increased Economic Engagement: Trade and investment between India and Vietnam are expected to continue to grow, driven by strong economic fundamentals and supportive government policies.
• Enhanced Connectivity: Both countries will focus on improving connectivity through infrastructure development, maritime links, and air routes.
• Greater Cooperation in Multilateral Forums: India and Vietnam will continue to cooperate in regional and international forums, promoting their shared interests and addressing global challenges.
• Stronger People-to-People Ties: Cultural exchanges, educational programs, and tourism will continue to play a vital role in fostering greater understanding and goodwill between the two countries.

Strategic Implications:

The continued strengthening of the India-Vietnam partnership has significant strategic implications:

• Regional Stability: The partnership will contribute to regional security and stability.
• Counterbalancing Influence: The partnership will help to balance the influence of other major powers in the region.
• Economic Growth and Prosperity: The partnership will promote economic growth and prosperity in both countries.
• India's "Act East Policy": The partnership will further strengthen India's "Act East Policy" and its engagement with Southeast Asia.

The India-Vietnam relationship is an evolving partnership built on shared history, converging strategic interests, and a commitment to cooperation. As both nations navigate the complexities of the 21st century, their relationship is poised to play an increasingly important role in shaping the future of the Indo-Pacific region.